Destination Residents Research Articles

Empirical research of the potential benefits of a tourism product club as a model of stakeholder collaboration

The tourism product club is a novel and insufficiently studied model of stakeholder collaboration aimed at improving an existing tourism product, or developing a new one, through joint action. At the theoretical level, the extant body of scientific knowledge is analysed, positive practical examples are explored, and respondents' perceptions of the club's potential are presented. At the application level, 20 potential benefits from a tourism product club are studied based on the analysis of 158 valid questionnaires. The distribution of respondents covers two countries in the Mediterranean (the northern part of the Croatian coast and the littoral of Slovenia), in which the project 'Parenzana - The Route of Health and Friendship' is being carried out as a form of cross-border cooperation. Factor analysis has identified four basic stakeholders: tourism product club members, tourist, the tourist destination and local residents.

Considering Tobler's first law of geography in a tourism context

Despite potential benefits from applying Tobler's law in a tourism context, the law has been used sparingly within the tourism literature. This study seeks to expand the use of Tobler's law in tourism research by examining the relationship between tourists' distance travelled to a destination and the perceived degree of emotional closeness such visitors have with community residents. In doing so, visitor data from three uniquely distinct Texas destinations were analyzed. Results suggest that visitors to the destinations not only differed in their average travel distances, but also the perceived levels of emotional solidarity with residents. Results supported Tobler's law in a tourism context, whereby results indicated that the further an individual travelled to a destination, the less they agreed with feeling close to destination residents. Implications and future research direction opportunities are offered at the close of the work.

Nightlife sector from a gender point of view: The case of Ibiza

AbstractTourism depends largely on the good will of local inhabitants and over the past decades many studies have been conducted concerning the attitudes of residents towards tourism. There is not much academic literature concerning nightlife, and in most cases the nightclubs are an element of a context in which another phenomenon is analyzed. There is a limited amount of literature analyzing the differences between men and women in their role as residents of a tourist destination, and there are also no studies concerning the attitudes of women towards nightlife. This paper intends to provide a first study of the attitudes of women towards the nightclubs, in the case of Ibiza Island. The analysis of the attitudes towards nightlife was carried out by means of an array of items integrated into a broader survey on attitudes of residents towards tourism. A total of 418 valid questionnaires were obtained, 266 of them were completed by women. Although the general view of the sector is negative, women are much more critical about the island’s nightlife. When breaking down the sample of women it can be seen that one part of women has similar opinions to those of men (Moderates), mainly those that depend economically on the sector, but the other part has very contrary opinions (Haters). Women have a more conservative and adverse stance towards risk than men, and they are more contrary to offers that may have a significant negative impact on local society, as would be the case for nightclubs.

Tourism and Crime: Evidence from the Philippines

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted)IntroductionThe tourism industry in the Philippines has expanded rapidly in recent years due primarily to intensified marketing of the country's rich geographical and biological diversity and of its historical and cultural heritage. In 2000-10, the tourism sector consistently made substantial contribution to the Philippine economy, averaging about 5.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) on an annual basis. In 2011, tourism revenues further increased by 10.2% from 2010, and its share in GDP inched up to 5.9% (National Statistical Coordination Board 2012). In the same year, the tourism sector provided 778,000 employment opportunities nationwide. Most recently, the count of foreign visitor arrivals for January- August 2013 reached 3.2 million, an increase of about 11.3% from 2.9 million visitors recorded in the same period in 2012 (Department of Tourism 2013). The Philippine tourism industry is expected to continue to expand in the coming years. From 2012 to 2022, travel and tourism contribution to GDP is forecasted to rise at an annual average of 6.5%, and its employment generation by 3.3% (World Travel and Tourism Council 2012).With its extensive forward and backward linkages-transport, hotel and restaurant, wholesale and retail trade, banking and finance, construction, food processing, agriculture and livestock, manufacturing, etc., the tourism industry promises to have a high income generating potential that can spur growth of local economies and the national economy as a whole. The sector, however, is associated with negative externalities such as environmental degradation and higher incidence of crimes, social costs that are shouldered by residents of tourist destinations in terms of lower quality of life (Pizam 1982). Notwithstanding the significant positive contribution of the tourism industry in the growth of the Philippine economy and as the goal of development planners must be no less than over-all societal welfare with income and quality of life components, there is a need to properly assess the social costs associated with the tourism sector. For a tourism-led development policy to effectively and sustainably raise people's welfare, it must be coupled with measures to address the sector's negative environmental and social consequences, if these exist.The positive link between tourism and crime is suggested in the Routine Activity Theory on Crime developed by Cohen and Felson (1979). Tourists are suitable targets, one of three essential elements that are necessary for the success of predatory activities. Fujii and Mak (1980) point to the characteristics of tourists that make them highly desirable targets-they carry money and valuable objects, they are on a holiday mood and hence tend to be less prudent, and they are perceived to be safer targets since they rarely report crime to the police. Ryan (1993) points that some tourism activity arises from the demand for illegal goods and services, as in the case of sex tourism (Johnson 2011) and tourism for substance abuse, a phenomenon that is also suspected to prevail in the Philippines. Becker's (1968) quantitative economic model of criminal activity predicts that the incidence of crime increases with higher expected net returns from committing crimes. Expected returns increase with more tourists who commonly possess money and other valuables (expected income from crime) and who are less likely to report crimes (lower probability of detection).Empirical studies done in both developing and developed countries lend some support to the hypothesized positive relation between tourism and crime. McPheters and Stronge (1974) found that the season of crime coincided with the season of tourism in Miami, USA. Jud (1975) likewise confirmed that growth of tourism-based businesses had a strong positive relationship with crime incidence in his study of 32 states in Mexico. Pizam's study (1982) using data from 50 states in the United States found significant positive relationship between tourism expenditures and crime incidence in four (namely, crime against property, robbery, rape, and aggravated assault) out of nine categories of crime investigated in the study. …

