Resettlement Villages Research Articles

Unpacking water governance dynamics and its implications for household water security in post-disaster resettlement communities in the Philippines

Water security is important globally for sustaining households, communities, and the environment. However, most studies have focused on water availability and accessibility, whereas research examining the role of power and politics in shaping water insecurity remains marginal. This study contributes to this research gap by unpacking the overlapping drivers and politics in water governance dynamics that co-produce the water insecurity of Typhoon Haiyan disaster-displaced households in resettlement villages in the Philippines. Using political ecology and water governance perspectives, we ask, What does household water insecurity look like in post-disaster resettlement villages in the Philippines? What are its drivers and how do politics and governance dynamics impact the provision of water services to these villages? Our findings suggest five overlapping drivers: the haphazard relocation of internally displaced persons to areas without access to basic facilities like water; the institutional disharmony and late involvement of water institutions in the resettlement processes; the influence of governance regime in the rapid but substandard housing development, including water distribution systems; the micropolitics in water district management affecting water projects; and the impact of maladaptive resettlement outcomes on households’ capacity to afford water. Ultimately, this study demonstrates how various drivers, including power relations and contestations in water governance, lead to household water insecurity outcomes. It ends by providing brief policy recommendations to improve institutional arrangements for the better governance of water services to resettlement communities.

Displacement-induced inequalities in Koto Panjang resettlement villages of Indonesia

ABSTRACT We evaluated the impact of the displacement project on land and income inequalities in Koto Panjang resettlement villages of Riau Province of Indonesia. The displaced households received equally compensated land before the project’s operation. We took that displacement as a treatment and conducted a with-and-without project comparison to the changes in the household economy, putting the non-displaced households as counterfactual. Using the 2003 and 2013 Indonesian Agricultural Household Income Survey, we found that the displaced areas had equally distributed land but unequally distributed income. In addition, both land and income levels were higher in the displaced than in the non-displaced.

Погребальный звон в центральной части России и в Сибири: преемственность и различия

The traditional Orthodox funeral knells in Siberia are an understudied topic requiring thorough investigation. After the Siberians had gained a rich cultural and spiritual experience of the Russian Orthodoxy, they developed it in accordance with local traditions. First of all, the Siberian bishops, who often had liturgical practice in central Russia, were the bearers of the experience. Before coming to Siberia, funeral knells evolved from single strikes in a special bell to change ringing in all the bells followed by a chord, and their two-part form was developed. A rhythmic pattern of funeral knells for the laity, priests and bishops had its own features. The performance of funeral knells for the Siberians could have a status of a posthumous award at the end of a saintly life; one could be also disappointed of the award in case of a formal attitude to the Church. The resettlers from the Little Russia had a special influence on the performance of funeral knells in Siberia in the early 20th century by introducing their own customs in resettlement villages. One of them was the ringing “for the soul”, unknown in Siberia, which was performed immediately after the death of a layman. The funeral knells for the laity were officially permitted in Siberia in 1911, however people had been used them even before that time in some regions of central Russia. Funeral knells fit into the general palette of Orthodox church bell ringing, acting, at the same time, as a signal, an art and a mass medium. The liturgical instructions survived to our days are fragmentary. The attitude to funeral knells shall be rethought in the modern liturgical practice.

COVID-19 Booster Dose Coverage and Hesitancy among Older Adults in an Urban Slum and Resettlement Colony in Delhi, India.

The high prevalence of vaccine booster hesitancy, with the concomitant waning of humoral vaccine or hybrid immunity, and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern can accentuate COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The study objective was to ascertain the COVID-19 vaccination coverage, including the administration of precaution (booster) dose vaccination, among the older population in an urban slum and resettlement colony population in Delhi, India. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in an urban resettlement colony, slum, and village cluster in the Northeast district of Delhi among residents aged ≥50 years. A total of 2217 adults (58.28%) had obtained a COVID-19 booster (precaution) dose vaccine, 1404 (36.91%) had received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine without booster dose, 121 (3.18%) were unvaccinated, while 62 (1.63%) participants received a single dose. Based on adjusted analysis, older adults (>65 years), higher education, and higher per-capita income were statistically significant predictors of booster dose vaccination. More than four in ten adults in an urban slum and resettlement colony in Delhi lacked COVID-19 booster dose vaccination despite high rates of double-dose vaccination (~95%). Public health programming should provide an enhanced focus on reducing complacency with renewed prioritization for improving ease of access to COVID-19 vaccination services, particularly in underserved areas.

