Residential Estate Research Articles

Functional and Aesthetic Factors for Well-Being in Age-Friendly Residential Areas (AFRA) in Poland: An International Comparative Perspective

(1) Background: A precise and comprehensive diagnosis of the needs of older adults is the basis for developing concepts of aesthetic functional and spatial arrangements of public open spaces in residential areas that meet their expectations, termed “age-friendly residential areas” (AFRAs). The primary objective of the research was to determine the needs of older people concerning their preferences for the development of AFRAs. (2) Methods: This research was conducted on the basis of a survey conducted from October 2021 to April 2022, involving 1815 older citizens from Poland, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, and Slovakia. The research aimed to determine the needs of older people regarding their preferences for the development of AFRA public open spaces. The developed research approach made it possible to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the needs of different generations of older adults, differentiated by gender and lifestyle, in terms of spatio-functional and landscape aspects with regard to the open spaces of residential estates? (2) Do older citizens from different countries living in various estates (single-family, multi-family) have the same expectations towards AFRAs? (3) Results: The research results showed a high convergence of preferences among older people regardless of gender, age group, or type of residential estate they live in (multi-family/single-family). Slight differences in AFRA preferences were noticed between Polish and non-Polish older adults, most often due to cultural habits. A correlation between the landscape attractiveness and aesthetics of the estate and the comfort of life for the older population, as well as their impact on the final assessment of the estate, was confirmed. As a result of the research, 33 spatio-functional and 16 landscape factors of AFRAs were identified and ranked.

Building Conversion in Cities: An Empirical Analysis of Ijapo Residential Estate Akure, Nigeria

Purpose: This study assessed city building conversion from the perspective of the Ijapo Residential Estate Akure, Ondo State. The objectives are to identify and examine the factors responsible for residential building conversion, assess the effect of building conversion on the existing planning scheme, and ascertain the level of building plan deviation from the original design. Design/Methodology/Approach: This article annexed primary and secondary data collection sources using Ijapo residential master plans (pre-2002, 2012, and 2022). From these, 717 residential buildings were identified using Auto-cad and SPSS. The 717 buildings were multiplied by 5hpb (household per building), which amounts to 3585 households within the study area. Ten percent of the total buildings were selected randomly for the research. Field data were analysed using descriptive methods. Findings: This is a 47.0% reduction in the identified approved land use for residential, 65.0% increase in commercial usage, a 55.0% increase in recreational use, 40.0% increase in institutional use of the building, 62.0% newly introduced mixed-use, as a result of 58.2% of the residents agreed that the reason for building conversion in Ijapo was for profit-making, while 40.0% of the respondent only adhered to the approved plan. Research Limitation/Implication: This research focused on building conversion in cities with a major concern on Ijapo Residential Estate Akure, Nigeria. Practical Implication: This paper has potential baseline implications for understanding strategic planning and urban/environmental sustainability of Planning Scheme adherence in Nigerian cities and other developing countries. Social Implications: This study will assist development policymakers, developers, and land owners in addressing the diverse effects of building conversion on present and future generations. Originality/Value: This study is based on a creative planning concept for curbing the menace of building conversion, as well as the design and implementation of a master plan by the planning authority.

Bridging the conservation and development trade‐off? A working landscape critique of a conservancy in the Maasai Mara

Abstract The recent call to halt biodiversity loss by protecting half the planet has been hotly contested because of the extent to which people might be excluded from these landscapes. It is clear that incorporating landscapes that implicitly work for indigenous people is vital to achieving any sustainable targets. We examine an attempt to balance the trade‐offs between conservation and development in Enonkishu Conservancy in the Maasai Mara, using a working landscape approach. Mobile livestock production strategies are theoretically consistent with wildlife‐based activities and can present a win‐win solution for both conservation and development. We explore the success and failings of Enonkishu's evolving attempts to achieve this: addressing the criticism of the conservation sector that it fails to learn from its mistakes. We found that Enonkishu has had considerable positive conservation outcomes, preventing the continued encroachment of farmland and maintaining and improving rangeland health relative to the surrounding area, while maintaining diverse and large populations of wildlife and livestock. The learning from certain ventures that failed, particularly on livestock, has created institutions and governance that, while still evolving, are more robust and relevant for conservancy members, by being fluid and inclusive. Practical implication: Diverse revenue streams (beyond tourism, including a residential estate, livestock venture and philanthropy) enabled Enonkishu to withstand the pressures of COVID‐19. Livestock is crucial for defining the vision of the conservancy, and the institutions and governance that underpin it.

