Reserves In Russia Research Articles

Dynamics and Prospects for Forestry Development in Russia and China: Cross-Country Comparisons

The purpose of the study is to assess the possibility of changing the trade exchange of timber products between Russia and China, caused by external circumstances. First, the growing sanctions pressure on both countries; secondly, the cessation of roundwood exports from Russia to China from the beginning of 2022, which accounted for up to 60 % of the total foreign trade turnover in timber products between the countries; thirdly, a special military operation of Russia since February 2022. All this led to a severance of logistical and financial ties and complicated the economic state of the forest complex of both countries in 2022. The article identifies and analyzes the most significant indicators that affect the efficiency of the development of forestry in Russia and China, as the basis of the forest industry. Including dynamics and trends in forest areas in both countries for 2010– 2021. which made it possible to show their multidirectional nature: in Russia, forest areas decreased by 0.37 %, in China - increased by 9.87 %. This indicates that contradictions between the owner of the forest and the forest business are growing in Russia, and vice versa in China. It has been established that the total forest reserves in Russia are 4.7 times greater than in China, and the forest reserves per hectare of forest area are 1.35 times greater. This is the competitive advantage of Russian forests. But the study of the trend of their changes indicates a reduction in forest reserves over the study period in Russia, and an increase in China. The quality of forest management in our country needs to be improved. It is noted that Russian and Chinese forests have been degraded. The reasons for this are different. Different outcomes and factors influencing reforestation in the countries studied. It is shown that in Russia during the study period, not only deforestation was observed, but also forest degradation, i.e. deterioration of the species composition, reduction of the species diversity of forest ecosystems. The studied dynamics and trends in the parameters of development of the forestry sector of the two countries made it possible to determine the directions for deepening economic cooperation in the field of forestry relations in the context of sanctions pressure on Russia and China, aimed at their expansion, taking into account the observance of mutual interests.

Porphyry and Related Deposits of Northern Eurasia

It is hard to overestimate the economic importance of the ore deposits of the “porphyry family” and related ones, in particular, epithermal, in the modern world. These deposits are represented by industrial concentrations of a wide range of metals, mainly copper, gold, molybdenum, tin, etc. In Northern Eurasia, they are localized in terranes of different ages—from the Early-Middle and Late Paleozoic (for example, in the Urals and other segments of the Central Asian orogenic belt) to the Mesozoic (Transbaikalia), Mesozoic-Cenozoic (Pacific Ore Belt) and Cenozoic (Kamchatka). The tectonic nature of the corresponding terranes varies from island-arc and marginal-continental in connection with subduction zones along ancient convergent continental margins to post-collision segments and zones of intraplate development (tectonic-magmatic activation) of consolidated continental structures. The history of the study of porphyry copper and related deposits in Northern Eurasia covers the period from 1901 (Turya district of the Northern Urals and Kedabek deposit in Transcaucasia) to the present. In Soviet period, the largest gold-molybdenum-copper-porphyry deposits of Kounrad (Kazakhstan), Almalyk (Uzbekistan) and Kajaran (Armenia) were discovered and studied, as well as in Russia—Peschanka (Chukotka), and in the post-Soviet years—Malmyzh (Khabarovsk Krai). In the overall balance of copper reserves in Russia, porphyry copper deposits take the leading positions, second only to the reserves of sulfide copper-nickel deposits. Porphyry copper deposits play a much more significant role in the structure of the mineral resource base of copper in Kazakhstan, and the predominant one— in Uzbekistan. The main focus of this thematic issue is on gold-copper-porphyry and related deposits. In recent years, new perspectives have been opening up for studying natural associations of different types of porphyry mineralization.

Soil conditions and vegetation cover of the «Oruku-Shynaa» cluster of the «Ubsunurskaya Hollow» reserve (southern part of the Republic of Tyva)

