Reserve Borders Research Articles

Electrifying the fence or living with consequences? Problem animal control threatens the long‐term viability of a free‐ranging lion population

AbstractA fundamental problem in conserving large carnivores is habitat destruction, which results in patchy, isolated protected areas. In addition, human–wildlife conflict along reserve borders negatively affects carnivore populations throughout protected reserves. We present pride composition of nine lion prides and lion mortalities on bordering farmland over a 17‐year study in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Although Etosha National Park is fully fenced, lions can – due to poor maintenance of the fence – move freely onto bordering farmland. Conflict with humans caused 48% of mortalities among subadult and adult lions. Most animals killed by humans consisted of subadult males and adult females: 59% of subadult males and 27% of adult females were shot or poisoned along the border of Etosha National Park. The disproportional high killing of subadult males on farmland affected the tenure periods of resident male coalitions. Probably due to a lack of competition from maturing subadult males, adult males held tenure over prides for nearly 7 years, about three times longer compared to other ecosystems, which increases the risk of inbreeding in this population. Such unregulated and unplanned selective mortality may be more widespread, and managers should monitor for negative effects, especially in socially complex species.

Potential of contemporary evolution to erode fishery benefits from marine reserves

AbstractMarine reserves are valued for their ecological role: protecting fish populations from overharvesting while, at the same time, potentially maintaining fisheries yields via recruitment effects (net export of pelagic eggs and larvae) and spillover (net export of post‐settled juveniles and mature fish) across reserve borders. Focussing on the spillover effect, we argue that when fitness of the protected individuals depends on the relative size of their home ranges compared to the reserve size, and home range size is a property of the individuals, rapid local adaptation might occur in favour of individuals with smaller home ranges. Individuals that avoid fishing mortality by spending most of the time inside the reserve limits (i.e. with smaller home ranges) will experience a fitness advantage, whereas individuals that move beyond boundaries (i.e. with larger home ranges) will increase their risk of being harvested by spillover fisheries. We use empirical data on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) home ranges within and around a coastal marine reserve in south Norway as a case to illustrate our idea. Broadly, we highlight how protection‐induced selection and contemporary evolution could fundamentally alter our perspective of marine reserve functioning and recommend quantifying behavioural variability and behavioural consistency of protected populations.

From local scenarios to national maps: a participatory framework for envisioning the future of Tanzania

Tackling societal and environmental challenges requires new approaches that connect topdown global oversight with bottom-up sub-national knowledge. We present a novel framework for participatory development of spatially-explicit scenarios at national scale that model socio-economic and environmental dynamics by reconciling local stakeholder perspectives and national spatial data. We illustrate results generated by this approach and evaluate its potential to contribute to a greater understanding of the relationship between development pathways and sustainability. Using the lens of land use and land cover changes, and engaging 240 stakeholders representing sub-national (seven forest management Zones) and the national level, we applied the framework to assess alternative development strategies in the Tanzania mainland to the year 2025 - under either a business as usual or a green development scenario. In the business as usual scenario, no productivity gain is expected, cultivated land expands by ca. 2% per year (up to 88,808 km2), with large impacts on woodlands and wetlands. Despite legal protection, encroachment of natural forest occurs along reserve borders. Additional wood demand leads to degradation (i.e. loss of tree cover and biomass) up to 80,426 km2 of wooded land. The alternative green economy scenario envisages decreasing degradation and deforestation with increasing productivity (+10%) and implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Service schemes. In this scenario, cropland expands by 44,132 km2 and the additional degradation is limited to 35,778 km2. This scenario development framework captures perspectives and knowledge across a diverse range of stakeholders and regions. Although further effort is required to extend its applicability, improve users’ equity, and reduce costs the resulting spatial outputs can be used to inform national level planning and policy implementation associated with sustainable development, especially the REDD+ climate mitigation strategy.

Effects of landscape design of forest reserves on Saproxylic beetle diversity.