Women in Turkish tourism

Abstract The tourism sector in Turkey has grown considerably since the early 1970s. This change has many effects, including the working conditions of women. It is a fact that tourism is an industry that affects women's employment in profoundly and positively and provides many opportunities for women. The aim of this study is to reveal what kind of achievements women gained in the history of Turkish tourism by their entrance into the sector and its development. The method of oral history, which can convey unrecorded data, is used. In this study, 18 people were interviewed. Interviewees were selected among tourism employees like housekeepers, managers and tour guides; as well as those who do not participate in the tourism workforce, but are residents of touristic destinations. The questions are prepared in accordance with subjects such as the working conditions of women, the economic structure of Turkey, the social status of women in daily life and their status at work and in tourism sector from past to present. The findings of the research are examined in the chapter on women's introduction to tourism, their entrepreneurship and their work in non-family businesses. As a result of the research, it has been concluded that tourism has transformed the traditions in the Turkish society and the women, who began to work in their homes firstly, gained strength in both economic, social and individual terms by entering the business and utilizing the opportunities that tourism has provided.

Emotional Solidarity with Destination Security Forces

Immigration crises are of increasing concern around the globe. Although most of these immigrants are fleeing violence and seeking a better life, residents and tourists to these destinations in crisis are concerned about crime and violence associated with an increase in such migration. Consistent with this increase, recent scholarly attention has begun to focus on the dynamics of group relations in the context of immigration crises. Using multigroup partial least squares to examine differences between residents and tourists to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, we examined the relationships between the perceived effectiveness of the security forces deployed to handle the crisis on emotional solidarity, emotional solidarity on perceived safety, and the relationship between perceived safety on likelihood to recommend the destination. We find a complex relationship for our proposed model where most relationships are significant for destination residents and for migrant tourists.

Gentrification and residential mobility in Philadelphia

Gentrification has provoked considerable controversy surrounding its effects on residential displacement. Using a unique individual-level, longitudinal data set, this study examines mobility rates and residential destinations of residents in gentrifying neighborhoods during the recent housing boom and bust in Philadelphia for various strata of residents and different types of gentrification. We find that vulnerable residents, those with low credit scores and without mortgages, are generally no more likely to move from gentrifying neighborhoods compared with their counterparts in nongentrifying neighborhoods. When they do move, however, they are more likely to move to lower-income neighborhoods. Residents in gentrifying neighborhoods at the aggregate level have slightly higher mobility rates, but these rates are largely driven by more advantaged residents. These findings shed new light on the heterogeneity in mobility patterns across residents in gentrifying neighborhoods and suggest that researchers should focus more attention on the quality of residential moves and nonmoves for less advantaged residents, rather than mobility rates alone.

