Research Trail Research Articles

The Interaction Effect of Nitrogen Levels on Growth Characteristic of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present research work was carried at the Agronomy Farm, Department of Agronomy, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. This farm is located at a distance of 42 Km. from Faizabad district headquarters at Faizabad – Raibareilly road. The ANOVA of the research trail used a design: randomized block design (factorial) to evaluate growth traits, comprising of initial plant population, plant height (cm), number of shoots (m-2). The data indeed suggested that initial plant population was not significantly influenced by either variety levels or nitrogen levels. Contrastingly, the data showed that variety levels and nitrogen levels significantly affected plant height at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. The number of shoots at 30 DAS was not affected significantly by variety levels and nitrogen levels in the data. In addition, Variety levels showed a significant effect on the shoot number at 60 and 90 DAS and also at harvest stage, while nitrogen levels did not show significant effects in growth attributes of wheat under study.

Performance of Phytohormones under Distinct Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Background: Agronomic practices such as the precise water application with drip irrigation and strategic use of phytohormones are crucial for optimizing wheat growth and productivity. This study assesses the performance of different phytohormones under distinct levels of drip irrigation on wheat. Methods: The research trail was conducted during rabi 2022-23, to evaluate the performance of distinct phytohormones (ABA, SA and GA) under varying levels of drip irrigation regimes on wheat (Triticum asetivum L.). The three drip irrigation levels were taken in main plots (1.0 ETc, 0.8 ETc, and 0.6 ETc) and three distinct phytohormone (ABA, SA, and GA) and water spray were taken as a subplot with three replications under split plot design. Result: The experimental results revealed that, drip irrigation at 1.0 ETc recorded significantly highest growth attributes i.e. plant height (83.32 cm), number of tillers (343.8 no.) and dry matter accumulation (688.4 g m-2) which was 8, 18, 5.6 % higher over drip irrigation level at 0.6 ETc and also foliar spray of salicylic acid recorded the highest plant height (84.77 cm), number of tillers (334.2 no.), dry matter accumulation (691.3 g m-2) compared to foliar spray of water (control). ETc 1.0 with SA spray enhanced the Chlorophyl index by 1.21% and 14.8% over ETc 0.8 and 0.6, respectively. Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with SA increased grain yield by 8.1% and straw yield by 5.6% over drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc which were at par with drip irrigation at 1 ETc. Hence, application of 80% irrigation through drip with 150 ppm of salicylic acid foliar spray can be recommended to farmers.

Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Establishment Methods on Growth, Yield and Economics of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Adaption of Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed System (FIRBS) and date of seeding are one of the important input for crop production particularly for rabi crop. Early planting through raised bed of mustard can compensate the late planting at least 10-15 days. Under this circumstance the use of raised bed planter along with timely sowing of mustard can produce higher yield. An adaptive research trail was conducted during the rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at farmer’s field in Jamui district to study the effect of different sowing dates and establishment methods of mustard crop. The trail was conducted in a factorial randomized block design with two method of sowing and three dates of sowing. The growth characters like plant height, leaf area index, no. of primary branches plant-1, no. of secondary branch plant-1, no. of silique plant-1, no. of seeds silique-1 were recorded. Test weight, grain and straw yield was influenced significantly due to different sowing dates and sowing methods. Higher plant height at harvest stage (160 cm), leaf area index at 60 DAS (3.3), no. of primary branches plant-1 (4.0), no. of secondary branch plant-1 (7.8), no. of silique plant-1 (292.4), no. of seeds silique-1 (9.7), test weight (3.8), grain (10.1 q ha-1) and straw yield (22.4 q ha-1) were recorded when the crop was sown on 05th November during both years. Whereas the mustard crop sown on FIRBS recorded highest growth attributes, yield components and seed yield (12.5 q ha-1) as compared to conventional method. Highest benefit cost ratio was calculated with (FIRBS) Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed system (2.0) as compared to all other treatments.

