Residential Equipment Research Articles

Why do people get burned? Qualitative analysis of the causes of burns in a large survey of burn survivors

BackgroundUnderstanding the national epidemiology of burns is necessary for effective planning of prevention and treatment services. However, epidemiological studies of burns have often focused on short-term and retrospective investigations of a specific group of burned patients in Iran. Therefore, we conduct a comprehensive study from August 2016 to October 2017, in the Burn Research Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences on approximately 1700 hospitalized burn patients at Motahari Hospital to identify the underlying causes of burns. In this study, an open-ended question was asked about how the burn occurred in the patients. The current study was designed and conducted for the qualitatively analyzing of the responses to this question, using the content analysis method, in order to maximize its use in policymaking and prevention. MethodsContent analysis of written responses to open-ended questions was done as a part of a large questionnaire survey. This survey was conducted by face-to-face interview at a national referral center for burn injuries. ResultsAnswers from 1595 patients were coded and the underlying causes of injury were categorized into three themes and 43 subthemes. These underlying causes were lack of knowledge and awareness, inappropriate equipment, and inevitable accidents. The underlying cause of lack of knowledge and awareness had the highest proportion in causing burns in both men and women. The most common subthemes in descending order included lack of skills, dangerous actions, improper location of hot liquids, individual mistakes, and improper use of flammable materials. The top five subthemes with the highest average percentage of burn in patients in descending order were deficiency of residential equipment, self-immolation, accidents, inappropriate location of flammable materials, and unsafe kitchen appliances. ConclusionThe focus of prevention programs on educating and increasing awareness of individuals, preferably women, is suggested. Educational programs, tailored to occupational standards and workplace and household equipment, are recommended for men in work environments.

Influence of Residential Photovoltaic Promotion Policy on Installation Intention in Typical Regions of China

Increasing the popularity of distributed photovoltaic technology among Chinese residents is of great significance to achieve the dual carbon goal (emission peak and carbon neutrality). In this study, we collected 1424 questionnaire samples and used PLS-SEM for group modeling and comparative analysis of bungalow and building residents. The results show that living conditions, costs, risks of installation, maintenance, and economic efficiency are the five significant influencing factors for residents to decide whether to install a distributed residential photovoltaic equipment. Compared with building residents, bungalow residents tend to feel more concerned about the cost and risk of residential photovoltaic equipment during installation, maintenance, and use. On the other hand, bungalow residents show greater sensitivity to the corresponding photovoltaic promotion policies. By contrast, building residents pay more attention to the direct benefit created by the installation of residential photovoltaic equipment. Therefore, adopting the strategy from bungalow residents to building residents could help promote the distributed photovoltaic system progressively. As for the subsidy decline, more attention shall be paid to the progress of a gradual reduction of the subsidies. It is advisable to pay attention to integrating the upstream and downstream industry chains of the distributed photovoltaic systems, thus reducing the concern of residents about the difficulty in installing, maintaining, and protecting the distributed photovoltaic equipment. By clarifying the different impacts of promotion policies on the demand side, this study provides a practical reference for the further adjustment made to distributed photovoltaic promotion policies.

Occupancy behaviour and patterns: Impact on energy consumption of high-rise households in southeast China

With the rapid urbanization in China, energy consumption and corresponding carbon emissions in residential buildings are growing. Because occupant behaviour plays a significant role in building energy performance and occupant comfort, understanding the crucial links between occupant lifestyles and energy use is the key. Most studies on the relationship between occupancy behaviour and energy usage have been conducted in public or commercial buildings. Because data is difficult to obtain and key information about existing houses is required, research on high rise residential buildings is limited. To acquire information on thermal satisfaction, residential equipment ownership and usage habits and attitude to smart meters, this paper conducted a comprehensive survey of 112 metropolitan families living in a typical booming city. A case study high-rise residential building is modelled in a building energy simulation tool. The results are compared with the actual energy bills acquired from occupants or smart meters to better understand the energy usage in this area. The results showed that a large variation in energy use could exist in different households, which is influenced by several factors such as occupancy patterns and habits, as observed in the survey. At the same time, it shows the challenge of predicting the energy use of such a building with varying internal heat gains, set points and window opening behaviours across the different households.