Community Building Through Place-Making Activities: Older Landscapers in a Singaporean Residential Town.

This paper explores how some older residents in B Town, a residential estate in northern Singapore, engage in community building through their 'serious leisure' and 'devotee work' participation in a resident landscaper program. Using data from ethnographic fieldwork conducted from February to November 2020 with participants aged from 60 to 81, I analyze how they built connections with each other, and the wider B Town community, through their participation. Particularly, I examine how the shared identity marker of being former farmers in now-evicted kampungs (villages) before the 1980s drew them together, and informed their continued involvement as resident landscapers. The 'kampung spirit' that they built up through the program enabled the construction of not only social connections, but also exclusionary mechanisms that prevented more older adults from engaging in the activities. These findings highlight participants' agency, and complicate static and/or monolithic conceptualizations of 'aging in place/the community' and 'active aging'.

Household saving motives and socio-demographic factors

This research was inspired by broad discussions on the motives for saving. We examine the relationship between the motives for saving and the socio-economic characteristics of households in the eurozone, Croatia, Hungary and Poland, such as: the social type of the household, gender of the reference person (RP), their age, level of education, marital status, taking into account the differences in the value of these households’ financial assets. For this purpose, we used data from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey. The logit model was used to analyse with maximum likelihood estimation the different saving motives and country groups. We also used a Poisson model for a count variable. The results demonstrate that the social type of households is crucial in determining their motives for saving, particularly for child education and leaving an inheritance. Additionally, we identify differences in the number and sets of saving motives between households from countries with both high and low levels of financial assets. In countries where households are less well-off, the motive for saving to purchase residential estate is of greater importance. Moreover, households with more financial assets – mainly from the countries of Western Europe – show more concern about saving for old age and investment.

Developing Place Attachment in Master-Planned Residential Estates in Sydney: The Influence of Neighbourhood Parks

Master-Planned Residential Estate (MPRE) is an integrated housing development form in Australia. MPREs are aimed to build a sense of place attachment and community via the provision of environmental and social infrastructure. Neighbourhood parks are regarded as a significant built environmental factor linked to residents’ place attachment and well-being in the literature. Understanding place attachment is crucial for promoting residents’ well-being in neighbourhoods and enhancing the attractiveness of real estates in the housing market. However, we know little about how place attachment is facilitated for park users in neighbourhoods. The psychological process of place attachment in MPREs is unclear in the literature, with a particular lack of qualitative studies in this area. This study explored the psychological process of place attachment and its associations with neighbourhood parks in MPREs in Sydney via a qualitative case study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 residents residing in two selected MPREs in Sydney during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Interviews found three themes and several subthemes regarding the process of place attachment for park users in MPREs: affect (emotional bonds), behaviour (place-related fulfilment of needs, place-related social bonds, and community participation), and cognition (membership of the community, place-related memory, and cultural significance). This study contributes to understanding place attachment and human-environment relations in sustainable neighbourhoods by adding new items into place attachment models from the perspective of MPREs in Sydney. It provides valuable qualitative evidence gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings furnish empirical insights for policymakers, developers, and urban planners involved in sustainable neighbourhoods’ development and housing management in Sydney and global regions.

On Land Development Practice and Urban Environmental Degradation: The Example of BDPA Estate in Benin City

Sustainable and resilient urban environments are created by fitting environmental practices. One important area of practice is land development where the guidance of regulatory authorities and the compliance of developers together work to shape the built environment. Where this partnership does not exist or is not effective, inappropriate land development practices may result, with the potential to generate environmental degradation, particularly where there is a high intensity of land use. Thus, this paper investigates how the built environment may be impacted by land development and management practices. The issue is examined in the context of Benin City’s BDPA highly populated residential estate where signs of physical environmental degradation are becoming evident. The research approach involves physical inspections and secondary data review. The features of land development practice in the estate are ascertained; evidence gathered on their impact upon the physical environment and responsibility for these deficits established between individual developers and the regulatory authority. The findings reveal that acts of commission and omission at the official and developer levels contribute to physical environmental degradation. Official regulation and enforcement are weak; and awareness of planning regulations low amongst private developers. The outcome has been non-compliant and environmentally-unfriendly development. Again, government, has been negligent by not building sustainable paved roads and drainage channels. The conclusion is that a strong nexus exists between land development practices and physical environmental degradation in the study area. It is recommended that further physical degradation be arrested by rectification of the identified deficiencies and the institution of safeguards.