Comparative analysis of soil quality and enzymatic activities under different tillage based nutrient management practices in soybean–wheat cropping sequence in Vertisols

In the modern era, intensive agricultural practices such as agrochemicals are applied in excessive amounts to enhance agricultural production. However, imbalanced adoption of these chemicals has arisen in the dwindling of agriculture factor productivity and soil quality. To maintain soil fertility and production, these chemical fertilizers must be supplemented with organic inputs. Keeping this in the backdrop, a research trail was established during 2018–19 and 2019–20 years at Research Farm of Agriculture University, Kota, India. The treatment setup was comprised of 5 treatment modules viz., conservation tillage + organic management (CAOM), conservation tillage + chemical management (CACM), conventional tillage + chemical management (CTCM), conventional tillage + organic management (CTOM) and the package of practices (PoPs) with four replications. Results indicated that the highest organic carbon (0.68%), bacterial (29.11 × 107 cfu g−1), fungal (4.77 × 104 cfu g−1), actinomycetes populations (5.67 × 104 cfu g−1), acid phosphatase (44.1 µg g−1 h−1), urease (45.3 µg g−1 h−1) and dehydrogenase (23.3 µg triphenylformazan [TPF] g−1 h−1) activity in soil were found in the treatment of conservation organic system during both the years of study at each soil depth. In contrast to other parameters, the highest system productivity was observed with conservation chemical crop management approaches, with a soybean equivalent yield of 4615 kg ha−1 in a soybean–wheat system of production. Furthermore, the soil quality index (SQI) significantly varied from the lowest score (0.30) at 45–60 cm layer of soil in the package of practices to the highest score (0.92) at 0–15 cm layer of soil with regards to the conservation organic which shows, 206.67 percent enhancement through the soil profile of various crop management practices. The SQI variation from 0–15 to 45–60 cm soil depth was 130.0, 81.08, 60.0, 175.0 and 83.33 percent, respectively, for CAOM, CACM, CTCM, CTOM and PoPs. Amongst, different systems, the highest mean performance was noticed under the conservation organic systems for physical and biological properties. Hence, in line with the salient outcome, we may propose that the conservation chemical system needs to be followed to improve crop productivity, whereas, conservation organic seems a good option for soil health with long-term viability.

ANTI-FEEDANT ACTIVITIES OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST INSECT PESTS AND ON THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON BRINJAL (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.).

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the commonly consumed vegetable in many countries including Pakistan. And attack by sucking and chewing insect pests likewise, Jassid, aphid, whitefly, shoot and fruit borers, cause significant losses in yield production. Therefore a research trail was conducted to evaluate effect of plant extracts against sucking and chewing insect pests and their associated natural enemies in brinjal crop under field conditions. For this four different plant extracts (Neem seed, Garlic, Eucalyptus and Tobacco) were used to evaluate their efficacy. Two sprays were applied at fifteen intervals and data was recorded before and after 24 hours and 72 hours after spray. In present results, we observed that all plant extracts significantly reduced insect pest population as compared with control groups, while among plant extracts the neem seed and garlic extract were observed more lethal to jassids, aphids and on white flies respectively, as compared to eucalyptus and tobacco extract. Similarly, a minimum damage % of fruit borer was also observed in neem seed and garlic extract as compared to tobacco and eucalyptus. However, no adverse effects were observed on natural enemies.

Influence of Sulphur and Molybdenum on Growth, Yield and Economics of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

A research trail was conducted in Kharif 2022, at Crop research form, SHUATS, Prayagraj. To study the “Influence of Sulphur and Molybdenum on Growth, Yield and Economics of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” The treatments consist of three levels of Sulphur (30. 35 and 40 kg/ha) and three levels of Molybdenum (0.5 %, 1% and 1.5 %). Experiment were laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments each replicated thrice. The result showed that viz: higher plant height (52.17 cm), No. of nodules/plant (68.50), Plant dry weight (50.67 g), No. of branch/plant (9.05), No. of pods/plant (15.80), No of grain/pod (3.00), Higher Seed yield (2.71 t/ha), Stover Yield (4.30 t/ha), Gross returns (1,46,255.73 INR/ha), Net return (98,838.73 INR/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (1.91) recorded in treatment 9 Sulphur 40kg/ha + Molybdenum (1.5%).

