Resident Children Research Articles

«У ЖИТТІ ПОКИ “ЩАСТИТЬ”»: ОСВІТНЯ ТРАЄКТОРІЯ ПЕРЕСІЧНОЇ КИЯНКИ МОДЕРНОЇ ДОБИ ЗА АВТОБІОГРАФІЄЮ

To this day, the opinion that is widespread in the scientific literature about the accessibility of secondary and higher women’s education in the imperial era mainly for daughters of wealthy people, has led to the expediency of studying the problem. The autobiography of the average Kyivan burgher woman Dashko from a low-income family of traders has become the empirical material of the study. The chronological framework of the study, represented in the autobiography, includes the late imperial era: late 19th century — year 1913. The methodological basis of the study is the microhistory, which focuses on the development of history “from below” and “from within”, the study of living conditions, educational needs, motivations and forms of behaviour of the individual. As a result of the study it has been proven that at the late 19th and early 20th century the urban attractiveness of Kyiv prompted the city authorities to ensure the accessibility of school education for children of city residents. The autobiography of the average Kyivan woman Dashko demonstrates a specific educational trajectory of the daughter of Orthodox low-income burghers. The circumstances of life of the Kyivan woman show a clear connection between the wealth of the burgher family and plans for the future of the children. The low income of the family of traders resulted in the utilitarianism of the initial training of the daughter, as well as breaks in education, studying in various types of lower educational institutions in Kyiv. An innate curiosity, a formed desire for further development and going beyond the everyday life of the burgher family, combined with persistent training, ensured the girl’s admission to the Kyiv-Podilsky Women Gymnasium. Obtaining a secondary education became a significant achievement in the educational trajectory of the daughter of low-income Kyivan residents. Having tried the effectiveness of education as a channel of social mobility, the graduate of the gymnasium dreams of further education at the medical department of the Kyiv Higher Courses for Women.

Childhood Determinants of Internal Youth Migration in Senegal

BACKGROUND: Internal migration, mostly composed of young adults and the poor, constitutes the largest flow of people in developing countries. Few studies document the patterns and determinants of internal youth migration in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVES: This paper analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of the decisions among young adults to internally migrate in Senegal. We focus on whether their decisions to migrate are influenced by individual characteristics, as well as the circumstances in the households and communities where young adults grew up, and whether these factors are differentiated by gender. METHODS: Using a unique migration household survey in Senegal, we estimate multinomial logit models to analyze the role of childhood socioeconomic determinants in later youth migration decisions to rural and urban areas. RESULTS: We find that young people undertake mostly rural-to-rural and urban-to-urban migrations, and over half of them are temporary migrants. We also find that the determinants are heterogeneous by gender and destination. The higher the fathers' education, the more (less) likely are their daughters to move to urban (rural) areas. Young individuals who spend their childhood in better off households are more likely to move to urban areas. The presence of younger siblings during childhood increases the propensity of moving to rural areas. Access to primary schools from the childhood residence decreases the likelihood of migrating to urban areas for both men and women. CONTRIBUTION: We contribute to the sparse literature on internal youth migration in developing countries by highlighting the relevance of the family- and community-level characteristics during childhood in predicting later migration in life.

Peculiarities of functional test of the cardiovascular system in children with increased level of arterial pressure