Rural settlement network of Tarsky district (uyezd) at the end of the XIX – first third of the XX centuries: patterns and features of transformation

The paper characterizes the development of rural settlements on the territory of the Tarsky district, the planned settlement of the urban spaces of which under the control of the government began in the mid-1890s and continued for several decades. The subject of the study is the network of rural settlements of the Tarsky district, the object is the key indicators of the state of the network: the number of settlements, their typology and size by the number of yards and the number of inhabitants. The development of the settlement network can be traced in historical dynamics, according to several time slices (for 1893, 1903, 1912 and 1926), the choice of which is due to the peculiarities of the source base of the study. The novelty of the presented work consists in a comparative analysis of the indicators of the development of Tar villages in the late Imperial and early Soviet periods, determining the scale of the settlement network, identifying patterns and specifics of its functioning and transformation. Conclusions are drawn about the increase in the number of settlements in the district in the period from 1893 to 1926 by more than four times (from 447 to 1946 villages), changes in the typical structure of the network: the predominant in the late 1890s resettlement settlements and villages in the 1900s were replaced by farms that in the mid-1930s began to forcibly settle in large collective farms (collective farms). There has been a reduction in the number of households and the population of settlements.

Social forestry-based conservation through eco-tourism in the village forest of Talaga Paca, North Halmahera Regency

Talaga Paca used to be a community resettlement village of an isolated indigenous community o hongana ma nyawa or Tugutil in North Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province. In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry gave approval for the management of a forest area of 865 ha for 35 years in the scheme of village forest to the Talaga Paca Village as part of the social forestry program. Through a wide and strong collaboration between parties, the community is committed to develop ecotourism to improve the community welfare and the conservation of nature. The exploration of biodiversity and ecotourism potential was carried out. There are 36 species of birds identified, some of which are endemic and protected birds. Lake tour, jungle tracking, bird watching, and caving are some ecotourism attractions in the Talaga Paca ecotourism. A total of 30 people of Talaga Paca responded very positive to the social forestry and ecotourism programs in relation with the community empowerment and conservation using the Likert scale. Currently, the people of Talaga Paca have begun to receive the economic benefits of the presence of tourists, and they have a willingness to conserve the nature voluntarily.

The violence of involuntary resettlement and emerging resistance in Mozambique's Limpopo National Park: The role of physical and social infrastructure

Nature conservation turns violent when it leads to enclosure, dispossession and militarisation, causing suffering among people living in the environment that is to be protected. Resettlement projects are meant to facilitate the process of repossession for dispossessed people as the proponents promise improved housing and physical infrastructure outside the protected area. While scholarly attention has been paid to the violence of dispossession, little is known about the ways in which the post-resettlement built environment turns violent for displaced people as well as people remaining in the protected area. Drawing on field research on water infrastructure in two resettlement villages in Mozambique's Limpopo National Park (LNP), this paper analyses how the violence of resettlement is entrenched in the material, ecological and political framework that shapes the resettlement project. It pays particular attention to the process by which the resettled citizens struggle with the everyday sufferings in their new built environment in order to expose how physical infrastructure and the lack thereof led to new social infrastructure, which have enabled the remaining park residents’ resistance against resettlement. The emerging resistance indicates the urgent need to pay attention to the built environment expanding outside the conservation area in order to address the violence of resettlement as well as to pursue nature conservation itself.

EXPLORING ETHNOMEDICINE PLANTS USED BY THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA: HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Indigenous communities in Malaysia practice traditional medicine, particularly from the surrounding plants to cure different diseases and illnesses. This traditional way of life has been practised for centuries and passed down through generations. This study aims to document medicinal plants that have been used by the Orang Asli to treat illness. A qualitative ethnomedical study was done to document the species that were believed to have medicinal value. This study was carried at all three resettlement villages in Terengganu. Eleven informants who were the head of household with the age of over 30 years old were interviewed. Fieldwork surveys, observation and face-to-face communication were methods used in this study. The finding shows that most of the Orang Asli community in Terengganu are still dependent on plants and herbs to cure ailments. A total of 106 species that belong to 55 plant families were used by them. This study will encourage researchers in various fields such as ethnobotanical, ethno-zoological, ethnomedicinal and pharmaceutical and toxicological accomplishment of flora and fauna from these areas. As such, these medicinal plants need some more extensive efforts to validate scientifically and clinically were to prove the ethnomedical claims toward them.