Effect of Bio Fertilizers and Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

A research trail was conducted at Crop Research Farm in the Department of Agronomy during kharif season of 2022 on pearl millet. SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). To study the effect of bio fertilizers and Phosphorus on growth and yield of Pearl millet. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of Biofetilizers (20 g/kg Azotobacter, 20 g/kg Azospirillum, 20 g/kg Azotobacter+ Azospirillum) and phosphorus (35, 40, 45 kg/ha) and a control. The experiment was laid out Randomized Block Design with ten treatments each replicated thrice. The soil in experimental field was sandy loam texture, having alkaline reaction (pH 7.7) with very low organic carbon (0.44%), available higher N (171.48 kg/ha), P (27.0 kg/ha) and higher level of K (291.2 kg/ha). The results showed that application of 20 g/kg Azotobacter+ Azospirillum+ 45 kg/ha Phosphorus was recorded significantly higher plant height (200.13 cm), Plant dry weight (40.33 g/plant), Ear head length (25.25 cm), grains/ear head (2010.9), Grain yield (3.25 t/ha), Stover yield (6.27 t/ha).

Effect of Phosphorus and Boron on Growth, Yield and Economics of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

A research trail was conducted in Kharif 2022, at crop research form, SHUATS, Prayagraj. To Study the “Effect of Phosphorus and Boron on growth, yield and economics of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)”. The treatments consisted of 3 Levels of Phosphorus (50kg/ha,100kg/ha, 150kg/ha) and Boron (200g/ha, 300g/ha, 400g/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments each replicated thrice. Application of Phosphorus 150kg/ha and Boron 400g/h produced higher Plant height(196.33cm),dry weight/plant(70.97g), maximum number of cobs per plant (1.93), cob length (20.27cm), Number of grain rows per cobs (26.65), Cob yield (6.5t/ha), Stover yield (12.23t/ha), Seed index (21.51), Harvest index (34.75), Maximum gross return (256150INR/ha), net return (198768.98INR/ha), and benefit cost ratio (3.46) when compared to the other treatment.

Effect of Nitrogen and Weed Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A research trail was conducted in Kharif 2022, at Crop research form, SHUATS, Prayagraj. To study the “Effect of nitrogen and weed management practices on growth and yield of Blackgram” (Vigna mungo L.). The treatments consist of three levels of nitrogen (15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) and weed management practices (Hand weeding twice (20 & 40 DAS), Pendimethalin (0.75ml/ha) Pre-emergence (5 DAS), Imazethapyr (75g/ha) Post-emergence (25 DAS) are included. Experiment were laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments each replicated thrice. The result showed that viz: significantly higher plant height (64.49 cm), number of nodules/plant (23.80), number of branches/plant (6.40), pods/plant (32.13), seeds/pod (8.20), grain yield (1223.33 kg/ha), Stover yield (2472.67 kg/ha), lower weed population/m2 (4.06) recorded in (treatment 9) Nitrogen (45 kg/ha) + Imazethapyr (75 g/ha) Post-emergence.

Effect of Spacing and Manganese on Growth and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.)

A research trail was conducted during Zaid season (2022) at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.). To study the effect of spacing and manganese on the growth and yield of sesame. The Treatments consist of 3 levels of spacing (30 ×10 cm, 40×10 cm, 50 ×10 cm)and three levels of manganese (1.5,3.0,4.5kg/ha) are included respectively. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments and replicated thrice. The results showed that spacing of 50×10cm+ Mnso4 4.5kg/ha (Treatment-9) Plant height (87.66 cm), Number of branches/plant (6.27), plant dry weight (15.74 g/plant), number of capsules per plant (52.47), number of seeds per capsules (74.50), test weight (3.37 g), seed yield (1.19 t/ha), straw yield (2.67 t/ha) and Biological yield (3.6t/ha).

