Residential Classification Research Articles

Factors Affecting Disability Employment Opportunities in the Labor Market in West Sumatra

People with disabilities frequently encounter discrimination, particularly in gaining employment, despite having the same rights, roles, and responsibilities as the general population. This study examines the factors affecting employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities in West Sumatra in 2022, using data from SAKERNAS 2022. The analysis focuses on variables such as gender, age, marital status, education, and residential classification. The research utilizes logistic regression analysis to explore these factors. The results reveal that age has a positive influence on employment opportunities, whereas gender, marital status, education, and residential classification have significant negative effects on the employment prospects of individuals with disabilities in West Sumatra.

Pass-Through Effects of the East African Community Common External Tariffs on Kenya's Domestic Prices

This study offers an empirical microlevel analysis of the pass-through effects of the East African Community Common External Tariff on consumer prices in Kenya. Using data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Surveys conducted in 2005 and 2015, this research employs a fixed-effects model to estimate pass-through equations. The analysis focuses on consumer prices for agricultural and manufactured goods. It also considers household residential classifications, distinguishing between rural and urban areas, and it investigates the impact of border proximity and transportation costs on the pass-through effect. The findings show that manufactured goods have a significant pass-through effect. A 1% change in tariffs results in a 0.84% change in consumer prices for manufactured goods. However, the pass-through effects for agricultural goods were incomplete, suggesting that markets for manufactured goods are more competitive in Kenya. The study also found that pass-through effects vary depending on proximity to borders and the urban-rural divide.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PARENTS’ EDUCATION AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION ENROLMENT DECISIONS

Early Childhood Education (ECE) is crucial for a child’s school readiness, development, welfare, and future academic achievement. However, Indonesia is currently facing low participation of ECE students. This study discusses the parents’ education, household characteristics, child development, infrastructure, and environmental characteristics associated with parents’ decisions on ECE enrolment. This study uses a quantitative approach with probit regression. The data used for this research were from the 2020 Indonesia’s National Socio-Economic Survey and Village Potential Survey. The results of this study indicated that parents’ education had a positive and significant correlation with the parent’s decision to send their children to ECE. The income per capita, the mother's job status, the father's job status, access to food for the household, and the number of household members, which are household characteristics, determine ECE enrolment decisions. Children's growth and development, the infrastructure of the ECE within the district/city, and the environmental characteristics such as residential classification and the regional area of residence are proven to be associated with ECE enrolment.

Household Composition and Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccination in Wales, UK.

The uptake of COVID-19 vaccination in Wales is high at a population level but many inequalities exist. Household composition may be an important factor in COVID-19 vaccination uptake due to the practical, social, and psychological implications associated with different living arrangements. In this study, the role of household composition in the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination in Wales was examined with the aim of identifying areas for intervention to address inequalities. Records within the Wales Immunisation System (WIS) COVID-19 vaccination register were linked to the Welsh Demographic Service Dataset (WDSD; a population register for Wales) held within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. Eight household types were defined based on household size, the presence or absence of children, and the presence of single or multiple generations. Uptake of the second dose of any COVID-19 vaccine was analysed using logistic regression. Gender, age group, health board, rural/urban residential classification, ethnic group, and deprivation quintile were included as covariates for multivariable regression. Compared to two-adult households, all other household types were associated with lower uptake. The most significantly reduced uptake was observed for large, multigenerational, adult group households (aOR 0.45, 95%CI 0.43-0.46). Comparing multivariable regression with and without incorporation of household composition as a variable produced significant differences in odds of vaccination for health board, age group, and ethnic group categories. These results indicate that household composition is an important factor for the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination and consideration of differences in household composition is necessary to mitigate vaccination inequalities.