Increasing the density of natural reserves in the forest landscape may provide conservation benefits for biodiversity within and beyond reserve borders. We used 2 French data sets on saproxylic beetles and landscape cover of forest reserves (LCFR) to test this hypothesis: national standardized data derived from 252 assessment plots in managed and reserve stands in 9 lowland and 5 highland forests and data from the lowland Rambouillet forest, a forested landscape where a pioneer conservation policy led to creation of a dense network of reserves. Abundance of rare and common saproxylic species and total saproxylic species richness were higher in forest reserves than in adjacent managed stands only in highland forests. In the lowland regional case study, as LCFR increased total species richness and common species abundance in reserves increased. In this case study, when there were two or more reserve patches, rare species abundance inside reserves was higher and common species richness in managed stands was higher than when there was a single large reserve. Spillover and habitat amount affected ecological processes underlying these landscape reserve effects. When LCFR positively affected species richness and abundance in reserves or managed stands, >12-20% reserve cover led to the highest species diversity and abundance. This result is consistent with the target of 17% forested land area in reserves set at the Nagoya biodiversity summit in 2010. Therefore, to preserve biodiversity we recommend at least doubling the current proportion of forest reserves in European forested landscapes.

Differences in lobster fishing effort before and after MPA establishment

In April 2003, California established a network of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) around the northern Channel Islands located within the Santa Barbara Bight. Prior to the MPAs enclosing 17% of the islands' lobster fishing grounds, 25 commercial lobster fishermen caught 50% of the regional annual landings from the Channel Islands. To best manage MPAs and affected fisheries we ask a critical question: Where did the fishermen go? Spillover theory emerging from models of MPAs and adjacent fisheries suggests displaced fishermen will concentrate their effort along MPA borders; a phenomenon called “fishing the line”. These models do not consider habitat-specific fishing effort, habitat heterogeneity, nor fixed-gear fisheries such as lobster where traps are set, soaked for 1 to 3 nights, pulled and re-set. With fixed-gear fishing, space is “marked” or occupied, and reduces the possibility of another fisherman to fish that space. Lobster trap fisheries are notoriously territorial as a result. Lobster fisheries therefore stand to experience a skewed impact based on a priori territorial distributions and habitat quality. We use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to map 10 years (5 before reserves and 5 after) of fishery-dependent logbook data assisted with fishery interviews to test if commercial lobster fishermen aggregated fishing effort at MPA borders as an adaptive fishing strategy. We found that fishermen around the Channel Islands MPAs did not concentrate effort at MPA boundaries but instead the proportion of total traps pulled in close proximity (within 1 km of reserve borders) to MPAs declined from 10% to 5%. Chi2 analysis found a significant decrease in the proportion of a season's traps pulled in areas near MPA borders (n = 157,071; p < .001). T test analysis testing the difference in CPUE between areas far from MPAs and areas adjacent to MPA borders showed a significant reduction in the difference between CPUE following MPA designation (n = 50,206; p < .001).

Transcending the reservation borders in Sherman Alexie’s work

The article analyzes the theme of transcending borders in the selected works by Sherman Alexie. In my analysis the borders are understood literally, as geopolitical constructs, as well as symbolically, as social, cultural, and racial lines that separate individuals, communities, and nations. It is in the presence of these borders that individuals’ world-view and self-perception are formed. The process of transcending the real and metaphorical reservation borders observable in Alexie’s work reflects his gradual distancing from Indian-centric and racially charged themes. Explored extensively in his early writing, the reservation represents Indian homeland, and is portrayed as a place which, although embraced as home by his Indian characters, entails also geographical and mental confinement. Yet Alexie’s post-2000 work demonstrates that he has expanded the borders of his fictional world. This change is manifested in the author’s progressive detachment from the reservation-centered themes, and his growing interest in the multiethnic American setting. Accordingly, his recent work centers on “a mental and emotional landscape” of human relations in American society.

Perceptions and attitudes of local residents on a nature reserve: a case study in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve

People living within and around nature reserves are highly dependent on the natural resources so that understanding the perceptions and attitudes of local residents, especially the people who live in the core area, is essential for conserving biodiversity. Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve (BNNR), adjacent to Shangri-La County, plays an important role in its regional ecological protection, and it attracts more and more tourists as a regional eco-tourist destination. Thus, the study on BNNR can be used as a starting point to improve its regional development. In this study, the perceptions and attitudes of local residents in three adjacent villages, i.e., Sisuogua, Luozhua, and Lamianmian, which are located in a valley at different elevations in the core area of BNNR, were surveyed, and factors influencing the perceptions and attitudes were analyzed based on a total of 36 questionnaires from 36 randomly selected households situated in the core area of the reserve. The results showed that most residents had positive attitudes towards the nature reserve and recognized that its condition was improving due to management activities, and they were supportive of the reserve. The scores of residents’ perceptions and attitudes on the reserve tended to decrease from Sisuogua to Luozhua, to Lamianmian, and there were significant differences between Sisuogua and Lamianmian. Correlation analysis revealed that the major factors influencing residents’ perceptions and attitudes were groups, whether family members worked in the reserve or not, and gender of the interviewees. By exploring differences among the three villages, we found that in addition to family working in the reserve, there were other important factors leading to the different attitudes among three villages. Proximity to the reserve border might also affect residents’ attitudes towards the reserve because convenient traffic might make it easier for local residents to get more job opportunities and have less dependence on the resources of the reserve. The differences among the villages also revealed the local characteristics and the heterogeneity between villages even in the same nature reserves, which should be taken into consideration during management activities. Finally, some management strategies were recommended to improve biodiversity conservation of the nature reserve.

Mammals recorded in Xuan Lien nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province

was conducted in commune, Thuong Xuan Lien Nature Reserve located in Thuong Xuan district, Thanh Hoa province was established under Decision No. 1476/QĐ-UB/2000. On geographical location, the Nature Reserve borders on south side of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve and western side of Nam Xam Nature Reserve, CHDCND Lao. This area is where the most concentrated natural forest of Thanh Hoa province, with forest coverage is above 80%. Other recent research has confirmed the potential and value of biodiversity in the region. The study Xuan, Thanh Hoa province. In our surveys, a total of 80 species recorded, belong to 26 family, of which 9 order have been recorded in the Chiroptera Bats, Carnivora are predominant in the study sites, the less dominant order are Rodentia, Primates, Artiodactyla and Soricomorpha. The were 27 rare species, 24 species recorded from the list of Decree 32/2006/ND-CP, 23 species of the Vietnam Red Book (2007) and 16 species of the IUCN Red List (2012). the different time during 2011 to 2013; field surveys were conducted in Bat Mot, Yen Nhan, Van Xuan

Effects of marine reserves on California spiny lobster are robust and modified by fine-scale habitat features and distance from reserve borders

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 451:137-150 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09592 Effects of marine reserves on California spiny lobster are robust and modified by fine-scale habitat features and distance from reserve borders Matthew C. Kay1,*, Hunter S. Lenihan1, Matthew J. Kotchen2, Christopher J. Miller3 1Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, USA 2School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA 3California Lobster and Trap Fishermen’s Association, PO Box 2294, Capo Beach, California 92624, USA *Email: mattckay@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Studies of marine reserves often describe mean differences in organism size or abundance inside versus outside reserves, but recent work indicates that these differences are influenced by habitat and proximity of sites to reserve borders. In this study, we measured mean effects of reserves and the influence of distance from reserve borders on the number and size of legal (≥82.5 mm carapace length [CL]) California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus trapped at sites across a reserve network at the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California, USA. Additionally, we controlled for habitat variability across sites (1) by measuring relative abundance of sublegal adult lobsters (i.e. those not removed through fishing) and (2) through visual SCUBA surveys on which we quantified fine-scale habitat features. Traps placed in reserves yielded more (4.81 trap−1) and larger (7.03 mm CL) legal-sized lobsters than traps placed outside. Multiple linear regression revealed that 2.43 more legal lobsters per trap were captured for every 1 km moved from borders towards reserve centers. Additionally, lobsters tagged and released immediately inside reserve borders were recaptured in areas open to fishing at a higher rate than lobsters tagged and released farther inside reserves. These results suggest that abundance gradients inside reserve borders were caused by net emigration of lobsters (spillover). Sublegal lobsters were more abundant inside reserves and nearer to reserve centers, but these increases were much smaller in magnitude than for legal-sized lobsters. Our results indicate that the differences we observed for legal-sized lobsters were driven primarily by reserve effects but were partially influenced by habitat heterogeneity. KEY WORDS: Reef · Structure · Spillover · Fishing the line · Catch · Marine reserve · Marine protected area · MPA · Marine reserve border · Habitat · Collaborative · Panulirus interruptus Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Kay MC, Lenihan HS, Kotchen MJ, Miller CJ (2012) Effects of marine reserves on California spiny lobster are robust and modified by fine-scale habitat features and distance from reserve borders. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 451:137-150. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09592 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 451. Online publication date: April 11, 2012 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2012 Inter-Research.