Assessment of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in children and adolescents is one of the most important areas in pediatrics, since its criteria are basic in terms of determining and predicting somatic health, physical status, as well as the possible limitations of certain types of motor activity. Functional disorders of the cardiovascular system are mainly represented by fluctuations of blood pressure, impaired repolarization and conduction of the heart, etc. To assess the condition of the cardiovascular system in schoolchildren usually use screening studies: measure the level of blood pressure, record electrocardiography, conduct functional tests (Rufier, Shtange, Gench, etc.). The purpose of the work. To evaluate the features of functional tests in children with high level of blood pressure. Material and methods. 90 children of school age residents of Chernivtsi region and Chernivtsi city were examined. The children were divided into two groups: the main group (45 people) was referred to children with high blood pressure level, the control group (45 people) consisted of clinically healthy children. Measurement of blood pressure was performed three times with an interval of 3 minutes on the left arm using an automatic tonometer. Measurement results were evaluated using percentile nomograms for age, gender, and height of children. To assess the functional state of the cardiovascular system, children fulfilled Ruffier, Shtange and Gench tests. Results. Assessing the level of blood pressure in schoolchildren of the main group obtained the following results: in 33 children, the level of blood pressure was within the corridor 90–95%, which is estimated as arterial prehypertension; at 12 — exceeded 95%, and was in the range between 95% and 95% +12 mm Hg, which was regarded as arterial hypertension of 1 degree. In all children of the control group, blood pressure indicators corresponded to percentile corridors of 25–75%, 75–90% (up to 90th percentile), which was regarded as normal blood pressure level. Estimating the Rufier index, it was found that in most children with hypertension, the reserve capacity of the cardiovascular system and exercise tolerance are significantly lower than those of their peers with normal blood pressure. Analyzing the data obtained from the samples of Shtange and Gench tests showed significantly worse results in children with hypertension than in the comparison group. This indicates a lower resistance to hypoxia in these children, which is due to the pathophysiological mechanisms that occur in the microcirculatory bed of the lungs, heart and brain. Conclusions. 1. According to the results of functional tests in children with arterial hypertension, exercise tolerance and resistance to hypoxia are significantly lower than in their peers with normal blood pressure. 2. These features in children with arterial hypertension may be the result of pathophysiological disorders both at the level of central hemodynamics and at the level of the microcirculation.

Public Health Insurance Expansion for Immigrant Children and Interstate Migration of Low-Income Immigrants

Federal policy changes in 2002 and 2009 led some states to expand public health insurance coverage to non-US-born children and pregnant women who are lawful permanent residents during their first 5 years of residency in the United States. In other states, there were concerns that insurance expansion could attract immigrants to relocate to gain free health insurance coverage. To examine whether expansion of public health insurance to non-US-born, lawful permanent resident children and pregnant women during their first 5 years of residency is associated with increased interstate migration among these groups. This difference-in-differences analysis included data on 208 060 immigrants from the American Community Survey from 2000 through 2016, with analysis including all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The study sample included 2 treatment groups that became eligible under the expanded coverage: lawful permanent resident adults with at least 1 non-US-born child younger than 18 years (n = 36 438) and lawful permanent resident women of reproductive age (n = 87 418). Control groups that remained ineligible under the expanded coverage included lawful permanent resident adults without non-US-born children (n = 171 622), lawful permanent resident single men (n = 56 142), and lawful permanent resident postreproductive women (n = 15 129). A difference-in-differences design compared migration rates between eligible and ineligible immigrant groups before and after insurance coverage expansions. Data analysis was performed from November 3, 2018, to May 31, 2019. Public health insurance coverage for immigrant women and children who were lawful permanent residents within 5 years of residency. Migration to a health expansion state from any other state and from a neighboring state. Of 208 060 immigrants (47% women in the weighted sample; mean [SD] age, 32.97 [12.94] years; 63% Hispanic), the mean (SD) annual move rate across the entire sample was 3% (17%). Expansion of public health insurance to non-US-born children or pregnant women within their first 5 years of residency was not associated with interstate movement for health care benefits. Coverage expansion for non-US-born children of lawful permanent residents was not associated with a change in the rate of in-migration higher than 1.78 percentage points or lower than -1.28 percentage points. The corresponding estimate for coverage expansion of lawful permanent resident pregnant women was a change higher than 1.38 percentage points and lower than -1.20 percentage points. The results suggest that states considering expanding health care benefits coverage to recently arrived immigrant children and pregnant women may be unlikely to experience in-migration of these persons from other states, which has important implications for understanding short- and long-term program costs.

Does moving in childhood and adolescence affect residential mobility in adulthood? An analysis of long‐term individual residential trajectories in 11 European countries

AbstractThe impact of childhood mobility on a range of life outcomes has been examined, but its influence on the likelihood to move in adulthood remains largely unknown. This paper examines the impact of changing residence in childhood on mobility levels in early and mid‐adulthood in 11 European countries. Drawing on nationally representative retrospective residential histories from the Study of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the paper uses negative binomial regression to assess how the number and timing of moves from birth to age 17 affect the likelihood to move between the ages of 18 to 50 for individuals born between 1918 and 1957. While the level and timing of childhood moves vary between countries, childhood moves significantly increase the likelihood to move in adulthood in all our sample countries but Austria. The effect is particularly pronounced in low mobility countries in the south, east and centre of Europe where moving as a child is less common. While changing residence in adolescence is particularly influential, in some countries pre‐school relocations also have a long‐lasting effect on subsequent mobility. Conceptually, these results demonstrate the importance of viewing mobility as a cumulative process that takes place over the entire life‐course of individuals. Drawing on key migration and mobility concepts, we formulate a schematic decision‐making framework that traces the relationship between past and future moves. We conclude that the impact of changing residence in childhood on mobility behaviour later in life could contribute to reinforcing diverging trends in mobility levels across Europe.

