Residential Energy Systems Research Articles

Probabilistic Optimal Dynamic Planning of Onsite Solar Generation for Residential Energy Hubs

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming an indispensable source of energy for residential customers and are contributing to increase the sustainability of energy systems. However, practical methods that can aid customers to make informed decision on installing the PV systems considering their integration with the residential energy system have remained scarce. This paper proposes a probabilistic dynamic planning model for optimizing decisions on installing PV systems for a residential energy hub. In addition to the PV system, residential energy hub integrates combined heat and power (CHP) units and gas boilers to supply the heat and electrical demands. The proposed planning model minimizes the investment cost of PV systems along with the energy cost of energy hub that includes possible PV energy curtailment cost over the planning horizon. The proposed problem also integrates a heat storage system and responsiveness of the heat and electrical demands to the respective gas and electricity prices as additional flexibility to increase the benefits of PV systems for the customers. Two-point estimate method is used to model the uncertainty of PV generation. The proposed method is implemented on a test energy hub for a 10-year planning period to demonstrate features of the proposed method.

Design and development of a multi-winding high-frequency magnetic link for grid integration of residential renewable energy systems

Recent advances in magnetic material characteristics and solid-state semiconductors have provided the feasibility of replacing the electrical buses with the high-frequency multi-winding magnetic links in small-scale renewable energy systems. This effectively reduces the number of conversion stages and improves the system’s efficiency, cost, and size. Other advantages are galvanic isolation between the ports, bidirectional power flow capability and flexibility in energy management and control. Despite the advantages, design and development of the multi-winding magnetic links is relatively complex and based on computationally expensive numerical methods. Furthermore, the non-sinusoidal nature of voltage and currents, high-frequency parasitic effects and nonlinearity of magnetic material characteristics increase the design complexity. In this paper, the reluctance network modeling as a fast analytical method is used to design a three winding magnetic link. The core and copper losses of the designed component are evaluated taking into account duty ratio, amplitude and phase shift of the non-sinusoidal excitation voltage and currents. The thermal analysis is carried out using an accurate thermal-electric model. A prototype of the magnetic link was developed for application in a residential renewable energy system using amorphous magnetic materials. A set of experimental tests are conducted to measure the electrical parameters, magnetic characteristics, core loss, copper loss and temperature rise of the designed component and the results are compared to the specifications to validate the design procedure.

Economic model predictive control of combined thermal and electric residential building energy systems

This article investigates the potential of economic model predictive control of complex residential energy systems with electric coupling to the public grid. The examined system includes a battery energy storage system, photovoltaic power generation, an air-to-water heat pump, thermal energy storage and a building model. The said power generation provides energy for electric loads as well as domestic hot water and space heating. Model predictive control algorithms manage the energy system by nonlinear global optimization. Within this optimization, a time-varying state space model, which is derived from the energy system simulation model, reflects the system dynamics. Owing to the resulting high complexity, two algorithms for distributed model predictive control are developed. In addition, the developed approaches are compared to a common reference control concept as well as centralized model predictive control. For the comparison of annual operational costs, current German energy prices and subsidies are implemented into the economic calculation. Results show an improved performance of the developed approaches with 11.6% cost reduction in comparison to the reference. This is achieved through an increase of the heat pump seasonal performance factor by 3.4%, reduced curtailment of electrical photovoltaic energy to 21.5% of the reference value and prevention of auxiliary heater operation. Furthermore, increased photovoltaic self-consumption by the heat pump results in a slight reduction of battery storage operation. In conjunction with monetary and energetic advantages, model predictive control increases the comfort in regards to the violation of minimum limits for the comfort criteria.

Online optimization for residential PV-ESS energy system scheduling

This paper studies a residential PV-ESS energy system scheduling problem with electricity purchase cost, storage degradation cost and surplus PV generated cost [ 2 ]. This problem can be viewed as an online optimization problem in time \begin{document}$ t \in [1, T] $\end{document} with switching costs between decision at \begin{document}$ t-1 $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ t $\end{document} . We reformulate the problem into a single variable problem with \begin{document}$ {\bf{s}} = (s_1, ..., s_T)^T $\end{document} , which denotes the storage energy content. We then propose a new algorithm, named Average Receding Horizon Control (ARHC) to solve the PV-ESS energy system scheduling problem. ARHC is an online control algorithm exploiting the prediction information with \begin{document}$ W $\end{document} -steps look-ahead. We proved an upper bound on the dynamic regret for ARHC of order \begin{document}$ O(nT/W) $\end{document} , where \begin{document}$ n $\end{document} is the dimension of decision space. This bound can be converted to a competitive ratio of order \begin{document}$ 1+O(1/W) $\end{document} . This result overcomes the drawback of the classical algorithm Receding Horizon Control (RHC), which has been proved [ 11 ] that it may perform bad even with large look ahead \begin{document}$ W $\end{document} . We also provide a lower bound for ARHC of order \begin{document}$ O(nT/W^2) $\end{document} on the dynamic regret. ARHC is then used to study a real world case in residential PV-ESS energy system scheduling.