Spatially explicit mortality of California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) across a marine reserve network

SUMMARYStudies of marine reserves typically focus upon differences in the size and abundance of target organisms inside versus outside reserve borders, but they seldom provide spatially explicit measurements of how reserves influence mortality rates. This study investigated mortality rates for female California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) at multiple sites inside and outside of three marine reserves at the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California, USA. Mean total mortality (Z) of female lobsters was lower at sites inside reserves (Z = 0.22 [± 0.05 SE]) than at sites outside reserves (Z = 0.59 [± 0.02 SE]). Mean mortality at all sites inside reserves, and among sites near reserve centres (where Z = 0.17 [± 0.05 SE]), was similar to estimates of natural mortality for other temperate spiny lobster species. Among sites inside reserves, there was a positive relationship between mortality and proximity to reserve borders, but this relationship was absent among sites outside reserves. Mortality estimates were much more variable among sites inside reserves than at sites in fished areas. This variation is probably due to differential emigration rates from the three reserves, as well as site-specific ecological factors that influence population structure, demonstrating the importance of spatially explicit reserve sampling and understanding how ecological heterogeneity influences fisheries models.

Loss of genetic diversity in an outbreeding species: small population effects in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)

Genetic studies on the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) have primarily focused on the few remaining large and viable populations. However, investigations on the many isolated small African wild dog populations might also be informative for species management because the majority of extant populations are small and may contain genetic variability that is important for population persistence and for species conservation. Small populations are at higher risk of extinction from stochastic and deterministic demographic processes than larger populations and this is often of more immediate conservation concern than loss of genetic diversity, particularly for species that exhibit out-breeding behaviour such as long distance dispersal which may maintain gene flow. However, the genetic advantages of out-breeding behaviour may be reduced if dispersal is compromised beyond reserve borders (edge effects), further weakening the integrity of small populations. Mitochondrial DNA and 11 microsatellite genetic markers were used to investigate population genetic structure in a small population of out-breeding African wild dogs in Zambia, which occupies an historical dispersal corridor for the species. Results indicated the Zambian population suffered from low allelic richness, and there was significant evidence of a recent population bottleneck. Concurrent ecological data suggests these results were due to habitat fragmentation and restricted dispersal which compromised natural out-breeding mechanisms. This study recommends conservation priorities and management units for the African wild dog that focus on conserving remaining levels of genetic diversity, which may also be applicable for a range of out-breeding species.

Collaborative assessment of California spiny lobster population and fishery responses to a marine reserve network

Assessments of the conservation and fisheries effects of marine reserves typically focus on single reserves where sampling occurs over narrow spatiotemporal scales. A strategy for broadening the collection and interpretation of data is collaborative fisheries research (CFR). Here we report results of a CFR program formed in part to test whether reserves at the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, USA, influenced lobster size and trap yield, and whether abundance changes in reserves led to spillover that influenced trap yield and effort distribution near reserve borders. Industry training of scientists allowed us to sample reserves with fishery relevant metrics that we compared with pre-reserve fishing records, a concurrent port sampling program, fishery effort patterns, the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishermen, and fishery-independent visual surveys of lobster abundance. After six years of reserve protection, there was a four- to eightfold increase in trap yield, a 5-10% increase in the mean size (carapace length) of legal sized lobsters, and larger size structure of lobsters trapped inside vs. outside of three replicate reserves. Patterns in trap data were corroborated by visual scuba surveys that indicated a four- to sixfold increase in lobster density inside reserves. Population increases within reserves did not lead to increased trap yields or effort concentrations (fishing the line) immediately outside reserve borders. The absence of these catch and effort trends, which are indicative of spillover, may be due to moderate total mortality (Z = 0.59 for legal sized lobsters outside reserves), which was estimated from analysis of growth and length frequency data collected as part of our CFR program. Spillover at the Channel Islands reserves may be occurring but at levels that are insufficient to influence the fishery dynamics that we measured. Future increases in fishing effort (outside reserves) and lobster biomass (inside reserves) are likely and may lead to increased spillover, and CFR provides an ideal platform for continued assessment of fishery-reserve interactions.