Thyroid function, intelligence, and low-moderate fluoride exposure among Chinese school-age children

BackgroundThyroid hormones (THs) are critical for brain development. Whether low-moderate fluoride exposure affects thyroid function and what the impact is on children's intelligence remain elusive. ObjectivesWe conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the associations between low-moderate fluoride exposure and thyroid function in relation to children's intelligence. MethodsWe recruited 571 resident children, aged 7–13 years, randomly from endemic and non-endemic fluorosis areas in Tianjin, China. We measured fluoride concentrations in drinking water and urine using the national standardized ion selective electrode method. Thyroid function was evaluated through the measurements of basal THs [(total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyronine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyronine (FT4)] and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in serum. Multivariable linear and logistical regression models were used to assess associations among fluoride exposure, thyroid function and IQ scores. ResultsIn adjusted models, every 1 mg/L increment of water fluoride was associated with 0.13 uIU/mL increase in TSH. Every 1 mg/L increment of urinary fluoride was associated with 0.09 ug/dL decrease in TT4, 0.009 ng/dL decrease in FT4 and 0.11 uIU/mL increase in TSH. Fluoride exposure was inversely related to IQ scores (B = −1.587; 95% CI: −2.607, −0.568 for water fluoride and B = −1.214; 95% CI: −1.987, −0.442 for urinary fluoride). Higher TT3, FT3 were related to the increased odds of children having high normal intelligence (OR = 3.407, 95% CI: 1.044, 11.120 for TT3; OR = 3.277, 95% CI: 1.621, 6.623 for FT3). We detected a significant modification effect by TSH on the association between urinary fluoride and IQ scores, without mediation by THs. ConclusionsOur study suggests low-moderate fluoride exposure is associated with alterations in childhood thyroid function that may modify the association between fluoride and intelligence.

Socioeconomic Status, Health Inequalities, and Solidarity Trends in a Mass Vaccination Campaign

Abstract Background In July 2013, Israel was swept with fear of a polio outbreak. In response to the importation of wild polio virus, the Ministry decided to take preventive action by administering oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to all children born after 1 January 2004 who had received at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in the past. This study analyzes the vaccination uptake rates resulting from the mass polio vaccination campaign on the basis of health inequality parameters of socioeconomic status (SES), principles of solidarity, and the Gini inequality index. The research explores understanding the value of the Gini inequality index within the context of SES and solidarity. Methods The study is based on data gathered from the Israeli Ministry of Health’s administrative records from mother-and-child clinics across Israel. The research population is comprised of resident infants and children whom the Ministry of Health defined as eligible for the OPV between August and December 2013. Results The higher the SES level of the area where the mother-and-child clinic is located, the lower the OPV vaccination uptake is. The greater the income inequality is in the municipality where the mother-and-child clinic is situated, the lower the vaccination uptake. As time passed in the vaccination campaign, vaccination uptake increased regardless of the location of the mother-and-child clinics. The highest vaccination uptake rate was found among populations of low SES and low Gini inequality index. The lowest vaccination uptake rate was found among populations of high SES/high Gini inequality index. Conclusions Public health professionals promoting vaccine programs need to make specially-designed efforts both in localities with high average income and in localities with a high level of income diversity/inequality. Such practice will better utilize funds, resources, and manpower dedicated to increasing vaccination uptake across varying populations and communities. Key messages The higher the SES in municipalities with mother-and-child clinics, the less likely children were to be vaccinated. The lower the Gini inequality index, there is a higher polio vaccination uptake among of children.

