Residential Buildings In Turkey Research Articles

Evaluation of Gas-Fired Combi Boilers with HF-AHP-MULTIMOORA

There are many alternative gas-fired combi boilers that can be used to heat residential homes. Evaluation and selection of gas-fired combi boilers for buildings is an intricate multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem involving perhaps contradictory quantifiable and qualitative criteria. In this research, as the MCDM approach, hesitant fuzzy linguistic analytic hierarchy process (HF-AHP) and hesitant fuzzy linguistic “multiple objective optimization based on ratio analysis plus full multiplicative form (MULTIMOORA)” (HF-MULTIMOORA) are integrated to assess and rank combi boiler alternatives for buildings. First, with HF-AHP, fuzzy criteria weights are determined and then with HF-MULTIMOORA, boiler alternatives are ranked from best to worst. In this integrated HF-AHP-MULTIMOORA method, evaluations of decision-makers are combined with fuzzy envelope approach and then triangular fuzzy numbers are utilized. For comparison analysis, HF-AHP-TOPSIS method is also applied to the same problem. A case study in Turkey is presented where ten combi boiler alternatives are assessed based on fifteen criteria by five decision-makers. We have used various selection criteria for boilers ranging from maximum temperature, heating capacity up to environmental effects and decided on the best combi boiler for heating residential buildings in Turkey.

The Energy Impact of Building Materials in Residential Buildings in Turkey.

In Turkey, heat loss from existing and new buildings constitutes a large part of energy waste, so usage of suitable construction material is quite important. The building selected in this study was analyzed by applying different building materials considering the annual energy consumption allowed, and according to the different heat zones and different thicknesses of insulation material in relation to demand. The most suitable building material in terms of energy and cost uptake and cost given to the regions was determined; the results were measured in the study in terms of the maximum allowable annual heating energy requirement and the optimum values were determined. Comparison of the optimum values and the total energy consumption rates was conducted for the analyzed cities.

Multi-objective optimization of building envelope components at the preliminary design stage for residential buildings in Turkey

This paper focuses on the multi-objective optimization of building envelope parameters in order to enhance the energy and economic performance of buildings. The study carried out for the climates zoned as; cooling dominated and heating dominated. All possible solution scenarios (more than 13 million) that might be encountered in practice, were included in the optimization process. Two conflicting objectives were pursued: to minimize overall thermal energy need and to lower the initial investment cost of the building envelope. NSGA-II genetic algorithm was implemented via developed code in Matlab environment and convergence time of that was shortened. Pareto-Front solutions were presented for two provinces (Osmaniye and Erzurum) of Turkey and life cycle costs of the Pareto-Front solutions have been compared, after the envelope optimization process. The results clearly showed that, the appropriate selection of the building envelope parameters at the preliminary design stage could significantly reduce life cycle cost, beside providing better solution options for zero energy buildings.

Performance of high-damping rubber bearings for seismic isolation of residential buildings in Turkey

The applicability of high-damping rubber bearings for seismic isolation of residential buildings in Turkey is studied using numerical and experimental approaches. Seismic isolation system composed of high-damping rubber bearings is designed according to the recently updated Turkish Building Seismic Code-2018 (TBSC2018). Three model buildings of different height at assumed seismically active area are chosen from an actual building database, on which, equivalent lateral force procedure, and time history analyses are carried out.The seismic responses of the buildings are evaluated and the seismic isolation system's efficiency is confirmed. It is pointed out that the requirements in the new code in terms of the maximum allowable shear strain of elastomeric isolators are excessively conservative for those isolators with much larger capacity which is verified by sufficient test data, and as a result, designed isolator size becomes larger than necessary from a practical aspect. In order to verify the isolator design without compliance of shear strain limitation in the code, full-scale prototypes of high-damping rubber bearings are specially designed, developed and are subjected to dynamic loading test under test protocol specified in the code. The specific values of test conditions, such as compressive force, shear displacement and frequency, are developed referring several projects in Turkey. The results are comprehensively discussed and the applicability of high-damping rubber bearing for seismic isolation of residential buildings in Turkey is concluded with numerical and experimental approaches and a possible modification of TBSC2018 regarding maximum shear strain is proposed.