Robust optimisation of combined rainwater harvesting and flood mitigation systems

Combined large-scale rainwater harvesting (RWH) and flood mitigation systems are promising as a sustainable water management strategy in urban areas. These are multi-purpose infrastructure that not only provide a secondary, localised water resource, but can also reduce discharge and hence loads on any downstream wastewater networks if these are integrated into the wider water network. However, the performance of these systems is dependent on the specific design used for its local catchment which can vary significantly between different implementations. A multitude of design strategies exist, however there is no universally accepted standard framework. To tackle these issues, this paper presents a two-player optimisation framework which utilises a stochastic design optimisation model and a competing, high-intensity rainfall design model to optimise passively-operated RWH systems. A customisable tool set is provided, under which optimisation models specific to a given catchment can be built quickly. This reduces the barriers to implementing computationally complex sizing strategies and encouraging more resource-efficient systems to be built. The framework was applied to a densely populated high-rise residential estate, eliminating overflow events from historical rainfall. The optimised configuration resulted in a 32% increase in harvested water yield, but its ability to meet irrigation demands was limited by the operational levels of the treatment pump. Hence, with the inclusion of operational levels in the optimisation model, the framework can provide an efficient large-scale RWH system that is capable of simultaneously meeting water demands and reducing stresses within and beyond its local catchment.

Assessment of Renewable Sources of Energy for Residential Estate in Lagos State

The study investigated the use of renewable energy sources for residential estates in Lagos state; identified the available energy sources in the study area, determined the factors influencing the choice and utilization of renewable sources in the study area and examined the level of satisfaction derived from the chosen energy source by residents of Lagos state. The study was aimed at investigating the possibility of making energy available for residential estates dwellers from renewable energy sources so as to enhance uninterrupted energy supply and promote sustainability. To achieve the aim and objectives of the study, both primary and secondary data were used. The study made use of primary data collected by administration of e-questionnaire (google form) to building users. Data collected included energy source used by residents, the level of awareness of residents about various renewable sources, average amount of money spent on energy monthly, daily hours of energy supply, level of satisfaction derived from energy sources used. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social it was analyzed using frequencies, mean score and tables. The result from the sources of energy used by residents in Lagos state revealed that 74% of buildings make use of generators alongside the energy provided from national grids. The result from the number of hours of energy supply daily revealed that residents only have access to electricity being an end use of energy for maximum of 8 hours. The level of awareness of residents revealed that 51.7%, 21.2%, 17.2%, 10.3%, 17.7% and 30.5% of the respondents are well informed about a possibility of generating energy from solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, biogas, and hydropower respectively. To promote the use of energy generated from renewables, the study made recommendations for intensified awareness schemes on the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of renewable energy sources, adequate investment in critical areas of renewable R&D and policy adjustments to create an investor friendly environment to attract greater renewable energy investment.

Bird feeding at urban wetlands: A comparison of demographics, attitudes and norms between feeders and non-feeders

The feeding of wild birds is a popular but often controversial activity. This study explored differences in demographics, attitudes, and normative beliefs between waterbird feeders and non-feeders at an urban wetland residential estate in Melbourne, Australia. An online survey of nearby residents and visitors (n = 206) identified those who have fed waterbirds at least once in the past two years (feeders; 32.4 %) and those who have not (non-feeders). No differences were observed in demographic profile or connection to nature between feeders and non-feeders, but feeders were significantly more likely to believe that waterbird feeding is an acceptable activity. When compared with non-feeders, feeders exhibited different injunctive and descriptive norms relating to waterbird feeding; feeders believed that most people would be relatively happy with them feeding waterbirds in their community, while non-feeders thought that most people would be moderately unhappy. Feeders believed that more than half of the people in their community fed waterbirds (55.5 %), while non-feeders believed that less than half fed birds (36.7 %). These findings suggest that education or behaviour change programs with bird feeding objectives could be enhanced with information about the actual and perceived social norms for this common activity.