The paper presents the results of the study of soils and vegetation cover of the Oruku-Shynaa cluster, a natural feature of the Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve, which is a possible acquisition of the UNESCO heritage. The Ubsunur Hollow, the northernmost of the inland basins of Northwestern Mongolia, is the destination of Inner Asia, where nature preserves an exceptional parade of landscapes of unusual diversity, which predetermines the creation of biosphere reserves in Russia and Mongolia by a cluster approach. Nine clusters have been created on the territory of the Republic of Tuva (Russia). One of them is Oruku-Shynaa. The purpose of creating the Oruku-Shynaa cluster is to study natural complexes and objects, preserve biodiversity, and carry out long-term environmental monitoring of the reference territories of the Ubsunur Hollow. The background soils are brown desert-steppe soils, which have local hydromorphic manifestations of meadow, saline, and solonetsous soils. The study of the temperature of soils in the middle of summer showed that the most mobile dynamics of soil temperature is observed at a depth of 5 cm from the surface. The reaction of meadow-peaty soil is neutral, in solonchak soils it is strongly alkaline, the humus content in solonchak soil is negligible (0,42%), and in meadow-peaty-humus soil it is quite high (9,24%). There is quite a lot of magnesium in saline soils (up to 29 mmol/100 g of soil), and nitrogen (1,10%) in meadow-peat-humus soil. There is a lack of phosphorus in all soils. The cluster is characterized by a high complexity of vegetation cover, expressed in a combination of phytocoenoses of real (glycophytic), saline (halophytic) meadows, steppes, reed beds and woody shrub vegetation. The soil and vegetation cover of the Oruku-Shynaa cluster of the Ubsunur Hollow Nature Reserve generally reflects the regional specifics of the natural situation of floodplain-channel complexes of arid Central Asian territories. The largest areas are open spaces occupied by halophytic vegetation under brown meadow-desert-steppe soils on lake-alluvial deposits. The introduction of the protected regime caused a restructuring in the structure of phytocoenoses, where signs of waterlogging are observed, peat accumulation in the upper horizon of the soil profile, an increase in dead mass (mortmass) in plant communities; an active salinization process is underway in the soil cover.

Advantages of placer gold mining waste processing by gravity and flotation

Gravitational methods are insufficiently effective in gold recovery of rebellious morphotype, i.e. small and fine particles, as well as gold leaves and scales. Such difficult-to-recover gold is the cause of highmetal losses in tailings. Such industrial waste contains 7–12% of total gold resources and reserves in Russia. Attraction of investors for the development of man-made placers is constrained by the lack of cost-effective technologies for their processing. The use of complex flowsheets and expensive high-tech equipment (for example, based on creation of an intense centrifugal field) for the extraction of fine and very find gold in processing by gravity is less effective than separation of minerals based on their wettability, i.e. flotation, when the ‘buoyancy’ of gold promotes an increase in the recov ery of rebellious gold species. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that gold content in bulk flotation is increased owing to mixing rough concentrate extracted from ½ part of the initial feed (I stream) and the other ½ part of the initial feed (II stream). The transition from the vertical configuration of the beneficiation cascade (when middlings of a subsequent circuit go to the previous circuit) to the horizontal ‘jet’ configuration provides the increased gold recovery. At the semi-commercial scale of placer gold mining, the advantage of mining waste processing by combination of gravity and flotation technology over processing solely by gravity has been proven. The addition of the gravity technology to flotation of gold particles increases the annual gold production by ~ 29% rel. owing to the extra recovery of gold species persistent to gravitational methods. The integrated processing technology by gravity-and-flotation is economically justified: the added value of the marketable products provides elevation of the net present value and the investment profitability index at the reduced payback period.

РАЗВИТИЕ ЗАПОВЕДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В РОССИИ В XVI–XXI ВВ.

The development of the reserve management and studies is considered in a historical retrospective from the 16th century to the present. The study of archival sources and studies of allied researchers (geographers, historians, biologists, ecologists, specialists in the field of conservation), it was reveals that the development of protected areas in Russia took place in five stages. At the first stage (XVI-XVII centuries), the formation of a general idea of the value of untouched natural complexes is considered, which is associated with the spiritual and religious conservation of territories. At the second stage (the end of the 19th -beginning of the 20th centuries), the organization and formation of the first nature reserves are being studied. At the third stage (the middle of the 20th century - the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period) is studied the functioning of the reserves, which took place under the conditions of their mass liquidation in the war and post-war period. The fourth stage (the end of the 20th century) can be characterized as the final formation of the reserve management and studies as a unique system of reserves in Russia, the features of this stage are being studied. At the fifth stage (the beginning of the 21st century to the present), the development of reserves is considered from the side of updating the conservation of natural complexes, as well as the promotion of ecological tourism through the formation of scientific and tourist-recreational clusters on the basis of protected areas and adjacent territories.