Change of human activity intensity in ecological resettlement villages of Tibet

Change of human activity intensity in ecological resettlement villages of Tibet

Analisis Peran Aktor dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Pembangunan Sanitasi di Kabupaten Probolinggo

Implementation is an important stage that must be carried out after a policy is formulated. The implementation of sanitation policies in Probolinggo District has a high complexity with various problems because what will be changed is not only the physical building but also the knowledge and also the attitude of the people to behave in a clean and healthy life. The involvement of various parties is needed in helping to overcome these problems so that goals and objectives can be achieved. This study aims to identify, map and formulate the role of stakeholders in the implementation of sanitation development in Probolinggo Regency. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations and documentation and then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. From the results of the study, 13 actors were involved in the implementation of sanitation development. Actors who are key players are BAPPEDA, Public Health Office , the Housing and Resettlement Zone Office, the Community and Village Empowerment Office, USAID IUWASH PLUS and the Village Government. Good coordination, synergy and communication are needed in the successful implementation.

Responsibility to choose: Governmentality in China’s participatory dam resettlement processes

Abstract This contribution analyzes the social impacts of participatory approaches introduced by international development agencies and the Chinese central government on dam resettlement in China. By analyzing resettlement villages in Yunnan Province, we first explore the complex ways in which local governments implemented one specific participatory approach, namely the right for dam resettlers to choose between self- or government-organized resettlement. We examine the reactions and specific responses of dam migrants to this participatory approach and probe how this ‘right to choose’ testifies to political rationalities that convey a narrow understanding of participation and shift responsibility for resettlement outcomes from the state to households. Secondly, we highlight the ways in which migrant households navigate the new participatory approach and its impacts on post-resettlement livelihoods. We notably highlight how the ‘right to choose’ reshuffled pre-resettlement social and power relations between local authorities and self- and government-resettlers. Our study demonstrates, first, that in China’s (neo)socialist governmentality, participatory approaches create (neo)liberal and (neo)socialist dam migrant subjectivities. The former cope with various disincentives and are successfully responsibilized and turned into obedient subjects. The latter are incentivized to be obedient and responsible, but instead frequently challenge the local state. Second, households which have decided to self-organize their resettlement in line with (neo)liberal rationalities are socially and economically marginalized regardless of their earlier social status. By applying a governmentality analytics, this study thus provides a nuanced picture of processes of marginalization and contestation in the course of dam-induced resettlement. Instead of running along the lines of rich and poor, marginalization through participation cuts across the economic divide and can better be explained by differentiating between (neo)liberal and (neo)socialist subjects.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND THE USES OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY THE RESETTLEMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN MALAYSIA

Indigenous people are generally descended from original inhabitants of the land in which they inhabit and as such have a historical relationship with their land. Nowadays, most of the Orang Asli have been resettled to a village provided by the government. Nevertheless, they are still carrying out their traditional lifestyle, such as hunting and gathering forest product. Over many generations, they have developed a holistic ancestral traditional knowledge of their lands, natural resources and environment, which plays an important role in their livelihood and well-being. Documentation of traditional knowledge on natural resources by the native people in Malaysia is still far from complete. Thus, the objective of this study is to document the traditional knowledge and natural resources used by the Orang Asli in their livelihoods. This study adopts a qualitative approach through exploratory study whereby the study was carried out at the Orang Asli resettlement villages in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia. Data was obtained from the tribal elders who served as informants using in-depth interviews and field observations. The results show that two plant species mainly relied on the Orang Asli for their economic activity, including agarwood and rattan. Besides, there are 34 species of plants and herbs, 31 species of animals and 31 species of fishes that commonly utilised by the Orang Asli in Terengganu, Malaysia. Interestingly, they still using conventional methods and equipment to harvest natural resources needed. Therefore, the government have to raise the importance of traditional knowledge and preserve the natural resources by adapting them into the formal education system for the sake of the new generation of Orang Asli. Besides, the data collected will be useful for researchers, JAKOA and policymakers to improve the lifestyle and well-being of the Orang Asli. Keywords: indigenous people, ecological knowledge, Semaq Beri, Kenyir Lake, Terengganu