How do metro stations integrate with walking environments? Results from walking access within three types of built environment in Beijing

China is in a period of rapid metro system development. However, there are few empirical evaluations of the complex interactions between the local built environment and metro ridership in the Chinese context. In this study, we collected empirical data on the influence of local environmental characteristics on walking access in Beijing. Walking behaviors and built environment perceptions among commuters (N=495) were collected at six metro stations in three distinctly different physical settings in Beijing—two in hutong, two in danwei, and two in xiaoqu. Participants recorded walking routes from the metro stations until they arrived at their destinations. Evaluations of the built environment were collected using a questionnaire after the participants arrived. Geographic information system was used to map walking routes and code built environment variables. Walking behavior outcomes were measured as walked time from metro exit to participant's destination. ANOVA compared differences between perceived and measured built environment characteristics and walking behaviors among selected neighborhoods. Multiple regression was used to test for associations between the built environment and metro station routes. We found that mean walking time from the metro station to a destination was 8min. Recreational and office destinations had similar walking times to the metro station as residential destinations. Metro riders in xiaoqu and danwei walked longer distances to their destinations compared to metro riders in hutong. Physical obstacles to crossing streets made walking times longer. Greater connectivity, both perceived and measured, predicted shorter walking times. Local land use is not well integrated into metro station placement in Beijing. Better connectivity, pedestrian-friendly designs and higher building coverage ratio around the metro station might promote easier walking access and have the potential to capture more metro riders.

The Analysis of the Impacts of Tourism on the Quality of Rural Life (Case Study: Uraman District of Sarvabad County

The Analysis of the Impacts of Tourism on the Quality of Rural Life (Case Study: Uraman District of Sarvabad County

Residents’ Attitude Toward Tourism in Zwierzyniec Town

In recent years, tourism has been playing a more significant role in the economies of Poland, including rural areas, especially in eastern Poland. Therefore, tourism development and management are being integrated with community planning and development, including stakeholders` perception and opinion on tourism. The purpose of the paper is to examine attitudes of residents of small tourist destination toward tourism development. Factor analysis of scaled items measuring their attitudes resulted in four tourism-related factors: Negative social and cultural impact, Affirmative of tourism development, Economic and social benefits and and stronger sense of belonging, Nature and culture conservations. The results indicate that there is a relationship between residents’ affirmation of tourism development and employment in tourism industry.

Unemployment effects of economic crises on hotel and residential tourism destinations: The case of Spain

This paper analyses the effects of economic crises on tourism destinations from a city and regional point of view. The objective is to determine which kind of Spanish “Sun and Beach” tourism destinations, residential or hotel, has better weathered the most recent economic crisis in Spain, linked to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007/8. For this purpose, the authors have analysed the increases in the unemployment rates of a pool of 138 tourist destinations located on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline. The main finding of the paper is that during the crisis, residential destinations experienced a greater destruction of employment than hotel destinations. This result is consistent with previous literature that indicates a better economic performance of the hotel tourism development model.

A Middle Ground? Residential Mobility and Attainment of Mixed-Race Couples.

Marriage and cohabitation between members of different racial and ethnic groups has increased in the United States over recent decades. Despite this demographic shift, we know relatively little about how the growing numbers of mixed-race couples are faring in systems of residential stratification. Previous research indicates that mixed-race couples tend to be located in diverse neighborhoods, but because this past research has used cross-sectional data and has not focused on actual residential mobility, it is not clear whether mixed-race couples choose diverse neighborhoods or are just more likely to develop in diverse neighborhoods. To provide a more complete picture of this topic, I conduct a prospective analysis of the residential location and mobility patterns of mixed-race couples, focusing on the extent to which these couples are more likely than monoracial couples to move into, and/or remain in, diverse neighborhoods. The use of longitudinal data between 1985 and 2009 from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) linked to neighborhood- and metropolitan-level data from multiple population censuses reveals that in comparison with monoracial couples, mixed-race couples tend to be located in neighborhoods with higher levels of racial and ethnic diversity and tend to enter more diverse residential destinations when they move. However, these outcomes vary substantially across types of mixed-race couples. Moreover, the outcomes associated with individual- and metropolitan-level conditions provide limited support for the common contention that the residential patterns of mixed-race couples reflect differences in residential preferences, and point to the role of broader patterns of racial stratification in shaping their residential outcomes.

Gross happiness of a 'tourism' village in Fiji

For small island developing states, tourism is often seen as a passport to development and modernisation, resulting in economic and social growth. In Fiji, this was recognized in the 1960s, which resulted in large-scale tourism development. Yet the links between tourism development and higher quality of life and wellbeing for residents of tourist destinations are at best ambiguous. Tourism can bring both positive and negative social impacts, yet few studies have attempted to assess whether tourism contributes to holistic quality of life: in short, does tourism make residents happy? Validated measures exist to measure broader wellbeing. This study measures the Gross Happiness Index of two Fijian villages, one of which has a high dependency on tourism income and the other has very little contact with the tourism industry or tourists, to compare the levels of wellbeing. The findings indicate that, despite the ‘tourism’ village being materially wealthier, the non-tourism villagers are happier across a significant number of life domains. The implications for tourism research and destination management are discussed.