Coal industry development strategy in domestic and foreign markets

Relevance. In the current context, the cost of coal products is growing. Labor productivity in coal mines and open-pit mines is significantly lower than the corresponding indicator in North America and Australia, a significant proportion of unprofitable enterprises, despite the fact that a third of the world’s coal resources and a fifth of the proven reserves are concentrated in the Russian Federation. In these circumstances, the substantiation of the strategic development of the coal industry on the basis of a SWOT analysis is of great importance. Purpose of the study is to substantiate the strategic vision for the development of the coal industry, priorities for the functioning of coal mining enterprises. Research methods are scientific generalization, method of system analysis and analogies. Results. In the course of the study, the possibilities of functioning of coal mining enterprises, threats to the coal industry, strengths and weaknesses of their activities were identified. The ability to function is determined by the presence of huge coal reserves in Russia, the leadership in its production and export, and a significant share of coking coal grades. The identified threats include: a significant decrease in prices on the world market and coal consumption in the domestic market, an increase in the average transportation distance and the risks of introducing environmental restrictions. The weaknesses in the activities of coal mining enterprises, requiring appropriate measures to be taken to liquidate them, come down to the following: increased operating costs, low labor productivity, a significant number of small mines and open-pit mines that hinder the effective development of the industry as a whole. At the same time, the strategy for further development should focus on the strengths of the coal mining enterprises. These include lower capital investments based on conventional fuel, significantly lower than in the oil and gas industry, therefore, during the period of ensuring sustainable development of the economy as a whole, the development of the coal industry will require lower costs, which creates conditions for the development of other related industries, the possibility of introducing an economic mechanism of inter-fuel competition, as well as the effective functioning of the market structure within the “free” oligopoly. Increasing the competitiveness of coal mining enterprises requires the use of accelerated depreciation methods at export-oriented enterprises, the introduction of problem-solving technology at large coal mining enterprises, the establishment of a rational ratio of the used imported and Russian equipment, and the containment of the growth in the cost of railway transport services. The focus on the implementation of the concept of creating a digital industrial enterprise in the industry plays a special role. A number of measures should be taken to improve financial stability. Conclusions. The identified opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the activities of coal mining enterprises, serve as the basis for substantiating the “Strategy for the development of the coal industry”, determine promising directions for the future of coal mining enterprises.

History of zoological research in the Crimean Nature Reserve: vertebrates

The present work is a historical and biographical sketch of the formation and development of research in one of the first nature reserves in Russia. The article describes the main milestones in the study of vertebrates in the past and the stages of scientific research in the Crimean Nature Reserve in the XX-XXI centuries. It is shown that by 1925 the vertebrate fauna of the mountain Crimea was poorly studied, and the formation and operation of the biological station in the Crimean Reserve marked the beginning of comprehensive research not only in the mountains, but also in the steppe. The reorganization of the Reserve into a hunting Reserve in 1957 did not affect the level and scale of scientific research. In 1964-1968, a comprehensive theme on beechwood forests was completed, and in 1970-1974, a theme on birds and mammals of the Crimea was conducted as well. In 1974-1976 the work of the zoological group went to the international level in connection with the inclusion of Swan Islands in the number of the Ramsar Sites of the USSR. Since 1983, scientific research has been conducted under the program "Nature Records" within the boundaries of the reserve. In 1991, the institution was returned to the status of a nature reserve. Zoological research is carried out by full-time employees with the participation of scientists from various research centers working on international projects. After the reunification of the Crimea with Russia in 2014, the Crimean Reserve is undergoing a period of reorganization. And in September 2018 its mountain and forest part gets the status of a National Park. The “Swan Islands” ornithological branch becomes an independent nature reserve.

An Analysis of the Prospects for Coal-Fired Thermal Power Station Reconstruction on the Basis of Coal Gasification and a Combined-Cycle Unit

Modern trends in technical reequipment of coal-fired thermal power stations (TPS) are analyzed by the example of the Verkhnetagil’skaya District Power Station (GRES), where obsolete coal-fired power units requiring replacement were in operation. This problem is specific for many Russian thermal power stations. Two alternatives of reequipment are considered: replacement of obsolete steam-turbine power units with a natural gas-fired combined cycle unit (CCU) and conversion of coal-fired power units into integrated gasification combined-cycle units (IGCCU) with gas turbines operating on purified synthesis gas. Technical reequipment of the considered TPS was performed by replacing the coal-fired steam-turbine power units of phase I–II with a 420 MW CCU. The CCU core was a 288 MW Siemens SGT5-4000F gas turbine. A CCU on its basis was modelled in the THERMOFLEX code. The calculated results demonstrated high power and environmental effectiveness in replacement of coal-fired power units at TPSs with natural gas-fired CCUs, thereby cutting down coal equivalent consumption by 727 000 t.c.e. (or 24%). For conversion of a TPS to an IGCCU, the fuel saving could be as great as 543 000 t.c.e./year (18%) under comparable conditions. In this case, the atmospheric emissions (of dust and SO2) could be decreased many times (by 99%) due to implementation of an effective gas treatment process in the gasification system. Due to the huge coal reserves in Russia, the conversion of coal-fired TPSs to modern technologies with coal gasification may be a promising alternative for many TPSs during their reconstruction. In addition, it will contribute to improving the country’s energy security. In addition, this will improve the country’s energy security.