The cellular voice traffic profiling spatial urban land use for South Jakarta

Cellular traffic in the literature can be classified into voice, SMS, and data. Along with the rapid development of internet technology, a cellular operator is required to have spatial-based customer behavior information as the primary data in making business policy. The use of cell phone in Jakarta is remarkably recorded, while competitors among cell phone providers unavoidably follow the costumers’ behaviors. Combined methods are applied such as statistical analysis of ANOVA and multiple comparison tests supplemented by the spatial techniques using Geographic Information System (GIS) to review the time and area differences of the voice traffic changes. A cellular provider name Indosat is chosen as a case of voice traffic model data. Simple land-use types of residential classifications are set up and isolated rings of Von Thunen are reconstructed to explain more on the relationship between voice traffic of cell phone and land use distribution. The result of research indicates that the voice traffic highly varies among residential strata and commercial areas. In addition, voice traffics vary between weekdays and weekends depending on the accumulated users.

Factors Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Who Received Anti-TB Treatment

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that was firmly related to the environment and human behavior. To overcome pulmonary tuberculosis, various factors associated with TB who received anti-TB treatment became significant. Therefore, we extended the Riskesdas data analysis To determine the various factors related to Pulmonary TB patients received anti-TB treatment. Subject treated with anti-TB treatment became the dependent variable, while the independent variables consisted of subjects characteristics (age, gender, and education level), socio-economic status and residential classification. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the use of anti-tuberculosis. The result showed that male subjects with age of 35 until 44 years, low education, consider poor in economic and inhabited in an urban area more common in subjects with anti-TB treatment. Thus, characteristics of subjects (age, gender, and education level), socio-economic status and residential classification are the factors of subjects treated with anti-tuberculosis in Indonesia.

Understanding Ecosystem Service Preferences across Residential Classifications near Mt. Baker Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington (USA)

Ecosystem services consistently group together both spatially and cognitively into “bundles”. Understanding socio-economic predictors of these bundles is essential to informing a management approach that emphasizes equitable distribution of ecosystem services. We received 1796 completed surveys from stakeholders of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (WA, USA) using both in-person workshops and an online platform. Survey respondents rated the importance of 26 ecosystem services. Subsequent analysis revealed six distinct preference bundles of these services: environmental quality, utilitarian values, heritage values, two types of recreational values, and access and roads. Results suggest that the conceptualizations of these bundles are consistent across socio-demographic groups. Resource agencies that seek to frame dialogue around critical values may want to consider these broadly representative bundle sets as a meaningful organizing framework that would resonate with diverse constituents.

Where You Live Matters: The Impact of Place of Residence on Severe Sepsis Incidence and Mortality

Medically underserved areas are composed of vulnerable populations with reduced access to ambulatory care services. Our goal was to determine the association between residence in a medically underserved area and severe sepsis incidence and mortality. Using administrative data, we identified adults admitted with severe sepsis to nonfederal hospitals in South Carolina. We determined whether each resident lived in a medically underserved area or nonmedically underserved area from US Census and Department of Health and Human Services data. Age-adjusted severe sepsis incidence and mortality rates were calculated and compared between both residential classifications. Multivariate logistic regression measured the association between residence in a medically underserved area and mortality while adjusting for confounders. In 2010, 24,395 adults were admitted with severe sepsis and 1,446,987 (43%) adults lived in a medically underserved area. Residents of medically underserved areas were admitted more frequently with severe sepsis (8.6 vs6.8 cases/1,000 people, P< .01) and were more likely to die (15.5 vs11.9 deaths/10,000 people, P< .01), with increased odds of severe sepsis-related death (OR, 1.12) after adjustment for age, race, and severity of illness. ZIP code-based surrogates of socioeconomic status, including median income, proportion below poverty level, and educational attainment, however, had minimal association with sepsis mortality. Residence in a medically underserved area is associated with higher incidence and mortality rates of severe sepsis and represents a novel method of access-to-care adjustment. Traditional access-to-care surrogates, however, are poorly associated with sepsis mortality.