An Exploration of the Three-Layer Model Including Stakeholders, Markets and Technologies for Assessments of Residential Smart Grids

In this paper, a framework is presented for the evaluation of smart grid environment which is called the three-layer model. This three-layer model comprises three specific categories, or ‘layers’, namely, the stakeholder, market and technologies layers. Each layer is defined and explored herein, using an extensive literature study regarding their key elements, their descriptions and an overview of the findings from the literature. The assumption behind this study is that a solid understanding of each of the three layers and their interrelations will help in more effective assessment of residential smart grid pilots in order to better design products and services and deploy smart grid technologies in networks. Based on our review, we conclude that, in many studies, social factors associated with smart grid pilots, such as markets, social acceptance, and end-user and stakeholder demands, are most commonly defined as uncertainties and are therefore considered separately from the technical aspects of smart grids. As such, it is recommended that, in future assessments, the stakeholder and market layers should be combined with the technologies layer so as to enhance interaction between these three layers, and to be able to better evaluate residential smart energy systems in a multidisciplinary context.

Power and Energy Management with Battery Storage for a Hybrid Residential PV-Wind System – A Case Study for Denmark

The energy generation paradigm is shifting from centralized fossil-fuel-based generation to distributed-based renewable generation. Thus, hybrid residential energy systems based on wind turbines, PV panels and/or micro-turbines are gaining more and more terrain. Nevertheless, such a system needs to be coupled with an energy storage solution, most often a battery, in order to mitigate its power generation variability and to ensure a stable and reliable operation. In this work, two power and energy management strategies for a hybrid residential PV-wind system with battery energy storage were evaluated. Simple but customized performance models for PV modules and a small wind turbine have been developed; furthermore, the models have been parameterized based on real-life time-series for irradiance and wind speed, characteristic for a site in Denmark. The stress, to which the battery was subjected, while providing the two energy management strategies, was also quantified.

Towards a Joint Local Energy Transition Process in Urban Districts: The GO2Zero Simulation Game

The depletion of fossil fuel sources for our energy system and the influence on overall CO2 emissions drive the need to more sustainable energy systems. The transition towards a renewable energy system cannot be seen as a purely technical issue; it is strongly embedded within society. In this study, we analyze the stakeholder complexities of the transition in urban districts and research the use of a simulation game to increase the understanding of the complexity of the transition. Surveys and observations were used to collect data about the learning experiences of playing the game GO2Zero. The results show that participants liked to play the game and they considered the game a valid representation of the system. Further, the participants agree that they obtained a better understanding of the complexity of the residential energy system and experienced a variety of challenges in the transition. Simulation games, like GO2Zero, could become valuable instruments in local energy transition processes as they offer a safe environment for novices and experts to jointly experiment with the challenges in this process. These experiences could support the design of the transition process by helping actors to formulate goals and collaborative strategies for achieving those goals. Future research will focus on the use of this game for experimenting with different strategies and instruments and to analyze their effects.

Residential grid storage technology battles: a multi-criteria analysis using BWM

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the battle for dominance between various battery technologies in the residential grid storage market (< 10 KWh) in the context of residential energy systems and the related home energy management systems. We focus on five major battery technologies that are available in the market (lithium-based batteries, lead-based batteries, flow batteries, nickel-based batteries, and sodium-based batteries). Based on a literature review and expert interviews, we study the factors for technology success in the residential grid storage market. By applying the best worst method (BWM), we assign the relative importance to the factors and predict which technology will have the highest chance of achieving success. We compare this to the technology that now has the highest market share and conclude that BWM is a useful method to indicate technology dominance in this market.

A comprehensive study of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for standalone PV power system in rural electrification

The standalone photovoltaic power system is one of the promising solutions in rural electrification which has been widely implemented to supply electricity for basic household needs. Standalone photovoltaic power systems normally integrate energy storage devices, mainly Lead-acid battery, to compensate the supply–demand mismatch due to the nature of solar energy. However, the short cycle life of Lead-acid battery increases the operating cost of photovoltaic power systems. Supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system has been proposed by researchers to extend the cycle life of battery bank by mitigating the charge–discharge stress due to the fluctuating power exchange. The existing hybrid energy storage systems and their corresponding energy management strategies vary in terms of topology, complexity and control algorithm which are often application oriented. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art for HESS and discusses potential topologies that are suitable for improving the service life of Lead-acid battery in standalone photovoltaic power systems. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation in Matlab Simulink for different hybrid energy storage system topologies in rural residential energy system applications have been carried out and their effectiveness in mitigating battery stress are investigated and compared. A battery health cost function is proposed in this paper to quantify the impact of many damaging factors on battery, thus the effectiveness of different hybrid energy storage systems in mitigating battery stress and the associated financial analysis can be quantitatively compared. Finally, a scaled-down hybrid energy storage system prototype has been developed and its performances in standalone photovoltaic system are emulated to validate the simulation analysis.