Formation of Management Bodies and Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Resettlement Village on the Kalmyk Lands of the Astrakhan Province (the second half of the XIX century)

Formation of Management Bodies and Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Resettlement Village on the Kalmyk Lands of the Astrakhan Province (the second half of the XIX century)

Can Development Programs Shape Cooperation? : Results from a Framed Field Experiment in Indonesia.

Empirical studies among small-scale societies show that participation in national development programs impact traditional norms of community cooperation. We explore the extent to which varying levels of village and individual involvement in development policies relate to voluntary cooperation within community settings. We used a field experiment conducted in seven villages (208 participants) from an indigenous society in Indonesia known for their strong traditional cooperative norms, the Punan Tubu. We framed the experiment in terms of an ongoing government house-building program. The results indicate that there were synergistic and antagonistic interactions between existing cooperative norms and government development policies. Participants' cooperation in the experimental setting was low, probably because the Punan Tubu are used to cooperating and sharing both under demand and in a context in which uncooperative behavior is largely unpunished. Variation in experimental behavior was related to both village- and individual-level variables, with participants living in resettlement villages and participants living in a house constructed under the government program displaying more cooperative behavior. The cooperation evident in resettled villages may indicate that people in these villages are more comfortable interacting in anonymous settings and less committed to the demand-sharing norms still prevalent in the upstream villages. The more cooperative behavior among villagers who have previously received a house might indicate that they recognize that they are now better off than others and feel more obliged to cooperate. Policies aiming to capitalize on existing cooperative behavior to stimulate community collective action should consider the specific conditions under which cooperation occurs in real settings since traditional norms that regulate cooperative behavior might not translate well to cooperation in government-led programs.

GLOBAL SETTLEMENT: THE FATE OF LOCALITY IN RELATION TO MODERN SOCIAL LIFE IN DAGESTAN

The article performs the current discussion of such categories as local and global in modern anthropology and suggests the option of using categories for the modern sociocultural reality of Dagestan society. The positions of leading researchers, deconstructing the concepts of “locality” and “community”, offering an alternative view of a traditional society rooted in a particular place, are demonstrated. Deterritorized societies in the face of significant social changes in the world (migration, including transnational and translocal, as well as the process of globalization) are becoming a new form of social interaction, where physical locality gives way to other categories linking people into relevant communities. In relation to the Dagestan realities, it is proposed to consider local deterritized societies through the prism of the conceptual metaphor “global village”. The factors contributing to the formation of such deterritorialized communities are shown. It is also shown the example of such a community - the village of Bezhta situated on the bordeland with the Republic of Georgia. A look at the complex of physical localities united by belonging to this mountain village (the village itself, resettlement villages on the plain of Dagestan, families located outside the republic in labor migration and living a translocal life, and also to a lesser extent the village of Chantliskuri in Georgia) as version of the "global village".

Russian Resettlement Villages of the Semirechye in late 19th century – early 20th century

Russian Resettlement Villages of the Semirechye in late 19th century – early 20th century

The Non-Work Of The Unimportant: The shadow economy of Nubian women in displacement villages

In my search for spatial resistance in Nubian resettlement villages, I found a trend of spatial hacks located inside and around the household, and purposed to facilitate a shadow economy dominated by women and their small businesses. Despite the recognized importance of informal economies in Africa (Kinyanjui 2014), Nubian women and their society do not qualify their profitable labor as work, partly because of their domestic location and partly because of their roots in an indigenous culture that recognizes the emotional – an undervalued aspect in the formal economy. In this paper, I first present empirical evidence of the significant role these women, and occasionally men, play in the economic health of Nubians after going through the hardships of displacement, by sustaining households as well as preserving Nubian indigenous culture. Second, I highlight the role of these economic activities in expanding the use of dwelling units designed by the state and reforming the built environment. Third, I challenge the ontologies of “work” that have been forced on Nubians as part of their displacement, and discounted their indigenous ontologies of labour. I do so by examining the meaning of “work” as a drive for social and cultural capital. The materiality of displacement and dispossession in the case of Nubians women has occurred semantically: the claim of modernization came accompanied with cultural violence and the discounting of women’s labour in the gendered configuration of meaning. This article argues for a feminist onto-epistemology of work – one that recognizes emotion and its position as a capital that is generated and circulated via resources of care, trust, and sense of community.