Erratum

Erratum

Does the Aged Care Funding Instrument provide increased funding in residential care? Comparisons with the Residential Classification Scale

To determine whether the Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) provides more funding than the Residential Classification Scale (RCS) for residents in the Hellenic Residential Care Facility. All residents within the care facility were assessed over a six 6-month period using ACFI, RCS and Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE) scores. Differences in funding levels were calculated using ACFI and RCS instruments against a standardised CAPE score. CAPE dependency RCS funding per resident per day varied from $32.20 for grade A to $116.20 for grade E4 residents. CAPE ACFI funding varied from $20.20 for grade A to $127.50 for grade E4. There was no significant difference in mean overall funding between the two scales (ACFI $92.50 vs RCS $90.35, P = 0.76). The ACFI does provide a small but not significant increase in funding to residents in residential care. It redirects funding to higher dependency residents.

Earthquake Hoax in Ghana: Exploration of the Cry Wolf Hypothesis.

This paper investigated the belief of the news of impending earthquake from any source in the context of the Cry Wolf hypothesis as well as the belief of the news of any other imminent disaster from any source. We were also interested in the correlation between preparedness, risk perception and antecedents. This explorative study consisted of interviews, literature and Internet reviews. Sampling was of a simple random nature. Stratification was carried out by sex and residence type. The sample size of (N=400), consisted of 195 males and 205 Females. Further stratification was based on residential classification used by the municipalities. The study revealed that a person would believe news of an impending earthquake from any source, (64.4%) and a model significance of (P=0.000). It also showed that a person would believe news of any other impending disaster from any source, (73.1%) and a significance of (P=0.003). There is association between background, risk perception and preparedness. Emergency preparedness is weak. Earthquake awareness needs to be re-enforced. There is a critical need for public education of earthquake preparedness. The authors recommend developing emergency response program for earthquakes, standard operating procedures for a national risk communication through all media including instant bulk messaging.

Funding regimes and the implications for delivering quality palliative care nursing within residential aged care units in Australia

Funding to Australian residential aged care units has undergone recent reforms. Parallel with these fiscal developments, the Australian Government commissioned the Guidelines for a Palliative Approach in Residential Aged Care that addressed the inequities of service associated with dying in residential aged care. This literature review describes the variances in funding between Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs), and multi-purpose services (MPSs) and, in doing so, exposes the impact that funding variances have on the delivery of end-of-life and palliative care to residents in aged care units. Government funding policy allowed RACFs an opportunity to adopt and implement the guidelines and standards, through funding individual resident identified healthcare needs. By comparison, MPSs are funded through an agreed (government and organisation) number of beds to provide nursing care to residents. This funding allocation forms MPSs' general consolidated revenue for service delivery. RACFs identify nursing care needs of residents through a residential classification scale, while management of MPSs allocates funding to service provision. The significant factor of funding beds (MPS) not the delivery of nursing care required by residents (RACFs) does impact on the implementation of a palliative approach for residents and, hence, the delivery of quality nursing care. Nursing management should consider funding implications when allocating resources to services in MPSs.

Residential Area as Proxy for Socio-economic Status, Paediatric Mortality and Birth Weight in Lusaka, Zambia

Systems of socio-economic classification comparable to the Registrar General's Social Classification or post codes are not readily available in many developing countries. Thus health data from developing countries are usually presented without a refined geographical focus. The hierarchical urban residential classification system in Zambia was used as a socio-economic proxy to explore the relationship with mass measures of paediatric health in Lusaka, Zambia. This study shows that the Zambian urban residential classification system appears to be a valid proxy of socio-economic status, revealing residential gradients with respect to birth weight and paediatric mortality rates in Lusaka.