Heterosis and correlation studies in F1 hybrids of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

The goal of the study was to determine whether the heterotic influence and phenotypic link between a numbers of yield variables in F1 hexaploid wheat hybrids could be controlled (Triticum aestivum L.). Our research trail was held at the Botanical Garden of Sindh Agricultural University's Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics in Tandojam, Pakistan. Six parental varieties (Sunhri, PBGST2, Sarsabz, TD1, TJ83, and Moomal) and nine F1 hybrids (TJ83 x TD1, PBGST2 x TD1, TJ83 x Moomal, TD1 x Moomal, TD1 x Sarsabz, Sarsabz x Sunhri, and TJ83) were supplied with material seed by the Department of Plant Breeding. After eight characters were evaluated, the experimental fields were selected and put into a randomised complete block design with four repetitions. The hybrids differed considerably (P 0.01) for every trait examined with the exception of plant height and maturity up to 75% of the time, whereas the parents showed no differences in grain yield. There was significant heterosis in the F1 hybrids, as seen by the mean square of the parent and the hybrid. Overall, maturity was important up to 75% of the time, even if it was negatively correlated with the majority of production metrics, meaning that genotypes with early maturation produced lower yields. The spikelets spike-1, seed index, and harvest index in plant-1 were all adversely connected with plant height, however grain yield was significantly and favourably correlated with all yield indices. These findings showed that choosing plants that produce more grain could be based on one or more yield components.

Long-term Impact of Soil Test and Targeted Yield Based Nutrient Management on Vertical Variability in Carbon Fractions of a Vertisol under Rice-wheat Cropping Sequence

Aim: To study the Long-term impact of soil test and targeted yield based nutrient management on vertical variability in carbon fractions of a Vertisol under rice-wheat cropping sequence.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research trail was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 in an on-going research programme of AICRP on STCR initiated during 2008 at the Research Farm of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur.
 Study Design: The study has consisted of six treatments of nutrient management practices based on soil test and targeted yields of rice and wheat (T1: Control; T2: GRD; T3: T.Y. 50 and 45 q ha-1 for rice and wheat; T4: T.Y. 60 q ha-1; T5: T.Y. 50 and 45 q with FYM 5 t ha-1 for rice and wheat and T6: T.Y. 60 q with 5 t FYM ha-1) at different soil depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm) which were replicated four times in a randomized block design.A total of 72 post- harvest soil samples of wheat were subjected to determination of carbon fractions across the soil depths.
 Results: Results revealed that Carbon fractions in soil were significantly altered by nutrient management practices over soil depths. However, the highest contents of organic and inorganic carbon fractions in soil were obtained under T6 having highest yield target of 60 q along with FYM 5 t ha-1 and the lowest in control. The results showed that contents of carbon fractions of soil were decreased with consecutive increase in soil depths except less labile carbon and inorganic carbon which increased with soil depths.

Influence of Nutrient Management on Growth, Lodging and Yield of Transplanted Rice

Aim: To study the Influence of nutrient management on growth, lodging and yield of transplanted rice.
 Study Design: The study comprised of eight treatments viz.,T1- 100% NPK, T2- 100% NP + 125% K, T3- 75% N + 100% PK, T4- 75% N + 100% P + 125% K, T5- 100% NPK + K2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1, T6- 100% NPK + Ca2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1, T7- 100% NPK + Na2SiO3 at 50 kg ha­-1 and T8- absolute control in randomized block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research trail was conducted during the late samba (September – February) of 2021-22 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute. TNAU, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Methodology: The study consisted of combination of 8 treatments in RBD which was replicated thrice. The rice variety of IW Ponni was used for this study. The observation have been recorded during the different phases of growth at regular intervals.
 Results: The results revealed that the application of 100% NPK + K2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1 has recorded significantly taller plant height (131.7 cm), higher dry matter production (11360 kgha­-1), grain (4535 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7259 kg ha-1) over absolute control. Minimum bending moment and lodging score were reported with 100% NPK + K2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1 and it was on par with 100% NPK + Ca2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1.