Methodological basis for the development of the rating system for assessing the energy efficiency of the industrial facilities

Nowadays, there is a key problem in the development of energy conservation and energy efficiency in the Russian Federation. It is the absence of the system for assessing energy efficiency of the largest ultimate customers of the energy resources, they are industrial facilities. We can speak about the existence of the methods for classifying residential buildings or equipment as energy efficient. We can also speak about the absence of the methods for assessing the energy efficiency of the industrial facilities in both foreign and Russian practice nowadays. The methodological basis for the development of the rating system for assessing the energy efficiency of the industrial facilities is discussed in this article. The fundamental principles are presented in it. They must be taken into account when developing the rating system. The structural and logical scheme for the development of the rating system for assessing the energy efficiency of the industrial facilities is proposed. It reflects the relationship and sequence of its main elements, and it allows presenting the development process in the complete form.

Analysis of co-save electricity effect considering the combination of thermal insulation, heat storage performance and residential equipment of multiple houses

Analysis of co-save electricity effect considering the combination of thermal insulation, heat storage performance and residential equipment of multiple houses

Development of a Prototype for Measurement of Electrical Energy

ABSTRACT The present work presents the development of a system of measurement of electric energy consumption. This system shows the consumer the amount of energy consumed and its respective monetary value in real time. The prototype was used in a case study to validate its operation. Data were collected to discuss the results obtained. In order to verify if the results obtained in the prototype were correct, several measurements of energy consumption were made in different residential equipment. The consumption values measured by the prototype were compared with the values obtained by the certified and calibrated energy meter provided by COPEL and were satisfactory.

Programmable protective device for LV distribution system protection

High quality electric power supply is the prime goal in the modern power systems around the world. One of the main ways to achieve this is the protection of the system which needs to be fast, reliable and cost effective. The objective of this paper is to provide protection of equipments in low voltage (LV) distribution system and thereafter to avoid their failure due to abnormal operating conditions. The proposed device provides protection for industrial, commercial and residential equipments by monitoring under voltage, over voltage and over current conditions using microcontroller, transistor and other discrete components. The microcontroller is the heart of this protective device which performs the major control of the device. The designed circuit can withstand the loads and the set voltage range so as to supply the connected load for any voltage variation between 220 and 240 Volts. It can be used to protect loads such as refrigerator, TV, VCR/DVD player etc. against undesirable over and under voltage conditions as well as surges caused due to sudden failure of power supply mains. This device can also be used directly as standalone equipment between the supply mains and the load. The over/under voltage and over current cut-off with time delay provides over/under-voltage and over current protection and also protection against any transients.

Namioty w średniowiecznym i nowożytnym obozie wojennym w świetle źródeł ikonograficznych

Namioty służyły wędrującemu człowiekowi od najdawniejszych czasów, stanowiąc zastępstwo budynku oraz miejsce do przechowywania swojej własności. Źródła ikonograficzne dostarczają wielu ciekawych informacji o wyglądzie obozów wojskowych, a także rozbitych na ich terenie namiotów. Jednym z podstawowych sprzętów mieszkalnych w obozach wojskowych były namioty z wieloma wygodami w środku, przeznaczone dla dostojników, rycerstwa oraz dowódców, a także proste konstrukcje i szałasy dla zwykłych żołnierzy, sług i pomocy obozowej. Na przestrzeni wieków namioty wojskowe przechodziły ewolucję konstrukcji oraz materiałów, z których były wykonywane. Także system ich stelażu, wraz z żerdziami konstrukcyjnymi, poddawano modyfikacjom. Wiele z tych przemian dostrzec można, korzystając ze źródeł ikonograficznych.

Fluidra and Zodiac seal merger

Spain's Fluidra SA and residential pool equipment manufacturer Zodiac Pool Solutions have merged (see Pump Industry Analyst, November 2017).

Fluidra and Zodiac complete merger

Spain's Fluidra SA and residential pool equipment manufacturer Zodiac Pool Solutions have merged (see Filtration Industry Analyst, November 2017).

A Novel Illumination Distribution Arrangement for Indoor VLC Using 17 Locations of Light Source

In the recent years Visible Light Communication (VLC) has gained great interest due to the rapid developments in Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) fabrication. Efficiency, durability and long life span of LEDs make them a promising residential lighting equipment as well as an alternative cheap and fast data transfer equipment. The advantages of indoor VLC that is offering illumination and data transmission simultaneously using the existing infrastructure, White LED lamp used as source. The significant challenge is a right location of the source allowed users to receive fine illumination as well as high data rate. In this paper we proposed a numerous distribution patterns with different number of LEDs to increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and enhanced the uniformity of the illumination. The indoor VLC system is modeled using the proposed pattern and the theoretical analysis is presented. Firstly we compare the normal distribution of the luminous intensity of one locations LED located on the center of room ceiling with our four locations LEDs model. To eliminate spot lighting 8 lactation of LED lamps was proposed. Lastly our novel arrangement using 17 locations has been investigated. A proposed design provide normal distribution which enhance the lighting and communication in whole room. A mathematical model of illumination LEDs has been studied, as well as the basic parameters which are important for the development of the design.