Analysis of Green Building Certification Systems Used in Residential Buildings in Turkey, Context of the Resource Conservation

Yeşil bina sertifika sistemleri dünyada olduğu gibi, inşaat sektörünün önemli olduğu ülkemizde de tercih edilmektedir. Enerji kullanımı ve kaynak kullanımının minimize edilmesini amaçlayan bu sertifika sistemleri gelecek nesillere daha sağlıklı ve yaşanabilir bir çevre bırakmayı kendilerine amaç edinmişlerdir. Bunlardan başlıcaları olan BREEAM, Leed), Çedbik) çalışma kapsamında incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında ülkemizde konut yapılarında kullanılmış olan sertifika sistemlerinden 2019 sonu itibariyle güncel sürümleri olan Breeam (Int. 2016), Leed (v4.1), Çedbik (B.E.S.T)’in binalarda girdi oluşturan temel kaynaklar özelinde (Enerji, su, malzeme) kıyaslanması ve inşaat sektöründeki müşteriler için bir kılavuz niteliği taşıması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada incelenen 3 sertifika programının bütünsel bir perspektifte incelenebilmesi amacıyla tarihçeleri, sertifikalandırma süreçleri, değerlendirme yöntemleri ve içerikleri, performans kriterleri, enerji performansı sınıflandırma ölçütleri ve puanlama sistemlerinin incelenmesinin ardından 3 temel kriteri ele alış şekilleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sertifika sistemlerinin sitelerinde yer alan kılavuzlar yapılan literatür araştırmasıyla desteklenerek sertifika sistemlerinin hangi faktörleri nasıl ele aldığı kıyaslamalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada hangi sertifikanın daha iyi ya da kötü olduğu gibi spekülatif veya sübjektif bir sonuca varılmamaktadır. Her 3 sertifika sisteminin de sürdürülebilirlik perspektifinden beşikten beşiğe anlayışıyla yapı inşa sürecini ele aldığı ve benzer özelliklere sahip olduğu ancak genellikle puan yüzdeleri ve bazı alt başlıklarda birbirinden ayrılan yönleri olduğu görülmüştür.

Determination of optimum insulation thickness by life cycle cost analysis for residential buildings in Turkey

The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum insulation thickness of residential buildings in Turkey, under the influence of cooling and heating loads by life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Five-storey apartment building with an Area/Volume ratio (A/V) of 0.40 m−1 and 10-storey apartment building with an A/V ratio of 0.32 m−1 are taken as reference buildings. The annual energy needs are calculated according to TS 825 standard for heating and TS EN ISO 13790 standard for cooling. Natural gas is used for heating and electricity is used for cooling. LCCA based on the total cost approach is performed for 30 years. Optimum insulation thicknesses (U-values) based on climate regions are calculated between 10.5 cm and 17.3 cm (0.30–0.19 W/m2 K) for wall, 17.5 cm and 26.8 cm (0.24–0.16 W/m2 K) for ceiling, 6.0 cm and 9.8 cm (0.49–0.32 W/m2 K) for floor. When compared with the limit values specified in TS 825, it has been determined that the energy savings provided by an insulated building using optimum insulation thicknesses vary between 12.9% and 21.5% according to the region. As a result, it is concluded that the limit U-values should be revised for all regions specified in the TS 825.

A Comparative Analysis of the Spatial Characteristic of Apartment Buildings in Gaziantep, Turkey

This study aims to analyze the planning and design process, basic principles, and the change-transformation process of the apartment type residential buildings in Turkey, Gaziantep. The scope of the research consists of residential buildings built in the post-Republican period in Gaziantep. The basic materials of the research are zoning-city plans, plan explanation reports, plan diagrams of buildings and photographs based on field research. The method of the research is based on a comparative analysis of spatial changes in apartment buildings according to historical background. These changes evaluated from the analysis of a series of variables ranging from parcel-level to plan projects, access graphs to spatial size and ratios. As a result of the study, it is seen that the access graph and space sizes of the apartment-type residential buildings dating back to the 1960s, have significantly changed. However, differences and variations are mostly observed in the first plan typologies and it is noteworthy that this diversity has reduced, and similar plan schemes have been widely used in recent examples.