Comparative Analysis of Oil Production in Russia and Abroad

The modern oil complex of the Russian Federation makes a significant contribution to the formation of a positive trade balance and tax revenues to budgets of all levels. This resource makes up more than 16 % of Russian GDP, a quarter of tax and customs revenues to budgets of all levels, and more than a third of the incoming foreign exchange revenue. The article presents the analysis of Russian companies which currently produce much less oil than west companies, except “Lukoil” company. The main reasons for the decline in production are considered to be the lack of financial resources for investment, the underdevelopment of the Russian export infrastructure, and low domestic demand for the products of the industry. At the same time, lower rates of developing existing reserves in Russia in comparison with the west can provide a much longer duration of their operation. One of the priorities for Russian companies is the availability of large oil reserves. At the same time, this advantage is largely lost due to high taxes and low prices for final products. The main disadvantages of Russian companies are considered to be a high degree of financial vulnerability and low efficiency of production activities in comparison with the leading companies of the west. However, the Russian Federation remains an undisputed world leader in oil production and export. The analytical review characterizes the Russian oil complex as a sector of fuel and energy potential and the contribution of oil production to the country’s economic development, the existing resource potential of both oil fields and their number, and recently discovered oil fields. The paper estimates the cost of oil from leading oil producers and the technological capabilities of extracting oil from hard-to-reach fields and describes the resource potential of OPEC countries, Russia, and the United States. The resulting analytical conclusion is the given options for improving the innovative sphere of Russia to increase the efficiency of oil production and development of hard-to-reach oil fields.

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ В ЛЕСНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transportation options. In addition, studies have been carried out on the basis of UNCTAD, EUROSTAT and FAO materials, as well as SEARATES technical and economic data. When choosing a logistics system option, an integrated economic assessment of costs by components has been used: material flow, information flow, and logistics intermediaries. The study has examined six potential routes for delivering timber between ports in East Asia (Shanghai) and Europe (Rotterdam). Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study has addressed the issue of transportation along the Northern Sea Route (HIAR). Transportation along this route is possible only in the event of global warming and accelerated retreat of the Arctic sea ice. The economic strength for distance savings from Asia to Europe makes the northern route a likely driver of change in transportation networks

Regulation of productive layers and increase the inflow of fluid from the reservoir

Background Every year the global structure of hydrocarbon reserves grows in reserves, confined to fields containing hard-to-recover reserves, this trend is also observed in Russian Federation. A significant share in the hydrocarbon reserves structure accounts for small fields with high-viscosity oil, confined to carbonate sediments, complex. More than half of the hydrocarbon reserves in Russia are hard-to-recover reserves: high-viscosity oil, natural bitumen, deposits in low-permeability formations, residual reserves, deep horizons, sub-gas zones, watered zones with residual oil. In large fields, oil production rates close to the design levels were achieved, while oil extraction is complicated by deposits of asphalt-resinous substances, paraffins, salts; hydrogen sulfide release; sand removal; high degree of heterogeneity and low permeability of collectors containing oil reserves. Aims and Objectives To investigate the phenomenon of intra-layer and downhole fluid flows. Taking into account the differences in the conditions in these layers, suggest a way to intensify the flow of fluid from the reservoir into the well. Methods Analytical and field studies, field tests. Results Calculations were performed according to the developed algorithm. Analysis of the calculation results allowed us to identify the groups of inter-affecting interlayers, the geometry of the discharged zone; to determine the necessary degree of increase in permeability of the bottomhole formation zone. By increasing the density of perforation openings opposite to any interlayer, the inflow from it can be increased. It is revealed that the depth of the skin zone is important along with the increase in permeability. The calculated number of perforation holes increases the permeability of the reservoir - well interface, but the depth of the channels may be insufficient compared to the required distance, which obviously explains the insufficient increase in the productivity of the well. Conclusion The proposed method can be one of the tools to intensify the in-flow of fluids (including oil and gas) from the reservoir to the well and increase oil and gas production. The expected effect can be predicted on the basis of the reduced algorithm. With a correct prediction of the effect of the event, it is possible to carry out the secondary formation opening more rationally, therefore, subsequently, some geological and technical measures will be unnecessary in the operation of wells.