아파트 시설물 활용도와 만족도의 결정요인 분석

Residential equipments are the necessary items for a particular purpose in a housing unit. They make effective use of the construction cost and play an important role in enhancing the satisfaction of the residents. The purpose of this study is to analyze how many residents use residential equipments in their home and feel satisfaction by using them. The binary logit model approach was used to examine the determinants of utilization and satisfaction of residential equipments. This is accomplished by direct survey on apartment residents nearby the capital for three weeks, in August, 2014 and analyzed 584 valid questionnaires. The analysis results are listed below: first, gender, age, occupation type, home ownership, housing sizes would largely influence the usage of the residential equipments. Second, utilization of each equipment, residents' characteristics, housing characteristics are the important factors which affect residents' satisfaction. The paper shows the benefit side the needs of the men and women resident are reflected in a balanced way for the installation of residential equipments; usage instructions for all ages to be easy to use are provided and remove an awkward things. In addition, it is needed to change the installation methods and types of equipments depending on the size and ownership of housing.

Estimating Direct and Indirect Damages from Storm Surges: The Case of Hamburg—Wilhelmsburg

This paper estimates the economic costs from storm surge scenarios in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Hydrodynamic and damage models simulate the direct damages to residential and commercial buildings and equipment in a part of the city named Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg. They are assigned to individual economic sectors and then integrated into an economic model. This model accounts for the indirect impacts due to the interruption of production processes. Furthermore, the indirect costs are allocated to the flooded and non-flooded area in the whole city of Hamburg and then to each firm according to its relative size. Thus, the spatial distribution of indirect damages can be visualized. The approach is a helpful tool to simulate potential total damages from storm surge scenarios at the city scale and can be used to assess the effectiveness of possible protection measures. The inclusion of indirect costs into flood risk mapping complements common risk mapping procedures.

Applying design of experiments to a compression refrigeration cycle

AbstractRefrigeration cycles are used in a large diversity of industrial and domestic (residential and non-residential) equipment and their efficiency depend on several variables. To better understanding of how controllable variables impact on a compression refrigeration cycle efficiency, statistically designed experiments were conducted and data were analyzed. A quadratic polynomial model was fitted to Coefficient of Performance and variable settings to maximize cycle efficiency identified. Results give confidence to use the illustrated approach for refrigeration cycle design and operation improvement purposes.

Study on the Relationship between Indoor Air Quality and Children's Health in Beijing

Indoor air quality (IAQ) has been concerned since 1970s in some western countries. Many researchers have studied the effects of air pollution on children's health and evidence suggested that it did contribute significantly to the risk of adverse health in children. Children spend the majority of their time indoors, mostly at home. To study health effects of long-term exposure to indoor air, we conducted a questionnaire survey about indoor environment and children's health status in 2012 on the 4-5 grades children of a primary school in Beijing. The questionnaire was used to collect data on general information of children, living environment, residential equipments and lifestyle and children's health status. We classified the investigated families into several categories according to residential surrounding air pollution, decoration and smoking. Then we observed respiratory symptoms like cough, dyspnea with phlegm, nasal obstruction, asthma and some allergy symptoms in different categories. The results of this survey suggest that indoor air quality is associated with children's health. Morbidity of children's respiratory system symptoms and some allergy symptoms is higher in relatively poor indoor environment.

Urban energy consumption mapping for energy management

The amount of energy consumption of individual buildings is a widely discussed theme. However, there are few studies that have analyzed the consumption of energy by groups of buildings. This work aims to develop a model able to estimate the energy consumption by residential sectors, in different areas inside a city, through the adoption of an energy planning methodology using the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil as a case study. In this model, the most important variables of consumption behavior are related to the economy. The methodology coupled different approaches. Its first step was to survey the ownership of appliances and the socioeconomic profile of households in each region inside of the city, through the statistical analysis of census data. The second step was to characterize the average energy consumption by typical residential equipment. Then, it was possible to compute the energy consumption according to equipment and region. Finally, the modeled municipal energy consumption was compared with that recorded by the energy utility company. As a result, maps of energy consumed by end use are presented for the years 1991, 2000, and 2007. The conclusions of this work can be applied in energy planning projections and in local urban planning.