Assessing lift maintenance performance of high-rise residential buildings

Lifts are essential vertical transportation facilities in tall buildings but they inevitably degrade with time. Aging lifts, in particular, require effective maintenance to ensure safe and reliable operation. Nevertheless, scant research has been undertaken to empirically examine the performance of lift maintenance services. To provide much-needed insight into this issue, this paper presents an in-depth case study to investigate the maintenance performance of 24 lifts in the eight high-rise buildings of a 24-year-old residential estate in the densely populated Hong Kong metropolis. Adopting both quantitative and qualitative research methods, a tripartite of primary corrective maintenance data, information collected from interviews with the estate's facility management personnel and on-site observations were analysed. Emergent factors that engendered high maintenance demand, including peak traffic periods during non-weekdays and false fault calls, were revealed. The effect of three archetypes of floor-serving configurations (lifts serving every floor, odd numbered floors and even numbered floors) on the lift maintenance performance, as identified, constitutes useful feedback information for lift zoning design and maintenance planning. Benchmarks of time-based lift maintenance performance indicators, including response time, repair time and downtime, were established. Suggestions for automatic data collection and tracking in the Industry 4.0 era, which would enhance the performance evaluation process, were also recommended. The approach of this study is original and it proves useful for empirical assessment of lift maintenance performance. Future research can take this approach and the study's findings as reference to investigate the maintenance performance of the lifts in other buildings.

Study on Relationship between Shading and Outdoor Air Temperature Based on the Comparison of Two High-Rise Residential Estates with Field Measurements

High-rise residential estates are characterized by high floor area ratios, many floors, and similar green area ratios. Beijing is hot in summer, and shading is an important strategy to improve the outdoor thermal environment of residential estates in summer. With respect to the morphological characteristics of high-rise residential estates, three types of shading were summarized, and their relationships with air temperature were quantified and analyzed. The three types of shading are building–tree integrated shading, building shading, and tree shading. Two residential estates that can represent the morphological characteristics of high-rise residential estates in Beijing were selected for field measurements, and the cooling effects of the three types of shading were obtained by analyzing the measured data. In the same residential estate, the daytime air temperature difference between shaded and un-shaded areas can be 0.5 °C or more. It was found that building–tree integrated shading has the most significant cooling effect, with building shading and tree shading second. The cooling effect of shading decreases with time, with morning shading having the greatest effect, and afternoon shading having the least effect.

Identifying Population Hollowing Out Regions and Their Dynamic Characteristics across Central China

Continuous urbanization and industrialization lead to plenty of rural residents migrating to cities for a living, which seriously accelerated the population hollowing issues. This generated series of social issues, including residential estate idle and numerous vigorous laborers migrating from undeveloped rural areas to wealthy cities and towns. Quantitatively determining the population hollowing characteristic is the priority task of realizing rural revitalization. However, the traditional field investigation methods have obvious deficiencies in describing socio-economic phenomena, especially population hollowing, due to weak efficiency and low accuracy. Here, this paper conceives a novel scheme for representing population hollowing levels and exploring the spatiotemporal dynamic of population hollowing. The nighttime light images were introduced to identify the potential hollowing areas by using the nightlight decreasing trend analysis. In addition, the entropy weight approach was adopted to construct an index for evaluating the population hollowing level based on statistical datasets at the political boundary scale. Moreover, we comprehensively incorporated physical and anthropic factors to simulate the population hollowing level via random forest (RF) at a grid-scale, and the validation was conducted to evaluate the simulation results. Some findings were achieved. The population hollowing phenomenon decreasing gradually was mainly distributed in rural areas, especially in the north of the study area. The RF model demonstrated the best accuracy with relatively higher R2 (Mean = 0.615) compared with the multiple linear regression (MLR) and the geographically weighted regression (GWR). The population hollowing degree of the grid-scale was consistent with the results of the township scale. The population hollowing degree represented an obvious trend that decreased in the north but increased in the south during 2016–2020 and exhibited a significant reduction trend across the entire study area during 2019–2020. The present study supplies a novel perspective for detecting population hollowing and provides scientific support and a first-hand dataset for rural revitalization.