Determination of Optimum Insulation Thickness Based on Heating Load by Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Residential Buildings in Turkey

Binalarda yalıtım kalınlığı, bina kabuğunun tasarımında önemli bir parametredir. Binalarda yalıtım kalınlığının belirlenmesinde, ömür maliyet analizi sıklıkla kullanılan bir optimizasyon yöntemidir. Literatürde, yakıt maliyeti ve yalıtım maliyetinden oluşan toplam maliyetin minimum olduğu yalıtım kalınlığı, optimum yalıtım kalınlığı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki konut tipi binalar için ısıtma etkisi altında optimum yalıtım kalınlıklarının ömür maliyet analizi yöntemi ile belirlenmesidir. Binaların yıllık ısıtma enerji ihtiyacı TS 825 “Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları” standardına göre hesaplanmıştır. Yalıtım malzemesi olarak; tavanda cam yünü, tabanda ekstrüde polistiren (XPS) ve dış duvarlarda genişletilmiş polistiren (EPS), yakıt olarak doğalgaz kullanılmıştır. Optimizasyon metodu olarak toplam maliyete dayalı optimizasyon yaklaşımını temel alan ömür maliyet analiz metodu kullanılmıştır. Optimum yalıtım kalınlıkları (U-değerleri), 30 yıllık kullanım ömrü için iklim bölgelerine göre; dış duvar için 8,1 cm ile 16,4 cm (0,38-0,20 W/m2K), tavan için 14,2 cm ile 26,8 cm (0,29-0,16 W/m2K), zemin için 5,0 ile 9,8 cm (0,57-0,32 W/m2K) arasında hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, TS 825 standardında belirtilen limit yalıtım kalınlıkları ile karşılaştırıldığında, optimum yalıtım kalınlıkları kullanılarak yalıtım yapılan bir binanın ülke genelinde sağlayacağı enerji tasarrufunun bölgelere göre %10,08 ile %18,88 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Geri ödeme sürelerindeki artışların en kötü durumda bile %10 değerini geçmediği düşünüldüğünde, TS 825 standardında belirtilen dört farklı iklim bölgesi için optimum yalıtım kalınlıklarının (U-değerlerinin) revize edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Energy impact and eco-efficiency of the envelope insulation in residential buildings in Turkey

Approximately 31% of the energy requirement in Turkey is related to residential buildings. For this reason, residential buildings have an important role in reducing energy needs and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, a procedure for determining the optimum thermal insulation thickness to be applied to the envelope (external walls, column, floor and roof) of residential buildings by using the heating-cooling energy requirement is presented. The heating and cooling loads and energy costs for different structures are calculated using the optimum thermal insulation thicknesses. Turkey is divided into four climatic zones in relation to their average temperature degree-days of heating according to the Turkish Thermal Insulation Standard. The methodology is applied to a residential building as a case study by comparing 4 insulation materials for 20 different energy demand scenarios for four different cities each representing a different climatic zone of Turkey. Once the global warming potential and cost indicators that is based on the Life Cycle Assessment have been obtained, the eco-efficiency analysis for each scenario are represented using eco-efficiency graphs.

Investigation of Short Column Behaviors at 1/5 Scaled Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Different Strengthening Methods

The purpose of in this experimental study is to investigate the effects of short column behavior due to window opening at two strengthening methods. At this study, seven reinforced concrete frames as two stories, 1/5 scaled and one bay were produced. The specimens contained several deficiencies that were commonly observed in residential buildings in Turkey. These specimens were tested under lateral loading and constant vertical loading. First specimen was produced as the reference bare frame. Second and third specimens were produced with infill autoclaved aerated concrete blocks wall. Fourth and fifth specimens were strengthened with infill RC shear wall. Sixth and seventh specimens were strengthened with external RC shear wall and RC column jackets. The walls of all specimens were manufactured with two different windows opening to investigate the effects of short column behavior. The test results showed that these applied strengthening methods have significantly increased the lateral load carrying and energy dissipation capacities, initial stiffness of the RC frame. Thanks to RC column jackets, at specimens with the external RC shear wall was prevented to the short column behavior.

A Long-term Strategy for Energy and Cost Performance Improvement of Existing Residential Buildings: Step-by-step Renovation in Turkey