INFLUENCE OF BUSINESS DIGITALIZATION ON THE OIL RECOVERY FACTOR AND IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE OIL AND GAS COMPANIES ACTIVITY

Against the background of the decline structure of hydrocarbon reserves in Russia, the maintenance of a stable level of production and enhanced oil recovery at mature fields is associated with the introduction of technologies of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). The real and possible impact of digitalization on the oil recovery factor and impact of the technological solutions on the development hard-to-recover reserves have been сonsidered in the article. Special attention has been paid to the transition to intellectual methods of management, within the framework of digitalization, which ensure the effective management for all company’s processes, provide objective and transparent information for making accurate and operational management decisions. To ensure a significant effect from the digital transformation of the industry, it is necessary to create favorable investment conditions, including government regulation and stimulation.

Laboratory grounding of waterproofing sealant based on acrylic polymers

Modern Russian resource base is characterized by the state of deterioration. Economic indicators urgently need to be kept at the attained level. Enhanced oil recovery, produced water constriction gained by means of innovations are the crucial tasks when planning the events concerning the volume gain of recoverable hydrocarbon reserves in Russia as well as in the whole world. The present paper analyses the modified water shutoff polyacryl nitryl compound. Laboratory and investigative research has been carried out. The compound under study enables to restrict water inflow along the highly porous channels.

Climate-induced fire regimes in the Russian biodiversity hotspots

Recent fire management policy in Russia assumes the complete exclusion of fires from the statutory reserves. We analyzed what the natural, climate-induced fire regimes for the historical years 1901–1998 in Russia, in the Russian biodiversity hotspots and in the selected statutory reserves would be if the human impacts were neglected. A global dynamic vegetation model with an incorporated global statistical fire module was used to reconstruct a fire history for potential vegetation. We demonstrated the feasibility of the fire module by comparison of the simulated area burnt for the period 1947–1998 with available fire statistics from Russia. Analysis of fire regimes in the three Russian biodiversity hotspots North Caucasus, South Siberia, and the Far East, and in representative protected areas within these hotspots, included inter-comparison of regional areas burnt, normalized for the period 1901–1998, and regional average and maximum fire sizes. We showed that large-scale areas of rich biodiversity in Russia coincide naturally with areas of frequent fires, which in turn are also highly variable in size. Considerable spatial climatic and vegetation variation in the hotspots influence the natural fire regimes of regional protected areas, making continental nature reserves the most fire-prone. We suggest that the fire management plans of large reserves in Russia should be adjusted according to the natural geographic pattern of fire regimes in the country for benefit of conservation policy.

Нетрадиционные ресурсы и запасы газа в России и ПАО «Газпром»

Нетрадиционные ресурсы и запасы газа в России и ПАО «Газпром»

An Algorithm of Management Decision-Making Regarding the Feasibility of Investing in Geological Studies of Forecasted Hydrocarbon Resources

Currently, under the conditions of increasing depletion of hydrocarbon reserves in Russia, it is necessary to consider the resource potential of poorly-researched oil and gas objects as a factor for ensuring the sustainable development of the oil and gas complex, in the context of the concept formation of rational subsoil utilization and a circular economy. The methodology of this study is based on a clear sequence of geological and economic studies of poorly-researched oil and gas objects, including four stages, such as analysis of the raw material base, assessment of the raw material potential, determination of technological development parameters, and economic evaluation. The methods of the probabilistic estimation of oil resources of the forecasted objects with regard to geological risk are outlined. Software packages “EVA—Risk Analysis” and “EVA—Economic Evaluation of Oil and Gas Field Development Projects” were used for estimation. The result of the study is the determination of the geological and economic efficiency of the development of nine hydrocarbon objects with the determination of the order of their further geological exploration, and introduction into industrial development on the example of the poorly-researched region of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province located in the Arctic zone.