用组合模型综合比较的方法分析气候变化对朱鹮潜在生境的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 用组合模型综合比较的方法分析气候变化对朱鹮潜在生境的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201103110297 作者: 作者单位: 陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区管理局,中国科学院动物研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05080701); 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05080701); 中欧ECBP项目"中国生物多样性和气候变化保护战略与行动计划研究" Climate change induced potential range shift of the crested ibis based on ensemble models Author: Affiliation: Shaanxi Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve,Shaanxi province,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:气候变化的不确定性和物种与环境关系的不确定性使气候变化生物学的研究充满变数。为了降低不确定性,人们开始用组合模型综合比较的方法研究物种对气候变化的响应。以朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)为研究对象,介绍组合模型综合比较方法的特点。朱鹮曾经高度濒危,目前种群大小在迅速恢复中;然而其分布区依旧狭小,气候变化可能是朱鹮面临的新威胁。应用BIOMOD模型中的9种模型,选择了每年的最低温和最高温、温度的季节性变异、每年的总降水量和降水的季节性变异共5个气候因子,依据WorldClim气候数据的CGCM2气候模型的A2a排放情形,计算了朱鹮当前(1950-2000年)的适宜生境和2020年、2050年、2080年3个阶段的潜在生境范围。结果表明朱鹮潜在生境将逐渐北移,生境中心脱离现在的保护区。因此,制定朱鹮的长期保护策略是必要的。9个模型在预测结果上、变量权重上和拟合优度的指标上都有差异,反映了模型本身的不确定性。气候变化的生物学效应比较复杂,应用多个模型进行综合比较,可以尽可能地减少模型所导致的误差。 Abstract:The uncertainty of climate change and uncertainty of species-environment relationship cause great variability in the studies of climate change biology. To reduce such uncertainties, scientists started to use ensemble models in this field. Our objective is to introduce the approach of the ensemble models, and predict the future range shift of one endangered species, the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) as an example. The crested ibis had been critically endangered, and currently its population is rapidly recovering. The range of the crested ibis is still small after its recovery from the critical endangered status, so that climate change might be a threat to its long term survival. We used the locations of nest site to represent the distribution of the crested ibis, which have a high accuracy level and has being accumulated from 1981 to 2010. We applied nine modes in BIOMOD (a package of R software) to predict the current (1950-2000) and future (i.e. 2020, 2050, and 2080) distribution ranges of the crested ibis using five climate variables (i.e. annual minimum temperature, annual maximum temperature, seasonal variance of temperature, annual total precipitation, and seasonal variance of precipitation) based on CGCM2 climate model A2a emission scenario in WorldClim database. The nice models are Generalized Linear Models, Generalized Additive Models, Classification Tree Analysis, Artificial Neural Networks, Mixture Discriminant Analysis, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Generalized Boosting Models, Random Forest, and Surface Range Envelope. We compared the current climate conditions with those in 2080, and found that the current habitat of the crested ibis would become warmer and wetter in the future. All nine models indicated that the crested ibis would have a northward range shift (actually a higher elevation shift), and the distribution center would be out of the current nature reserve. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a long term conservation plan for the crested ibis, e.g. adjusting the nature reserve border or design a new nature reserve. The nine models showed differences in predicted ranges, weights of explanatory variables, and goodness-of-fit (based on ROC curves and Cohen's Kappa indices). Among five climate variables, the seasonal variance of precipitation is the most important variable that associated with distribution of the crested ibis; and seasonal variance of temperature is the secondly important variable. The overall performance of all models are very high, indicated the distribution of the crested ibis had a strong pattern (The crested ibis is well constrained by environmental variables, not scattered randomly). The Random Forest has the highest model performance, and the Artificial Neural Networks ranks the second. The high performance of the two models is partly due to their high complexity. We should be cautious whenever using species distribution models to predict the effect of climate change, because such models are based on the assumption that climate variables are the limiting variables restricting the range of the species, and the current population is in its favorite climate niche. As to the crested ibis, the assumption can hardly be satisfied, because other environmental variables such as human disturbance, wetland, and vegetation are also important to the crested ibis. As a result, the predicted range shift of the crested ibis is only a trend or potential distribution pattern in the future. Because of the difference in model prediction and variability of model performance, we suggest to use ensemble models to deal with complex problem such as biological consequences of climate change to decrease the errors from models. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Resource selection and its implications for wide-ranging mammals of the brazilian cerrado.