Child living arrangements following separation and mental health of parents in Sweden

Abstract Background Father involvement and joint physical custody in post-separation families have become increasingly common. In Sweden, 35 percent of the children of separated parents live equally much with both parents. The associations between child living arrangement and parental health may vary between women and men. This study analyzes the association between children’s living arrangement and mental health of parents, and how this interacts with material and social circumstances. Methods Drawing on The Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) 2008-2013, the association between child living arrangements and mental health (worry/anxiety) of parents in four family structures: nuclear, reconstituted, single with joint physical custody, and single with main or sole custody, were analyzed. Data on 9,225 mothers and fathers with resident children aged 0-17 were analyzed by logistic regressions for average marginal effects adjusting for socio-demographic, socio-economic and social factors. Analyses of interaction effects were made using the synergy index. Results Substantial family type differences were found in mental health between nuclear family and all other family types for mothers, and nuclear family and single parents for fathers. For the single mothers, the higher risk for worry and anxiety was reduced following controls for socioeconomic factors. Interaction effects were found for the combination of single motherhood and non-employment, causing a higher risk of mental health problems for single mothers, both with joint (SI 5.25 (2.06-13.39)) and sole custody (SI 1.70 (1.11-2.62)), than would be expected from a simple addition of these exposures, indicating that this is a vulnerable group. Conclusions The results indicate that joint custody is associated with higher risk for worry and anxiety for the parents, especially for mothers, both re-partnered and single, but also for single fathers. Key messages Shared residence is associated with higher risk for worry and anxiety in parents. Single mothers lacking employment is a particularly vulnerable group.

Contamination and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban dust from different land-uses in the most populated city of Iran

Due to population growth and the considerable increase in usage of the resources, Human environment quality has been highly threatened by pollutants in recent decades. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread, persistent organic pollutants which are of great concern due to their carcinogenicity. The present study is the first investigation that assesses contamination, sources and cancer risk of 16 priority PAHs proposed by US EPA in urban dust samples (n = 80) taken in different land-uses of Tehran metropolis, the capital of Iran. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to measure PAHs concentrations. The results showed that the average concentration of the total 16 PAHs and the average Benzo[a]pyrene total potency equivalency were 566 μg kg−1 dry weight and 36.4 μg kg−1, respectively. In the commercial and residential land-uses high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were dominated, whereas in green lands, light molecular weight (LMW) PAHs showed maximum contribution. The highest concentration of total PAHs were observed in the commercial areas due to limited air circulation and heavy traffic loads. Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model was applied to evaluate the cancer risk of exposure to PAHs contaminated dust. Based on the results, Tehran's residents (children and adults) in various land-uses except for green lands, are in high potential cancer risk of PAHs via ingestion and dermal contact exposure routs. Ace, Chr, Pyr, and BghiP which are indicators of traffic emissions, were found to be predominant PAH contributors in urban dust of commercial areas. Also, Ace, Fl, Phe, and BghiP which are derived from fossil fuel combustion, were mainly observed in the industrial land-use. Based on the results of factor analysis and diagnostic ratios, Diesel/gasoline engine vehicular emissions and combustion were found to be the main sources of PAHs in urban dust of Tehran.

Low-to-moderate fluoride exposure in relation to overweight and obesity among school-age children in China

High fluoride exposure has been related to harmful health effects, but the impacts of low-to-moderate fluoride on child growth and obesity-related outcomes remain unclear. We performed a large-scale cross-sectional study to examine the association between low-to-moderate fluoride in drinking water and anthropometric measures among Chinese school-age children. We recruited 2430 resident children 7–13 years of age, randomly from low-to-moderate fluorosis areas of Baodi District in Tianjin, China. We analyzed the fluoride contents in drinking water and urine samples using the national standardized ion selective electrode method. Multivariable linear and logistic analyses were used to assess the relationships between fluoride exposure and age- and sex-standardized height, weight and body mass index (BMI) z-scores, and childhood overweight/obesity (BMI z-score > 1). In adjusted models, each log unit (roughly 10-fold) increase in urinary fluoride concentration was associated with a 0.136 unit increase in weight z-score (95% CI: 0.039, 0.233), a 0.186 unit increase in BMI z-score (95% CI: 0.058, 0.314), and a 1.304-fold increased odds of overweight/obesity (95% CI: 1.062, 1.602). These associations were stronger in girls than in boys (Pinteraction = 0.016), and children of fathers with lower education levels were more vulnerable to fluoride (Pinteraction = 0.056). Each log unit (roughly 10-fold) increase in water fluoride concentration was associated with a 0.129 unit increase in height z-score (95% CI: 0.005, 0.254), but not with other anthropometric measures. Our results suggest low-to-moderate fluoride exposure is associated with overweight and obesity in children. Gender and paternal education level may modify the relationship.