What is driving the abandonment of villages in the mountains of Southeast China?

AbstractIn recent decades, village abandonment as a result of migration from rural areas constitutes a serious socioeconomic problem in China and many other developing countries. The aim of this study is to identify the drivers of village abandonment in the mountain areas of Southeast China. Pucheng County was selected as the study case. A conceptual framework for the primary drivers of village abandonment was established to link rural depopulation, farmland abandonment, and house abandonment, which are three integral parts of village abandonment. Results show that the intense rural–urban migration propelled by new urban economic opportunities is the most significant driver of sparse rural population distribution, though this does not usually result in the straightforward abandonment of villages. Instead, the scarcity of public services in mountain villages is a decisive factor in local resettlement and resultant village abandonment. Limited school access and a demand for high‐quality education is the foremost and most immediate motivation for rural–town migration and resettlement in townships, which directly leads to the substantial abandonment of mountain settlements. Additionally, isolation, higher transportation costs, and non‐viability of traditional subsistence agriculture are minor drivers that are interwoven, aggravating the abandonment of remote villages. Our study highlights the aggregated characteristics of village abandonment and heterogeneity of rural migration and its corresponding primary drivers. These findings will have significant policy implications for decision makers by helping to identify areas with a high probability of village abandonment and predict the future magnitude of intra‐county migration and subsequent in situ urbanization.

A COMMUNITY OF SECRETS: STIGMATIZATION OF FORMER HANSEN’S DISEASE PATIENTS AND THEIR GENERATIONS IN KAMPUNG SINAR BARU, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

In the early 19th century in Sarawak, Hansen’s disease or leprosy became a reportable disease where the unfortunate victims were forcibly segregated to a leprosarium, leaving behind family, relatives and future. The image of claw hands or toes and rot noses were associated with the unclean and the sinful. This chronic transmissible affliction made a great panic to the state government to ostracize sufferers in an isolated settlement back in the 1920s. Fortunately, the infection can be cured but negative attitudes towards the former leprosy patients persist until now. This paper is based on ethnographic work that explores the stigma experienced and challenges faced by former leprosy patients and their generation. The research findings are based on three months of fieldwork with seven former sufferers and three children of former sufferers who live in Kampung Sinar Baru, Kota Padawan, Sarawak, a resettlement village for the former leprosy patients. The findings reveal their dreadful past experiences on compulsory segregation in Rajah Charles Brooke Memorial Hospital (RCBMH) where they were forced to be separated from family and hometown which still haunt them till today. In addition, former patients suffer mental health consequences and humiliation from the effects of treatment and also from visible deformities. Nevertheless, they believe that the stigmatization is less severe now than in the past and empathy from society makes them become more independent.

Socialist hydropower governances compared: dams and resettlement as experienced by Dai and Thai societies from the Sino-Vietnamese borderlands

Research on hydropower development has shown that a diversity of social and environmental impacts of dams is distributed unevenly among various state and corporate actors and riparian populations. This article analyses how two neighbouring socialist states, China and Vietnam, govern dam-induced resettlement along their respective sections of the Red River Watershed. Our investigation focuses on resettlement villages created during the construction of the Madushan (China) and Ban Chat (Vietnam) reservoirs and testifies that resettlement policies on both sides of the border serve statist modernization agendas that fail to acknowledge Dai (China) and Thai (Vietnam) ethnic minority livelihoods. While local populations endure the greatest impacts from dam-induced changes in water allocation and the ensuing consequences for land resources, the benefits of hydropower development are first and foremost shared among state-owned and/or state-backed energy companies. These companies reap huge profits from their role as power generators for capitalist production, while also benefiting from state authorities underevaluating resettled communities’ livelihood assets. A comparison of the two cases reveals that despite the border that separates China and Vietnam, and despite both states emphasizing different resettlement discourses, governance of dam-induced resettlement is strikingly similar.