Recast version of Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD-Recast) obligate member states to keep the cost analysis in parallel with the energy analysis during the renovation actions for the existing building by taking the cost-optimal level of minimum energy performance requirement to the account. Although this cost-optimal level is indicating the minimum cost level for a period, it can provide buildings’ owners with an enormous initial cost. One of the most challenging barriers to energy efficient and cost-optimal renovation of existing buildings is the reluctance of owners to involve in their project as an investor due to the high cost of application. Particularly in developing countries, such reluctance is more tangible as the governments are not capable of providing enough financial incentives for owners due to a large number of buildings that should be renovated and small available budget. A proper solution for the problem is to divide necessary actions for each building to certain sub-actions and apply them as a step-by-step renovation project. On the other hand, the progressive application of renovation activities has some restrictions. It is necessary to define the due amount for households and keep the cost of each step within the payable range. Moreover, the low rate of building renovation which affects the EU goals can be improved remarkably by application of step-by-step actions not only by increasing the number of owners’ contributions but also by improving the time of implementation, proper distribution of skilled labours and directed economic resources. This paper aims to assess the step-by-step application of the energy efficient renovation actions through energy and cost analysis under Turkey’s climatic, economic and sociological conditions. One of 26 reference residential buildings in Turkey is analysed in this paper. The due amount for each step is defined, and some renovation actions and their combinations applied to the case building and the results compared with the base condition. Then a proper combination of measures established based on the cost-optimal analyses. These appropriately combined actions are then divided into some sub-actions; following this, cost and energy studies are conducted again to determine the appropriate arrangement of sub-actions.

Predicting Displacement Data of Three-Dimensional Reinforced Concrete Frames with Different Strengthening Applications Using ANN

In this study, the artificial neural network (ANN) methodwas used to estimate unavailable displacement data of threedimensional(3D) reinforced concrete (RC) frames with differentstrengthening applications. Four 3D-RC frames wereproduced two storeys and one bay in 1/6 geometric scale withthe deficiencies commonly observed in residential buildingsin Turkey. The first specimen was a bare frame containing nobrick walls and no strengthening. The second specimen wasall brick walls and no strengthening. The third specimen wasstrengthened with an internal steel panel. The fourth specimenwas strengthened with an infilled RC shear wall. The specimenswere tested under reverse cyclic lateral loading and constantvertical loading until failure. This study investigated the estimationof displacement data when the linear variable differentialtransformer of 104 numbers is corrupted and some hystereticloop data are missing. Using the method proposed the unavailableor incorrect displacement data can be predicted by ANNwithout performing any additional experiments. Root meansquared error, coefficient determination, mean absolute error,mean squared error and normalised mean absolute error statisticalvalues were used to compare experimental results withANN model results. These statistical values usually exhibit verylow error rate until a cycle of maximum load is reached.

Methodology to define cost-optimal level of architectural measures for energy efficient retrofits of existing detached residential buildings in Turkey

Building stock is playing a crucial role in the energy policy of every society. Number and area of residential buildings in every country provide a priority for this typology of building in large scale decision making. Uncertainties in users' behaviours make it difficult to have a proper assumption in residential buildings. In Turkey, buildings are responsible for a large amount of energy consumption and have tremendous energy saving potential. It is necessary to have more accurate results and consider different aspects of any retrofit action before application. To increase yearly retrofit rate, owners should involve in the actions as financiers otherwise relying solely on the amount of governmental contributions will lead to low retrofit rate thus disadvantages of enormous energy consumption will not be demolition.This study is trying to introduce a new methodology to define proper retrofit measures that are enthusiastic for building owners and make them encourage to involve in the action as financiers. In this way, three case study buildings with same geometry but different envelope properties in three of five main climates of Turkey defined to analyse. An adopted methodology focuses on the amount of money that should be paid by owners in any retrofit scenarios. When the amount is more than the payable amount, the possibility of staged action is discussed. The results are revealing that optimum measures should be applied in at least two stages to be acceptable from owners’ satisfaction point of view. Except cold climate, the actions that are providing most energy savings are not desirable when considering the payback period and global cost issues.

Assessment of energy performance certificate systems: a case study for residential buildings in Turkey

The importance of sustainable development and energy efficiency efforts has increased in the construction sector. Energy-saving efforts for buildings have become more important due to the global energy crisis, and energy rating systems have been developed globally for assessment of energy performance. In this study, international green building certificate and energy performance certificate (EPC) systems are presented. The official EPC system for buildings in Turkey is illustrated with case studies. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from residential buildings are calculated using the official national software, which is called BEP-TR. The impact of lighting on the total energy performance of residential buildings is also examined. Changes in energy performance values are discussed for various cases. As a result of this study, it was determined that residential buildings constructed before 2000 consume more energy than those constructed after 2000; they are a lower energy performance class of buildings. Use of energy-saving lamps has also had a positive impact on both lighting and total energy performance classes. This paper aims to contribute to the promotion of building energy certification systems and energy efficiency issues for the construction sector.