Smart Community Electric Energy Micro-Storage Systems With Active Functions

Smart grids aim to dramatically change residential area energy systems by creating active grid interaction. Specifically, renewable energies will play a key role when it comes to handling energy storage systems (ESS) at houses within a Smart Community. This paper presents a novel global control strategy for distributed micro-storage energy system. Each home receives the active and reactive power set- points from the Smart Community Energy Management System (SCEMS), providing energy resources to the community in function of the expected demand and production. Once SCEMS requirements are fulfilled, harmonic current components demanded by the household circuitry are injected according to the ESS available capacity. The proposed approach not only causes a local improvement in the power quality of the demanded current, but also contributes to the global power quality consumption of the community. Experimental tests are conducted using a prototype of the proposed ESS charger, validating the control strategies.

Smart Net Energy Metering System

With the proliferation of distributed generation technologies and renewable energy electric power system isbecoming more complex. In traditional grid system and current energy metering infrastructure line losses are growingday by day. This project will enable smart net energy metering by using GSM technology, user will not only able to viewreal time usage of energy but also will be able to sell excessive energy to utility which is produced in the vicinity of user.Either Renewable or nonrenewable energy resources can be utilized and controlled remotely through mobileapplication, the energy sold out to utility will be deducted from energy consumed from utility which enables dual waysmart net energy metering system. Net metering makes residential solar energy system ownership even more attractiveand affordable for many families. It can save homeowners hundreds more rupees per year on their utility bills, and itmakes the process of accounting for the energy flowing to and from the utility simpler and easier to administer.

Evaluation of residential community energy system equipped with PV and EV

Evaluation of residential community energy system equipped with PV and EV

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第1報 フィールド実測概要と測定経過

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第1報 フィールド実測概要と測定経過

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第2報 数値解析による導入可能性評価

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第2報 数値解析による導入可能性評価

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第4報 各種提案システムの数値解析による導入効果の評価

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第4報 各種提案システムの数値解析による導入効果の評価

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第6報 近隣連携エネルギーマネジメントシステムの導入可能性評価

負荷追従型ガスエンジン熱電併給を核とした家庭用エネルギーシステムに関する研究 第6報 近隣連携エネルギーマネジメントシステムの導入可能性評価

Optimal Resources Planning of Residential Complex Energy System in a Day-ahead Market Based on Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm

This paper deals with optimal resources planning in a residential complex energy system, including FC (fuel cell), PV (Photovoltaic) panels and the battery. A day-ahead energy management system (EMS) based on invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm is defined for managing different resources to determine an optimal operation schedule for the energy resources at each time interval to minimize the operation cost of a smart residential complex energy system. Moreover, in this paper the impacts of the sell to grid and purchase from grid are also considered. All practical constraints of the each energy resources and utility policies are taken into account. Moreover, sensitivity analysis are conducted on electricity prices and sell to grid factor (SGF), in order to improve understanding the impact of key parameters on residential CHP systems economy. It is shown that proposed system can meet all electrical and thermal demands with economic point of view. Also enhancement of electricity price leads to substantial growth in utilization of proposed CHP system.

Optimal Resources Planning of Residential Complex Energy System in a Day-ahead Market Based on Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm

Optimal Resources Planning of Residential Complex Energy System in a Day-ahead Market Based on Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm

水素吸蔵合金と空気熱交換式容器を用いた住宅・自立電源用水素貯蔵システムに関する研究 : 第2報-水素吸放出特性に与える高平衡圧合金とフィン付・小径容器の効果

水素吸蔵合金と空気熱交換式容器を用いた住宅・自立電源用水素貯蔵システムに関する研究 : 第2報-水素吸放出特性に与える高平衡圧合金とフィン付・小径容器の効果

水素吸蔵合金と空気熱交換式容器を用いた住宅・自立電源用水素貯蔵システムに関する研究 : 第1報-空気熱交換式容器を用いた水素貯蔵システムの水素吸放出挙動

水素吸蔵合金と空気熱交換式容器を用いた住宅・自立電源用水素貯蔵システムに関する研究 : 第1報-空気熱交換式容器を用いた水素貯蔵システムの水素吸放出挙動