An Analysis of the Development of Modular Building Design Elements to Improve Thermal Performance of a Representative High Rise Residential Estate in the Coastline City of Famagusta, Cyprus

Passive design strategies can reduce heating and cooling demands with integration of more efficient building systems as well as the potential to integrate modular off-site construction technology and its technical systems to offset overall energy consumption. This study evaluates the energy performance of the nationally representative post-war social housing estate in the southeastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus where the weather is subtropical (Csa) and partly semi-arid (Bsh). This study employed a mixed methods research design approach which was based on a thorough field study that consisted of a questionnaire survey conducted with residents of the social housing estate in the hottest summer month of August, to explore the occupants’ thermal sensation votes (TSVs), their habitual adaptive behaviour, and home energy performance concurrently. On-site environmental monitoring was performed, and in-situ measurements of each occupied space were recorded to identify ‘neutral’ adaptive thermal comfort. The selected representative high-rise residential development was modelled using Integrated Environmental Solutions’ Virtual Environment (IES-VE) software, where extensive dynamic thermal simulations have been produced to assess existing energy performance and energy effectiveness of retrofitting strategies. The results demonstrated that a moderate–strong relationship was found between orientation and reasons for thermal discomfort (χ2 = 49,327, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.405). Individual levels of thermal comfort were not limited to household socio-demographic characteristics, however; environmental factors were also determinants in the development of adaptive thermal-comfort theory. Furthermore, the occupants’ TSVs indicated that in a southeastern Mediterranean climate, 28.5 °C is considered a neutral temperature, and the upper limit of the indoor-air thermal-comfort range is 31.5 °C.

Comovements and spillovers in international commercial and residential real estate markets

PurposeThis study aims to know to what extent do the commercial and residential estate markets move together in different economies? Do the shocks originating in one of these markets spillover to the other markets?Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a modified version of the dynamic factor model to commercial and residential real estate prices in the Euro area, Hong Kong, Singapore and the USA. This modified dynamic factor model decomposes price growth in these two real estate markets into common, spillover and idiosyncratic components.FindingsThe results show significant heterogeneity in the relative importance of different components in the evolution of commercial and residential price growth across different economies. The findings suggest that the spillover from the residential to commercial real estate market dominates the spillover from the commercial to real estate market for all the economies in our sample. The authors also find that the common component accounts for a large fraction of the price movements in the residential markets in the European Union (EU) area and the USA, whereas spillover and common components together explain more than two-thirds of the variations in Hong Kong and Singapore. The results suggest that the role of spillover from one market to another increased significantly during the financial crisis of 2008–2009.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the existing literature on how the transmission of shocks takes place across commercial and residential real estate markets. The transmission of shocks can take place in two directions in the proposed framework. There may be a direct spillover from a shock from one market to another. This corresponds to a shock to the idiosyncratic component affecting the other idiosyncratic component. In this paper, the authors are mainly interested in indirect spillover where the shock would transmit from the idiosyncratic factor to the common factor, and then from the common factor to the other idiosyncratic factor.

Determinants of the prices of residential properties in Pakistan

PurposeThis research aims to identify the statistically significant characteristics of a hedonic model to explain the pricing of residential properties in two cities in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachThe research methodology applies extreme bounds analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Estimators of efficient pricing were measured via stochastic frontier analysis.Findings The study findings show that the market valuation of residential properties in Islamabad and Rawalpindi is systematically related to numerous factors, including property location, neighborhood characteristics, environmental characteristics, structural characteristics and administrative qualities of local housing societies. The authors also find statistical evidence that suggests that residential estate properties in the two cities are overpriced in the sense that the market transaction prices tend to be higher than the fair prices of the properties in the two cities.Practical implicationsIn Pakistan, the term “real estate” is used rather synonymously with the word “investment.” The findings of this research will help investors to identify the measurable factors that affect the transaction prices of residential real estate. These identifications will facilitate the development of strategic plans toward achieving sustainable rates of return in residential real estate markets.Social implicationsThe residential real estate sector in Pakistan is constantly changing. There are myriad causes for these changes, including changes in social structure, cultural attitudes and technology. Customary methods for forecasting market prices for residential properties have been rendered unreliable because of the dynamics of the market. This study will contribute to the understanding of the changing dynamics of residential real estate pricing.Originality/valueAlthough Pakistan's residential real estate market is growing very rapidly, there is little published research identifying the drivers of this growth. This study covers these aspects to fill the theoretical gap in a real estate context.

Assessment of the groundwater quality, physicochemical composition, and human and ecological health risks in a coastal metropolitan: A case study of a residential estate in Lagos, Nigeria.