Solidarity at the Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove—a UNESCO World Heritage Site

ABSTRACTDestinations that remain proactive in planning for tourism development are best served by examining the relationship that exists between residents of and tourists to the area. Considering the Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove and the annual Osun Osogbo Festival (both in honor of the Fertility Goddess, Osun) in Osogbo, Nigeria, this study examines the extant relationship of destination residents and tourists in the Global South through the use of the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS). Results revealed strong psychometric properties and consistent factor structure of the ESS, while demonstrating usability of the measure in a context outside of the USA. Residents and tourists reported significantly different levels of emotional solidarity on two of the three ESS factors (e.g. emotional closeness and sympathetic understanding), where, in each instance, tourists reported a significantly higher degree of solidarity with residents than did residents with tourists. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Ecotourism an option in small island destinations?

This article, using a postcolonial and political economy framework, examines how tourism development seems an appealing solution for small islands, especially in the form of community-based (sustainable) ecotourism. The article follows with how residents of small island destinations in the Pacific engage with the global tourism market to diversify their economy and increase income as a counterweight to emigration. The article then discusses how this experience might be modeled in Wallis and Futuna, a French territory of the South Pacific. Although small islands of the Pacific possess a variety of assets, not the least of which today is their remoteness and their different culture, they face a number of challenges to maintain their appeal on the global market. Authorities in Wallis and Futuna seem to have forsaken some of their assets and political will even though a few residents seek to obtain the means to remain in the territory through returns from small tourism enterprises.

A Landscape of Travel: The Work of Tourism in Rural Ethnic China by Jenny T. Chio (review)

Jenny T. Chio, A Landscape of Travel: The Work of Tourism Rural Ethnic China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014. 304 pp.In A Landscape of Travel: The Work of Tourism Rural Ethnic China, Jenny Chio skillfully unpacks complexities of ethnic-tourism development rural China. Based on substantial ethnographic fieldwork Ping'an (a Zhuang village Guangxi) and Upper Jidao (a Miao village Guizhou), she lays bare regimes of mobility and visuality that turn one person's leisure into another person's labor. Situating her research within and guests framework (Smith 1989), Chio criticizes overemphasis on tourists studies. Instead, her focuses on residents of village destinations. More precisely, she disentangles discourses and practices of those who do of tourism, thereby blurring fine line between hosts and often-neglected intermediary category of service providers.In preface and introduction to book, Chio gives readers more information about theoretical and methodological tools that she uses. Her main analytical focus on doing examines landscape of travel, which the act and imagination of travel become key nodes through which tourists, migrants, ethnic minorities, mainstream majorities, rural villagers, and urban dwellers negotiate and make sense of current social, economic, and political (xvii). As a conceptual framework for tracing social relations, this landscape of travel illuminates complex networks of ambitions, expectations, and opportunities that are shaping transformations (14). Such approach allows Chio to zoom on two fundamental social processes that shape work of tourism, namely human mobility (particularly and migration) and visuality (the social fact of vision).Chapter 1 sketches larger context of Chio's case studies. It describes history of and current conditions villages, and discusses broader issues of ethnic identity and visual representations of ethnicity China. This reveals lasting importance of imaginaries of difference, point that has also been made by other anthropologists of (e.g., Salazar and Graburn 2014). The construction of ethnic minorities China involves continuous process of negotiation between national, mainstream, local, and individual imaginations and aspirations (34). The way this plays out development of field sites, however, is slightly dissimilar. Whereas Ping'an beautiful views of Longsheng rice terraces are primary tourist focus, Upper Jidao was developed from very beginning as ethnic destination.In second chapter, Chio discusses tourism as development, or tight connection between rural household-based enterprises (nong jia le, or family business happiness) and general Chinese policies for rural development (particularly campaign to build New Socialist Countryside). Both formed part of an effort to increase rural incomes and also to raise suzhi [quality] of ethnic minorities by modernizing them (98). Moreover, aimed at curbing rural-to-urban migration and encouraging villagers to stay, or return, home. After all, domestic migrant workers China continue to be regarded by many as low quality (92). By discussing larger frame of national development policies (to keep rural population in place), Chio nicely illustrates here how tourism China was bound tightly with explicit attempts to construct new Chinese countryside, new Chinese tourist, and new rural Chinese subject (97).Chapter 3 focuses on mobility, which Chio defines as both ability to travel and...all of attendant desires and notions of agency associated with this capacity to envision travel as socially significant element of one's subjectivity and life experiences (102). …