A Research Note on Income Pooling in Partnerships: Incorporating Nonresident Children.

Income pooling is a common behavior among couples. However, cohabiting and married individuals in more complex families, namely those with stepchildren, are less likely to pool incomes. Similarly, income pooling might be unlikely when there are nonresident children, who could potentially draw resources outside the household, yet prior work has largely overlooked the role of nonresident children. We take advantage of a unique data set, the Family and Relationships Study, which allows us to not only identify shared and unshared children (i.e., stepchildren) within the household but also unshared children outside the household. Focusing on cohabiting and married individuals (N = 4,408), we find that those with resident unshared children are less likely to pool incomes but that nonresident children are unrelated to income pooling. The results confirm that household-level complexity is a key factor in couples' economic decision making.

Inequalities in elevated depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults by rural childhood residence: The important role of education.

To quantify inequalities in the prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms by rural childhood residence and the extent to which childhood socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment contribute to this disparity. We identified the prevalence of depressive symptoms among US-born adults ages 50 years and older in the 1998 to 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 16 022). We compared prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (>4/8 symptoms) by rural versus nonrural childhood residence (self-report) and the extent to which own education mediated this disparity. We used generalized estimating equations and marginal standardization to calculate predicted probabilities of elevated depressive symptoms. In age, race/ethnicity, and sex-adjusted models, rural childhood residence was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12-1.29; marginal predicted probability 10.5% for rural and 8.9% for nonrural childhood residence). Adjusting for US Census birth region and parental education attenuated this association (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.99-1.15; marginal predicted probability 9.9% for rural and 9.3% for nonrural). After additional adjustment for own education, rural childhood residence was not associated with elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.01; marginal predicted probability 9.2% for rural and 9.8% for nonrural). Rural childhood residence was associated with elevated depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults; birth region, parental education, and own education appear to contribute to this disparity.

Community-acquired invasive Staphylococcus aureus: Uncovering disparities and the burden of disease in Auckland children.

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) causes serious invasive disease in children. Large studies have measured the incidence of SA bacteraemia, but there is less information on the total burden of community-acquired invasive SA (iSA) in children. A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of Auckland resident children aged 0-14 years who were hospitalised with iSA between 2011 and 2015 was performed. Laboratory databases and SA-related international classification of diseases 10 discharge codes were searched to identify community-onset cases with SA isolated from a normally sterile site. Clinical records and coroner's reports were reviewed to determine clinical syndromes and exclude nosocomial infections. A total of 295 children with iSA were identified. The average annual incidence of iSA was 18.6 per 100 000 - for Pacific populations 44.3 per 100 000, Māori 24.3 per 100 000 and New Zealand European and other 8.8 per 100 000; 68% had bacteraemia. The incidence of iSA for Pacific infants was 10 times greater than non-Māori/non-Pacific (113.4/100 000 population vs. 11.8/100 000). Multivariate analysis found a higher risk of admission in Pacific children, males and those living in areas of high deprivation. Thirty-two patients (10.8%) were admitted to the intensive care unit; risk was higher in infants, Pacific children and those with respiratory infection (Relative Risk (RR) 12.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.7-26.4) and multifocal (RR 6.9, 95% CI 3.4-13.8) and endovascular disease (RR 8.9, 95% CI 3.9-20.6). All deaths (n = 7) had respiratory infections, and four were patients <1 year of age. Studies investigating SA bacteraemia alone significantly underestimate the total burden of iSA disease. There are marked ethnic and socio-economic disparities in iSA disease among Auckland children. Pacific infants are at the highest risk.