Energy, economic and environmental analyses of photovoltaic systems in the energy renovation of residential buildings in Turkey

Energy, economic and environmental analyses of photovoltaic systems in the energy renovation of residential buildings in Turkey

Energy and Cost Analyses of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Microgeneration Systems for Different Climate Zones of Turkey

The environmental and energy problems that have arisen in Turkey because of the dramatically increase in energy consumption require the implementation of energy efficiency and microgeneration measures in the building sector which is the main sector of primary energy consumption. Since Turkey is highly dependent on exported energy resources, the basic energy policy approach is based on providing the supply security. In this regard, supporting for in situ energy production, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources and the systems such as microgeneration systems in order to meet the energy requirements of buildings would be considered as a key measure for resolving the energy related challenges of Turkey and dealing with the sustainability issues. Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources such as especially solar energy. However, this huge solar energy potential is not being used sufficiently in residential building sector which is responsible for the great energy consumption of Turkey. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a study which investigates, on a life cycle basis, the environmental and the economic sustainability of solar Photovoltaic (PV) microgenerators to promote the implementation of this system as an option for the renovation of existing residential buildings in Turkey. In this study, main parameters which were related to the distribution of modules to be installed in flat roofs and facades and the evaluation of the PV systems were taken into account. The effect of these parameters on energy generation of PV systems was analyzed in a case study considering different climate zones of Turkey; and the decrease in the existing energy consumption of the reference building was calculated.

A Study on Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Retrofit Strategies for Residential Buildings in Turkey

In this study based on life cycle energy and environmental performance, the alternatives related to energy retrofit strategies were evaluated in order to improve the energy performance of the existing residential buildings. In this context, the effect of each measure on life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emission was determined by using the “Life Cycle Energy (LCE)” and “Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2)” analyses developed based on life cycle assessment (LCA) method.

Earthquake performance investigation of R/C residential buildings in Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the earthquake performances of reinforced concrete (R/C) residential buildings in Turkey and to analyze the parameters that affect the performance. The performance of Turkish residential buildings, determined by their levels of damage, directly relates to their structural systems. Damage parameters observed from previous earthquakes define structural parameters selected to be used in the present study. Five different types of frame R/C buildings were modeled. For the analysis, the model buildings vary according to the number of stories, column sizes, and reinforcement and concrete strength parameters. The analyses consider gravity forces and earthquake loads through 1975 and 2007 Turkish design codes. In a total of 720 different R/C buildings were investigated for the analysis to obtain capacity curves. A performance evaluation was employed by considering the Turkish design code (TDC-2007). The current study ignores irregularities such as soft stories or short columns. The study`s analysis considers a comparison of the parameters` influence on the structural performance of the model buildings.

Environmental consequences of rehabilitation of residential buildings in Turkey: A case study of Istanbul

This paper explains a method developed to assess environmental performance achieved by rehabilitation of residential buildings in Turkey. Several measures focussing on a reduction in the heating demand were investigated such as replacement of window and insulation of different elements of building skin. The influence of several building characteristics was moreover examined such as window to wall ratio (WWR), orientation and building age. Another important aspect which affects environmental performance is climate. In the context of this method, rehabilitations were proposed for temperate-humid climates like Istanbul. According to the assessment results, an environmental performance is obtained for all proposed rehabilitations. When proposed rehabilitations are analysed separately, the environmental performance ratios resulting from the rehabilitations of exterior walls and projected floors, roof, window system, and floors above unheated spaces reduce respectively. WWR has the highest effect on the environmental performance ratios obtained by rehabilitations. The effects of building age and orientation are in negligible amounts when compared to that of WWR. In the future, these assessments should be carried out for different climatic regions of Turkey as well. This method can be used to assess existing and new buildings in terms of environmental impacts by architects, contractors, building owners or municipal authorities.

Seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete frames by precast concrete panels

An innovative occupant-friendly retrofitting technique has been developed for reinforced concrete (RC)-framed structures which constitute the major portion of the existing building stock. The idea is to convert the existing hollow brick infill wall into a load-carrying system acting as a cast-in-place concrete shear wall by reinforcing it with relatively thin high-strength precast concrete panels epoxy bonded to the plastered infill wall and epoxy connected to the frame members. In this study, results of 11 one-third scale, one-bay, one-storey RC frames, tested by the authors, having the deficiencies commonly observed in residential buildings in Turkey, tested under reverse-cyclic lateral loading until failure are given in detail. It was clearly observed that the seismic performance indicators such as strength, lateral stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the strengthened frames were significantly improved by the proposed technique.