Conserving animals beyond protected areas is critical because even the largest reserves may be too small to maintain viable populations for many wide-ranging species. Identification of landscape features that will promote persistence of a diverse array of species is a high priority, particularly, for protected areas that reside in regions of otherwise extensive habitat loss. This is the case for Emas National Park, a small but important protected area located in the Brazilian Cerrado, the world's most biologically diverse savanna. Emas Park is a large-mammal global conservation priority area but is too small to protect wide-ranging mammals for the long-term and conserving these populations will depend on the landscape surrounding the park. We employed novel, noninvasive methods to determine the relative importance of resources found within the park, as well as identify landscape features that promote persistence of wide-ranging mammals outside reserve borders. We used scat detection dogs to survey for five large mammals of conservation concern: giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), jaguar (Panthera onca), and puma (Puma concolor). We estimated resource selection probability functions for each species from 1,572 scat locations and 434 giant armadillo burrow locations. Results indicate that giant armadillos and jaguars are highly selective of natural habitats, which makes both species sensitive to landscape change from agricultural development. Due to the high amount of such development outside of the Emas Park boundary, the park provides rare resource conditions that are particularly important for these two species. We also reveal that both woodland and forest vegetation remnants enable use of the agricultural landscape as a whole for maned wolves, pumas, and giant anteaters. We identify those features and their landscape compositions that should be prioritized for conservation, arguing that a multi-faceted approach is required to protect these species.

Tourism-induced deforestation outside Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, northeast China

Old-growth forests on Changbai Mountain are economically and ecologically important but have been fragmented outside Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve. The trend of forest landscape degradation on Changbai Mountain threatens forest sustainability and biodiversity conservation in the region. Previous studies have focused mainly on the structure and function of protected forests but have ignored managed forests outside the reserve border. In this paper, deforestation processes are studied for two forestry enterprises, namely Baihe and Lushuihe Forestry Bureaus, with different socioeconomic structure due to their differences in proximity to Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, which attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists each year. Baihe’s income comes from both forestry and tourism whereas Lushuihe’s revenue is primarily from forest products. Land-use change was mapped using a time series of satellite images acquired in 1977, 1991, 1999 and 2007 for both forestry bureaus. It was found that Baihe experienced more severe deforestation, and more gains in cultivated and developed land than Lushuihe. The booming tourism in Baihe did not help lessen pressures on forest resources but led to increased fragmentation of forest landscapes on Changbai Mountain. While the tourism industry needs to be better regulated, it is important to create large-area, multi-use forest buffers and corridors around Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve.

Relative Impacts of Adult Movement, Larval Dispersal and Harvester Movement on the Effectiveness of Reserve Networks

Movement of individuals is a critical factor determining the effectiveness of reserve networks. Marine reserves have historically been used for the management of species that are sedentary as adults, and, therefore, larval dispersal has been a major focus of marine-reserve research. The push to use marine reserves for managing pelagic and demersal species poses significant questions regarding their utility for highly-mobile species. Here, a simple conceptual metapopulation model is developed to provide a rigorous comparison of the functioning of reserve networks for populations with different admixtures of larval dispersal and adult movement in a home range. We find that adult movement produces significantly lower persistence than larval dispersal, all other factors being equal. Furthermore, redistribution of harvest effort previously in reserves to remaining fished areas (‘fishery squeeze’) and fishing along reserve borders (‘fishing-the-line’) considerably reduce persistence and harvests for populations mobile as adults, while they only marginally changes results for populations with dispersing larvae. Our results also indicate that adult home-range movement and larval dispersal are not simply additive processes, but rather that populations possessing both modes of movement have lower persistence than equivalent populations having the same amount of ‘total movement’ (sum of larval and adult movement spatial scales) in either larval dispersal or adult movement alone.

“One Hamburger at a Time”

This article examines Florida Seminole corporations and tribal government gaming together as a case study of the production of the state-society divide. In 2007, the Seminole Tribe of Florida acquired Hard Rock International, a major corporation with cafés, hotels, and casinos around the globe. This $965-million deal, which remains the largest purchase of a corporation by an indigenous nation, created a media storm and extended Seminoles' geographical and financial reach far beyond reservation borders. Like Seminole casino gaming, which is possible only because of tribal sovereignty, the Hard Rock deal called attention to the fuzzy boundaries of indigenous corporate and national forms. This has been the case insofar as Seminoles' governmental statues as a sovereign undergirds some of their economic activities while impeding others. Seminole corporations and tribal gaming show the project of differentiating economy from government and family to be a cultural and historical one that creates distinct yet broadly relevant dilemmas for indigenous peoples in the United States.