Water is essential for humankind's existence, providing food security, amongst others, as well as promoting industrial and economic development. The physicochemical composition, potentially toxic metals, water quality index, human health, and ecological risks of groundwater in a residential estate in Lagos, Nigeria, were studied to assess their possibility for drinking and domestic purposes. Groundwater samples were collected from twelve designated sites and analysed using standard methods. TDS and pH values of 5.4 ± 1.7-20.8 ± 0.84 and 5.08 ± 0.26-5.56 ± 0.57, respectively, were recorded for the groundwater samples whereas DO and BOD were detected at 4.2 ± 1.2-5.45 ± 0.52mg O2/L and 2.6 ± 1.2-24.6 ± 5.7mg/L, respectively. Additionally, water conductivity ranged from zero to 0.60 ± 0.89 µS/cm. Of the seven PTMs (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, & Fe) analysed, Pb was present, over the standard limit, in all the samples whereas Fe was detected below the limit in over 83.3% of the groundwater sampled. The hazard index (HI) indicated that 83.3% and 100% of the samples were within the acceptable limits, with no health risks, for the children and adult groups, respectively. WQI showed that 75.0% of the samples was of good quality and suitable for domestic purposes, with low ecological and carcinogenic health risks. The results show that the groundwater samples are good for domestic purposes but require pre-treatment to make them safe for drinking.

Market Structure in Leisure and Residential Estate Brokerage Market

Market Structure in Leisure and Residential Estate Brokerage Market

Peak Power of Heat Source for Domestic Hot Water Preparation (DHW) for Residential Estate in Poland as a Representative Case Study for the Climate of Central Europe

Due to the energy transformation in buildings, the proportions of energy consumption for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water preparation (DHW) have changed. The latter component can now play a significant role, not only in the context of the annual heat demand, but also in the context of selecting the peak power of the heat source. In this paper, the comparison of chosen methods for its calculation is presented. The results show that for contemporary residential buildings, the peak power for DHW preparation can achieve the same or higher value as the peak power for heating and ventilation. For this reason, nowadays the correct selection of the peak power of a heat source for DHW purposes becomes more important, especially if it uses renewable energy sources, because it affects its size and so the investment cost and economic efficiency. It is also indicated that in modern buildings, mainly accumulative systems with hot water storage tanks should be taken into account because they are less sensitive to design errors (wrongly selected peak value in the context of the uncertainty of hot water consumption) and because they result in acceptable value of peak power for DHW in comparison to heating and ventilation.

Technology Utilization to Simplify Administrative Management and Communication in Residential Estate

Meningkatnya angka kejahatan di masa pandemi Covid-19 mengakibatkan administrasi perijinan keluar masuk kawasan perumahan dengan one gate system menjadi rumit sehingga banyak membuang waktu dan seringkali mengakibatkan antrian. Di sisi lain, anjuran pemerintah untuk mengurangi mobilitas di luar rumah mengakibatkan administrasi perumahan tersebut terganggu. Berbagai aplikasi perumahan yang telah dikembangkan masih melakukan administrasi perijinan keluar masuk kawasan perumahan secara konvensional dan membatasi hak akses aplikasi hanya oleh anggota perumahan saja. Akibatnya permasalahan administrasi perijinan keluar masuk kawasan perumahan di pintu gerbang perumahan tidak teratasi. Oleh karena itu, kami menawarkan sebuah aplikasi android dengan teknologi QR code untuk membantu manamejen administrasi perumahan sekaligus mempermudah administrasi perizinan keluar masuk di pintu gerbang perumahan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Waterfall sedangkan untuk menghasilkan kode QR digunakan QRCodeWriter. Hasil ujicoba terhadap aplikasi menunjukkan bahwa semua pihak yang terlibat dalam proses manajemen administrasi perumahan dan perijinan keluar masuk di pintu gerbang perumahan menyatakan bahwa aplikasi membantu kelancaran administrasi perumahan sehingga dapat tetap berjalan dengan baik meskipun adanya pembatasan kegiatan di luar rumah dan mempermudah administrasi perijinan keluar masuk di pintu gerbang perumahan. Namun, dari sisi pengguna sebagai warga perumahan, aplikasi ini merupakan sesuatu yang baru sehingga dinilai merepotkan karena perlu belajar banyak terlebih dahulu.