The Role of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in the Economy of Russia

Small and medium entrepreneurship is an important factor in the development and transformation of the Russian economy. Taking this into account, the study of the current employment structure in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is topical. The subject of study is the role of SMEs in the modern Russian economy and the potential for its increase. The aim of the research was to assess the patterns existing sectoral and regional structure of employment in SMEs including individual entrepreneurs. The study was based on official statistical data all SMEs in Russia for 2015. For modeling we used functions of normal distribution, quality of approximation empirical data by these functions was analyzed by tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson, and Shapiro- Vilk. The hypothesis of research - presence significant differentiation of indicators characterizing the share of SMEs employees by regions in the total number of employed population, as well for types of economic activity. Based on the results of the research hypothesis was confirmed. Trade, manufacturing and real estate operations accounted for the largest share in the total number of SMEs employees. SMEs did not play significant role in fishing and fish farming, mining, education, healthcare, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, as well as financial sectors. The presence of SMEs development significant reserves in Russia is proved. Identified regions with high and low entrepreneurial climate. The methodology and tools that were used in the research can be applied to similar studies for countries with a significant number of territorial (administrative) units. Government, regional and municipal authorities may use the research results in the practice of formation and implementation of entrepreneurship development projects and programs, including those with the aim to increase its role in the regions and municipalities where SMEs is not sufficiently developed.

Modeling of polymer flooding using Voronoi grid

Nowadays the part of unconventional oil in the total oil reserves in Russia is more than 60% and continues to grow. Effective recovery of such oil necessitates development of enhanced oil recovery techniques such as polymer flooding. It is impossible to use this technology without carrying out numerical simulation. Structured grids are usually used for the description of the formation geometry in reservoir simulation. However, unstructured grids have a number of advantages over classical structured grids: they allow better description of reservoir heterogeneity, provide a more accurate solution of the problem near wells, and reduce the effect of grid orientation. The study investigated the model of polymer flooding with effects of adsorption and water salinity. The model takes into account five components that includes elements of the classic black oil model. These components are polymer, salt, water, dead oil and gas. The equations of the model and the problem statement are formulated. Solution of the problem by finite volume method on unstructured Voronoi grid using fully implicit scheme is obtained and verified. To compare several different grid configurations numerical simulation of polymer flooding is performed. The oil rates obtained by a hexagonal locally refined Voronoi grid are shown to be more accurate than the oil rates obtained by a locally refined rectangular grid with the same number of cells. It is also demonstrated that the Voronoi grid helps to obtain a more realistic front of the water movement by reducing the grid orientation effect.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОТУРИЗМА В ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКОМ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ

The Russian Federation has developed network of different natural protected territories and significant potential for ecotourism development. Ecotourism should be considered as a priority type of tourism for Baikal natural territory. Zabaikalsky National Park is one of the few reserves in Russia, which in its natural settings fully meet the UNESCO criteria. The recreation nature use is developing rapidly in the park in the last ten years. Tourism is often spontaneous. Such development with the lack of organizational events caused several problems associated with the disruption of ecosystems. There is no organized and equipped routes, including ecological routes, where the tourists could explore the landscapes and components of the park. It’s necessary to equip the most popular areas of the park and to develop routes for of different types of tourists to reduce the recreational digression in the most popular tourist places. Any offers of nature protected territories development must correspond to the ecological capacity of natural objects, which depends on a set of parameters. The authors offer several actions to develop ecotourism in one of the most popular area “Monakhovo – Zmeevaya bay” to provide the high level of safety and comfort of eco-routs and to minimize the impact on nature.

Resource base of nuclear energy industry

Natural uranium is considered the main resource of nuclear power based on thermal neutrons. It is a rather common element, though its concentration in natural substances is usually very low. The cost of production of uranium is an important factor for development of nuclear energy. Depending on the production cost of 1 kg of uranium, uranium ores are classified into four categories of cost. Deposits of uranium ores are distributed unevenly around the globe. Currently, 28 countries mine uranium ore from their bowels, yet only 19 countries produce uranium fuel. In the world there is a significant discrepancy between the countries leading in terms of the world's reserves of uranium and its main consumers. In countries like Australia, Kazakhstan and South Africa, nuclear power is underdeveloped, and uranium consumption is very low or non-existent. These countries have a large uranium resource base and are today global exporters of uranium ores. At the same time, countries like the US, China, Japan, Britain, France, or Germany, by contrast, have a well-developed nuclear industry and a lack of sufficient uranium ore deposits in their territory. They serve, as a rule, as major importers of uranium / uranium ore. The article considers the world's reserves of uranium in different price categories, the global reserves by countries, and unconventional uranium resources; provides an overview of reserves in Russia, the demand for uranium, global production volumes by countries, mining companies, uranium production output in Russia, with general conclusions made on development of the resource base of nuclear power.