Seasonal variation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in Echinolaena inflexa, a native grass species from the Brazilian savanna, and in the invasive grass Melinis minutiflora

Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is an abundant C3 grass species with high biomass production in the Brazilian savanna (cerrado); Melinis minutiflora Beauv. is an African C4 forage grass widespread in cerrado and probably displacing some native herbaceous species. In the present work, we analysed seasonally the content and composition of soluble carbohydrates, the starch amounts and the above-ground biomass (phytomass) of E. inflexa and M. minutiflora plants harvested in two transects at 5 and 130 m from the border in a restrict area of cerrado at the Biological Reserve and Experimental Station of Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil). Results showed that water soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts from the shoots of both species varied according to the time of the year, whilst in the underground organs, variations were observed mainly in relation to the transects. Marked differences in the pattern of the above-ground biomass production between these two grasses relative to their location in the Reserve were also observed, with two peaks of the invasive species (July and January) at the Reserve border. The differences in carbohydrate accumulation, partitioning and composition of individual sugars concerning time of the year and location in the Reserve were more related to the annual growth cycle of both grasses and possibly to specific physiological responses of M. minutiflora to disturbed environments in the Reserve border.

Edge effects and the impact of non‐protected areas in carnivore conservation: leopards in the Phinda–Mkhuze Complex, South Africa

AbstractAlthough high rates of anthropogenic mortality are often reported for carnivores near reserve borders, the resulting edge effects are rarely quantified, and the consequences on conservation goals are usually unknown. Here, we assess the extent and impact of edge effects on a protected leopard Panthera pardus population in the Phinda‐Mkhuze Complex (PMC), South Africa. We compared the spatial and demographic characteristics of leopards in two areas of the PMC, one closer to the border than the other. Leopard density declined from the core of the reserve (11.11 ± 1.31 leopards 100 km−2) to the border (7.17 ± 1.12 leopards 100 km−2), and was the lowest in non‐protected areas adjoining the PMC (2.49 ± 0.87 leopards 100 km−2), but was not related to prey abundance or interspecific competition. Radiotelemetry showed that leopards near the border spent a greater proportion of their time outside the reserve and suffered higher annual mortality rates (0.358 ± 0.075) than those closer to the core (0.122 ± 0.065). A Cox proportional hazards model further demonstrated the negative effect of time spent outside the reserve on the survival probability of leopards. Despite an increased risk of mortality, leopards did not avoid non‐protected areas, which may have functioned as an ecological trap for predators. Although the overall conservation outcome of the reserve was positive, edge effects clearly weakened the potential of the PMC to protect leopards. Our findings show that high mortality rates of carnivores in areas bordering reserves can extend to protected populations. Management approaches that control human activities on both sides of administrative borders are therefore essential if reserves are to conserve large carnivores effectively.

Landscape connectivity promotes plant biodiversity spillover into non-target habitats

Conservation efforts typically focus on maximizing biodiversity in protected areas. The space available for reserves is limited, however, and conservation efforts must increasingly consider how management of protected areas can promote biodiversity beyond reserve borders. Habitat corridors are considered an important feature of reserves because they facilitate movement of organisms between patches, thereby increasing species richness in those patches. Here we demonstrate that by increasing species richness inside target patches, corridors additionally benefit biodiversity in surrounding non-target habitat, a biodiversity "spillover" effect. Working in the world's largest corridor experiment, we show that increased richness extends for approximately 30% of the width of the 1-ha connected patches, resulting in 10-18% more vascular plant species around patches of target habitat connected by corridors than around unconnected but otherwise equivalent patches of habitat. Furthermore, corridor-enhanced spillover into non-target habitat can be predicted by a simple plant life-history trait: seed dispersal mode. Species richness of animal-dispersed plants in non-target habitat increased in response to connectivity provided by corridors, whereas species richness of wind-dispersed plants was unaffected by connectivity and increased in response to changes in patch shape--higher edge-to-interior ratio--created by corridors. Corridors promoted biodiversity spillover for native species of the threatened longleaf pine ecosystem being restored in our experiment, but not for exotic species. By extending economically driven spillover concepts from marine fisheries and crop pollination systems, we show how reconnecting landscapes amplifies biodiversity conservation both within and beyond reserve borders.