Rates of Solid-Organ Wait-listing, Transplantation, and Survival Among Residents of Rural and Urban Areas

Disparities in access to organ transplantation exist for racial minorities, women, and patients with lower socioeconomic status or inadequate insurance. Rural residents represent another group that may have impaired access to transplant services. To assess the association of rural residence with waiting list registration for heart, liver, and kidney transplant and rates of transplantation among wait-listed candidates. Five-year US cohort of 174,630 patients who were wait-listed and who underwent heart, liver, or kidney transplantation between 1999 and 2004. Rates of new waiting list registrations and transplants per million population for residents of 3 residential classifications (rural/small town population, <10,000; micropolitan, 10,000-50,000; and metropolitan >50,000 or suburb of major city). Compared with urban residents, waiting list registration rates for rural/small town residents were significantly lower for heart (covariate-adjusted rate ratio [RR] = 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-0.96; P<.002), liver (RR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83-0.89; P<.001), and kidney transplants (RR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.90-0.95; P<.001). Compared with residents in urban areas, rural/small town residents had lower relative transplant rates for heart (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.94; P = .004), liver (RR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.77-0.84; P<.001), and kidney transplantation (covariate-adjusted RR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.88-0.93; P<.001). These disparities were consistent across national organ allocation regions. Significantly longer waiting times among rural patients wait-listed for heart transplantation were observed but not for liver and kidney transplantation. There were no significant differences in posttransplantation outcomes between groups. Patients living in rural areas had a lower rate of wait-lisiting and transplant of solid organs, but did not experience significantly different outcomes following transplant. Differences in rates of wait-listing and transplant may be due to variations in the burden of disease between different patient groups or barriers to evaluation and waiting list entry for rural residents with organ failure.

Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution

In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, P<0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children ( P<0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.

The effects of on- and off-reservation residence on in-home service use among Great Lakes American Indians.

Community-based, in-home services are a crucial component in the long-term care continuum. Research has shown rural populations to be less likely to use these services. American Indian elders are more likely than their non-American Indian counterparts to reside in non-metropolitan areas, yet little rural research has focused on this subpopulation. The purpose of this article is to explore differences in in-home service use among urban, rural off-reservation, and rural on-reservation older American Indians using data from a statewide needs assessment. The sample includes 206 Great Lakes American Indians aged 55 and older. Predictor variables include the residential classification variable (rural off-reservation, rural on-reservation, and urban) along with sociodemographic, social support, health and functional status, and general knowledge of services. Results of logistic regression analysis indicate that the odds are significantly greater for on-reservation rural American Indian elders use of home services, home health aides, and home visits, than for urban American Indian elders. The off-reservation rural American Indian elder is significantly less likely than the urban American Indian elder to use a home health aid. Health rating, activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL) impairments, and general knowledge of in-home service availability increase the odds for all groups use of home services and home health aides.

The Measurement of Population Distribution

Abstract An exposition and evaluation of the major techniques for measuring population distribution are presented under the following heads: numbers and density by geographic sub-divisions; measures of concentration; measures of spacing; centrographic measures; population potential; residential classification; community size; other categorical measures. The study of population densities needs to be supplemented with the application of other analytical tools, inasmuch as no single measure of distribution fully discloses both the pattern and degree of population concentration. Most measures of distribution have to be interpreted n terms of the system of areal sub-divisions for which they are computed, because different results may be obtained with different systems. The interpretation of measures of distribution is strenghtened when empirical values are related to theoretical considerations, but relevant theories of distribution are not yet highly developed. The problem of population distribution, in both i...

The measurement of population distribution

Abstract An exposition and evaluation of the major techniques for measuring population distribution are presented under the following heads: numbers and density by geographic sub-divisions; measures of concentration; measures of spacing; centrographic measures; population potential; residential classification; community size; other categorical measures. The study of population densities needs to be supplemented with the application of other analytical tools, inasmuch as no single measure of distribution fully discloses both the pattern and degree of population concentration. Most measures of distribution have to be interpreted n terms of the system of areal sub-divisions for which they are computed, because different results may be obtained with different systems. The interpretation of measures of distribution is strenghtened when empirical values are related to theoretical considerations, but relevant theories of distribution are not yet highly developed. The problem of population distribution, in both its methodological and its theoretical aspects, is one that deserves greater attention from demography and the related specialities of human ecology, locaton economics, and human geography.