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

Vaccination uptake and income inequalities within a mass vaccination campaign

BackgroundIn July 2013, Israel was swept with fear of a polio outbreak. In response to the importation of wild polio virus, the Ministry decided to take preventive action by administering oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to all children born after 1 January 2004 who had received at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in the past. This study analyzes the vaccination uptake rates resulting from the mass polio vaccination campaign on the basis of health inequality parameters of socioeconomic status (SES), principles of solidarity, and the Gini inequality index. The research explores understanding the value of the Gini inequality index within the context of SES and solidarity.MethodsThe study is based on data gathered from the Israeli Ministry of Health’s administrative records from mother-and-child clinics across Israel. The research population is comprised of resident infants and children whom the Ministry of Health defined as eligible for the OPV between August and December 2013 (the “campaign period”). The analysis was carried out at the municipality level as well as the statistical area level.ResultsThe higher the SES level of the municipality where the mother-and-child clinic is located, the lower the OPV vaccination uptake is. The greater the income inequality is in the municipality where the mother-and-child clinic is situated, the lower the vaccination uptake.ConclusionsPublic health professionals promoting vaccine programs need to make specially-designed efforts both in localities with high average income and in localities with a high level of income diversity/inequality. Such practice will better utilize funds, resources, and manpower dedicated to increasing vaccination uptake across varying populations and communities.

Speech and Language Therapy Services for Multilingual Children with Migration Background: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Germany

Speech, language, and communication needs are particularly common among multilingual and migrant children. More than every third child in Germany has a migrant background. In the city of Bremen, this figure is even higher, including refugee children. The availability of comprehensive data on the provision and uptake of speech and language therapy (SLT) services is still inadequate, especially for multilingual children. However, health-monitoring programs report that migrants differ in many health-related areas from the majority population, mainly in barriers in health care. This study examines the current provision of SLT services for multilingual children following a medical prescription for the specific case of suspected language disorder. Information was obtained from speech-language pathologists (SLPs) representing 28 practices in different districts across one of the moderately largest cities affected by sociospatial polarization. The SLT practices were clustered according to the proportion of minor migrants and minor welfare recipients in the district. The survey included the number and proportion of multilingual children on the SLT caseloads, as well as the age of children by time of referral, physician and SLP diagnoses, application and type of assessment materials, intervention goals, and sociodemographic data of practicing SLPs. Questionnaire responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an explanatory interpretive approach. Findings suggest that multilingual children experience later referral compared to monolingual German-speaking children, with approximately half of the multilingual children demonstrating a developmental language disorder (DLD). The SLP’s level of experience determines the accuracy of differential diagnosis between communication disorders and typical linguistic variations. Consequently, participation in continuing education focusing on service provision of the multilingual and multicultural clientele is essential. This study highlights the obstacles and the needs for increased multiprofessional awareness and an enhanced professional knowledge to provide effective and swift diagnosis earlier to allow multilingual children with a DLD to access relevant services on equal terms with native resident children.

Born to Be Bad

Using a geographic measure of unethical culture developed by Parsons, Sulaeman and Titman (2018) and a novel dataset of financial advisors' childhood residences, we show that advisors who grow up in U.S. counties with less ethical cultures are more likely to commit misconduct as adults. Our identification strategy exploits variation in childhood backgrounds between advisors working together in the same branch office in adulthood, thereby overcoming the reflection problem. Our results are robust to controlling for other factors from the early-life experiences literature such as income, education, ethnicity and religiosity. We find that areas with high concentrations of advisors that hail from less ethical cultures have lower levels of household equity participation. Our findings have important implications for how regional cultural norms regarding misconduct evolve.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil samples from an abandoned industrial waste dumpsite in Ibadan, Nigeria.

This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples collected from an abandoned lead acid battery (LAB) industrial waste dumpsite in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. This was to assess the potential risks of the heavy metals on human due to exposure among local residents (children and adults) of the area. Forty (40) soil samples were collected over the entire dumpsite at 0-20cm depth. The elemental concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) technique. The contamination load was estimated by employing index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and potential human health risks due to multiple exposure pathways (inhalation, dermal absorption, and ingestion) were estimated using the risk-based equations and exposure parameters developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The average concentrations (± standard deviation) of Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Zn were 3.79 ± 2.16, 8.36 ± 3.90, 7.77 ± 2.70, 7.75 ± 3.10, 4.31 ± 0.82, 3.09 ± 2.29, and 3.07 ± 1.74μg/g, respectively. The mean values of Igeo follow the order of Mn < Cr < Pb = Ni < Zn < Cu < Cd. The dermal contact with the heavy metals appeared to be the major route of exposure to children followed by inhalation and ingestion. Inhalation is the main route of exposure for the adults. The hazard quotients (HQ) of all the heavy metals are lower than 1, implying that the adverse health impact on the children and adult exposed to heavy metals from the dumpsite was relatively moderate. The hazard index (HI) values of Cd were 2.0 and 1.2 for exposed adults and children, respectively. The carcinogen risks for inhalation exposure ranged from 2.3 × 10-6 to 6.4 × 10-6, which falls within the acceptable limit of 10-4 to 10-6. There is concern over the potential health risk of the local residents, most especially the children living in the vicinity of the dumpsite due to the possibility of dispersal of heavy metals to the entire community, leading to long-life exposure and residents' detrimental health.