Application of the concept of destination brand equity: the example of two Polish cities

Purpose – This paper has two purposes in mind: to present the model of destination brand equity as well as its managerial implications for city brand management. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a model developed by the author in 2011 which adopts a consumer-based approach to assessing place/destination brand equity, brand equities for two Polish cities were calculated. The research was conducted in two stages on a sample of 800 Poles. Its detailed results served as a basis for a comparison of the two cities’ brand equities. Findings – The general results show the strength of the cities’ brand equities while the detailed results show the strengths and weaknesses of the specific city brands broken down to the types of respondents and according to the brand equity dimensions. Research limitations/implications – The discussion and results are based on two cities only, in one country. Practical implications – The results of the city brand equity survey provide place marketers with information about the existing structure of brand equity and the elements of brand equity which may reinforce a city brand in the consumers’ (potential and current tourists’) eyes. Such an assessment also enables to track destination brand changes over time and in relation to other city destinations. The results offer therefore city managers the knowledge of brand areas which require attention and intervention. Social implications – The model presents provides place managers with information related to the necessary social support of the residents of destination. Originality/value – The paper presents comprehensive and original research results of a research into city destination brand equity conducted on a representative national sample. A strong theoretical concept is combined with practical results.

What is Good for Tourists Should Be Good for Residents Too: The Relationship Between the Quality of the Touristic Offer and Subjective Well-Being of Residents

The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between the quality of tourist destinations and the subjective well-being of people living in the destination. Two data sets were used for the analysis: one related to the subjective well-being of Croatian citizens and the other related to the quality of tourist destinations in the country. Subjective well-being measures included: overall happiness, life satisfaction and satisfaction with the standard of living, health, achievements in life, relationships, safety, community connectedness, and future security, using a scale from 0 to 10. The final data set included 2,171 residents (aged 15–64) from 41 destinations with varying touristic quality. The destinations were grouped into three categories according to the touristic quality. Results of the ANCOVAs for quality of tourist destination as independent variable, subjective well-being of residents as dependent variables, and sociodemographics as covariates (age, gender, education, monthly income, level of urbanization) showed that the quality of tourist destination was related to residents' life satisfaction and happiness, as well as the satisfaction with personal life domains. The residents of destinations with the higher evaluated quality of tourist offer were more happy, more satisfied with their lives in general, with their material status, personal health, achievements in life, relationships with family and friends, feelings of physical safety, acceptance by the community, and future security than the residents from the destinations with medium and lower quality of tourist offer.

Tourists' perceived safety through emotional solidarity with residents in two Mexico–United States border regions

Security and safety are extremely important for travelers and the tourism industry. One construct that has remained largely unexplored in explaining visitors' perceived safety while at the destination is their level of emotional solidarity (positive sentiments one feels for another) with destination residents. The purpose of this paper is to examine tourists' perceived safety in two popular tourism destinations in Texas along the Mexico–U.S. border (i.e., the Lower Rio Grande Valley and the Big Bend area) and investigate the extent to which tourists' emotional solidarity with residents predicts their perceptions of safety. Perceptions of safety were higher among visitors to the Big Bend area than they were among visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Also, visitors high in emotional solidarity (particularly to a dimension pertaining to feeling welcomed) also perceived the tourism destination as relatively safe. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.

Assessment of rural destination residents' attitude toward tourism development in Uttarakhand, India: a research note

As an important component of tourism, the host community has been given increasing research attention to its role in tourism development. A supportive host environment is prerequisite in order to sustain the long-term and successful development of the tourism industry. Within the considerable body of knowledge, host community attitudes towards tourism have been extensively studied with the help of the costs and benefits of tourism perceived by community members. The impacts of tourism are exhibited in a wide range from the change of economic structure to social, cultural and environmental issues. The present study is an attempt to analyse the attitude of the community members towards tourism development in the Ukhimath, Sari and Makkumath villages in Rudraprayag District of Uttarakhand. The study area, due to its high altitudinal geography, healthy climate and enchanting scenic beauty is ideal for small scale community based tourism development. Since tourism in the area is in its nascent stage, it is quite important to ensure the sustainable development of tourism for which understanding of residents’ attitude is very essential. To assess the attitude of the residents of identified villages, field surveys have been conducted in the study villages during March, May and October, 2011. Personal observations and unstructured interviews were used as the survey tools.