Analysis of voltages induced on power outlets due to atmospheric discharges on Radio Base Stations

For the first time, full-wave simulations regarding voltages induced on power outlets installed inside buildings, due to lightning strokes on a Radio Base Station located nearby, are performed. The scenario consists of nine buildings with outlets connected to low-voltage distribution lines, conductive ground, a Radio Base Station and grounding systems. Loads connected to the power outlets are also considered. This scenario was modeled with a computer software developed in this work that can numerically represent/model real-world complex structures with realistic parameters. In order to obtain realistic results, Maxwell’s equations are solved numerically by using the FDTD method, which generates full-wave solutions of the problems. Here, electrical conductors are represented with the aid of a thin-wire technique. The analyzed domain is truncated by using the UPML formulation. In order to deal with large tridimensional numerical models, a Beowulf cluster with 16 CPUs is used to accelerate the calculation process. The induced voltages at the energy sockets inside the buildings have been calculated initially without an electric grounding mesh connected to them. In a second moment, the calculation of these induced voltages has been performed for the same structure with a grounding mesh connected to it. In a third simulation, electric loads with resistive–inductive characteristics have been added to the scenario (connected to the energy sockets), simulating residential equipment.

Data network equipment energy use and savings potential in buildings

Network connectivity has become nearly ubiquitous, and the energy use of the equipment required for this connectivity is growing. Network equipment consists of devices that primarily switch and route Internet Protocol (IP) packets from a source to a destination, and this category specifically excludes edge devices like PCs, servers and other sources, and sinks of IP traffic. This paper presents the results of a study of network equipment energy use and includes case studies of networks in a campus, a medium commercial building, and a typical home. The total energy use of network equipment is the product of the stock of equipment in use, the power of each device, and their usage patterns. This information was gathered from market research reports, broadband market penetration studies, field metering, and interviews with network administrators and service providers. We estimate that network equipment in the USA used 18 TWh, or about 1% of building electricity, in 2008 and that consumption is expected to grow at roughly 6% per year to 23 TWh in 2012; world usage in 2008 was 51 TWh. This study shows that office building network switches and residential equipment are the two largest categories of energy use consuming 40% and 30% of the total respectively. We estimate potential energy savings for different scenarios using forecasts of equipment stock and energy use, and savings estimates range from 20% to 50% based on full market penetration of efficient technologies.

Tendência de longo prazo à erosão costeira num cenário perspectivo de ocupação humana: litoral norte do estado da Bahia

In this work, based on a numerical wave-motion simulation, we define the estimated pattern of sediment dispersions caused by waves along the northern coastline of Bahia state. For such modeling, we have considered both the angle of approach and the wave height along the 10m isobath, within a wave climate model based on the construction of wave-refraction diagrams, as a function of the current boundary conditions. Two unidirectional systems of opposite directions were identified for the net drift of coastal sands, what is supported by geomorphic drift indicators. The nodal divergence point of these systems is located in Baixio. This divergence implies a continuous retirement of sediment in its neighbouring, and explain the present erosion observed in the area. It also explain why the Quaternary deposits are practically absent there, pointing out to a local long term trend of sediment deficit. Thus, this divergence zone weaken the associated coastal stretch favoring the waves attack. In addition, it is suggested that the strong winds following cold fronts along the coast can generate meteorological tides, contributing, in conjunction with the proximity of equinoctial spring tides, for a more effective wave attack of the coastline. It is under this scenery, where it can not be discarded the permanence of this vulnerability to erosion, that is being developed a planned application of large investments in construction of touristic and residential equipments.

Energy efficiency standards for equipment: Additional opportunities in the residential and commercial sectors

Energy efficiency standards for residential and commercial equipment have been a major source of energy conservation in the US This study estimated key national impacts of potential new and upgraded energy efficiency standards. These impacts approximate the opportunity for national benefits that may be lost if energy efficiency standards for residential and commercial equipment are not upgraded and expanded from current levels. The results suggest that national benefits from new and upgraded standards may be substantial. They also indicate that standards for currently unregulated products may yield more benefits than upgrading minimum efficiency standards for products that already have them. The majority of those currently unregulated products are in the commercial sector.