MON-030 Non-Target Assessment of Contributory Chemicals and In Vitro Assessment of Molecular Mechanisms of Indoor House Dust Extract-Induced Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells

Chemical exposures can promote triglyceride accumulation and/or increased adiposity in vitro and in various animal models, and numerous epidemiological studies have reported associations between exposure to putative “obesogens” and increased weight or adiposity in humans. We previously demonstrated that indoor house dust extracts could induce adipogenesis in vitro, and further demonstrated that the extent of triglyceride accumulation was associated with the body mass index and serum thyroid hormone concentrations of adult residents. Herein, we investigated the role of chemical mixtures isolated from house dust in child metabolic health. House dust samples (n=194) were collected from central NC households, solvent extracted, evaporated under nitrogen gas, and reconstituted in DMSO. 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate, dosed with house dust extracts at 100 μg dust equivalence/well, and assayed for triglyceride accumulation and DNA content after ten days of exposure. One hundred and twenty-five dust extracts (64%) exhibited significant triglyceride accumulation at this concentration, while ninety seven (50%) of extracts exhibited significant proliferation. The fifty highest activity samples were further selected for molecular mechanism interrogation, assessing relative contributions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma activation and/or thyroid receptor inhibition to the observed activities. Preliminary statistical analyses assessed associations between the dust-induced adipogenic responses and the metabolic health of resident children. In children less than 4.5 years old, higher extract-induced proliferation tended to be associated with greater growth trajectories, and higher triglyceride accumulation with lower growth scores. In children older than 4.5, higher dust-induced triglycerides were associated with greater height and weight for age Z scores, and higher dust-induced proliferation with greater BMI Z scores. Dust extracts were also analyzed using a non-targeted analysis on an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos HRMS/MS. Preliminary differential analyses (using Compound Discoverer 3.0) between sample groups reveals three features that were significantly associated with greater extract-induced cell proliferation, respectively, seven features that were significantly associated with greater extract-induced triglyceride accumulation, and five features that were significantly higher in the homes of children who were categorized as overweight or obese. Further interrogation of these features is ongoing, though several nonionic surfactants and polyethylene glycols have been tentatively identified. Interestingly, several of these surfactants have been reported to promote adipogenesis in vitro. These results highlight the utility of non-target analysis for identifying active chemicals from complex environmental samples.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH FERTILITY IN”BHAKKAR GABOOL GOTH”: CASE STUDY

Pakistan is holding only 0.67 percent of the whole world’s area but has 2 percent of world population. In 1951 it ranked at 14th position in the world’s populous countries. In 2015-16 its population jumped to 195.4 million approximately five times higher. With this high population it has become the 6th most high populated country in the world. Human fertility is not a personal decision but it is a mixture of factors, and the factors differ among places, according to specific conditions of particular areas &amp; cultures. The aim of current research is to determine major factors that encourage high child ever born in urban slum area of Karachi” Bhakkar Gabool Goth” questionnaire was filled up from 100 ever married house hold women through simple sampling method based on formation on socio economic determinants like respondent’s age and their husband’s income/education level/place of childhood residence, etc etc. The analysis were based on descriptive analysis through percentages and number distribution of respondents .The median or average number of kids were greater than 5 and out of 23 variables discussed in questionnaire , only 14 variables show significant relation with fertility level which were respondent current age, education status of respondent/ her husband, work status of respondent and her husband, types of work, age at first marriage/first birth, infant/child mortality, contraception, sex preferences and willingness of respondent/ her husband to have more kids. more and more family health clinics should be established particularly in slum areas, female education should be increased to encourage delayed marriages and contraception use should also be enhanced through media or health visitors.