Effect of Soil Application and Foliar Spray of Sulphur Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Aim: To study the effect of soil application and foliar spray of sulphur nutrient application in growth and development of black gram cultivation.
 Study Design: The Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) was used. The treatments of soil application of sulphur viz., No basal, Gypsum @ 25 kg ha-1, SOB @ 2 kg ha-1 as basal and foliar spray viz., No spray, pulse wonder @ 5 kg ha-1on 30 DAS, K2SO4 @ 1% on 45 DAS, pulse wonder @ 5 kg ha-1 on 30 DAS + K2SO4 @ 1% on 45 DAS were used.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research trail was conducted during the Winter season (February – May) of 2022 at ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirugamani, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Methodology: The study consisted of 12 combination of treatments in FRBD which was replicated thrice. The black gram (Var. Vamban 8) was used for this study. The observations were recorded during the different phases of growth at regular intervals.
 Results: The experimental results revealed that the interaction effect of application of gypsum as basal along with foliar spray of pulse wonder + K2SO4 found to be superior and recorded significantly higher growth, yield and quality parameters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation, SPAD value at 20 DAS, 40 DAS and 60 DAS number of pods plant-1, number of seed pod-1, pod length, pod weight and sulphur content in seed. Gypsum as basal application along with foliar spray of pulse wonder + K2SO4 proved to be the best and increased the grain yield of 30% over the no basal application and no foliar spray. Thus application of gypsum @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal and foliar spray of pulse wonder @ 5 kg ha-1 on 30 DAS + K2SO4 @ 1% on 45 DAS could be recommended for improving the productivity of black gram.

The Role of Nanozeolite and Biocapsule in Improving Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Low Chilling Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cv. HRMN-99 in Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition

The present investigation was conducted at the Research farm of Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj, on 30-month-old plant during January 2021 to July 2021 with the objective to find out suitable treatment of Biocapsule and Nanozeolite with combination of NPK in relation to plant growth, yield and quality of apple. The statistical design adopted for the experiment was randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and nine treatment combinations. viz, T1 (NPK (RDF)), T2 (Biocapsule 500 ppm), T3 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm), T4 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 500 ppm), T5 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 250 ppm), T6 (NPK (RDF) + Biocapsule 500 ppm), T7 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm), T8 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 500 ppm), T9 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 250 ppm). The treatments were applied by soil drenching at initiation of experiment, pre-flowering stage and the last one at the fruit setting stage to assess the effect on growth, yield and quality of apple. The results of present investigation revealed that, the treatment T8 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 500 ppm) outstand in all the aspects like Maximum plant height (2.8 m), Maximum number of Primary and Secondary branches (3), (28) respectively, maximum number of flower (319), maximum no. of fruit (63.6), maximum yield Plant-1(7.2 kg) and quality parameters like Maximum TSS (11.56 ºBrix) and Maximum acidity (0.71 %) followed by T9 (NPK (RDF) + Nanozeolite 250 ppm + Biocapsule 250 ppm). The lowest observation was recorded in T3 (Nanozeolite 250 ppm). Biocapsules and nano zeolite with combination of NPK played an important role in fixing the nutrients in soil and protecting the apple plant against pathogen effect. That’s why a positive response has to be seen in particular treatment during the research trail.

The affective impact of sightseeing bus tour experiences: using Affective Events Theory (AET) to examine length-of-stay and electronic word-of-mouth

ABSTRACT This study investigates the key components and influences of positive affect and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on tourist visits at two developing urban destinations, namely Birmingham, United Kingdom and Valencia, Spain. These two data collection sites yielded evidence gathered from 615 and 627 sightseeing bus tourists, respectively. Through the analytic lens of Affective Events Theory (AET), data were examined, and results verify the significant mediating role of affect in two regards: (1) tourists’ decision to extend their visits and (2) eWOM of sightseeing bus tour experiences. The moderating role of past sightseeing experiences in these relationships was also supported by the data analysis. This paper further strengthens the role of affect in tourism management scholarship as well as expands AET from the work-setting into the tourism context thus marking a new research trail. Practical implications for tourism destination management organizations (DMOs) are also discussed.

Continuous regulation of wind energy power system permitting protection of the system components against wind over-speed

In this paper is presented a methodology of design and control of an electromagnet braking system dedicated to the protection of the wind energy production systems against the strong rise of the current in the power chain attached to the strong elevation of the wind speed. This methodology focuses on the dimensioning of the electromagnet acting as a mechanical brake and its integration into the wind energy generation system. The electromagnet is designed jointly by the analytical method offering the advantages of compatibility with large-scale optimization approaches and the finite element method for verifying and increasing the accuracy of the analytical model. This study essentially involves the design and modeling phase of the electromagnet dissociated from the wind turbine and then by the phase of its integration with the wind turbine. The global model associating the electromagnet and the wind turbine controlled with a view to ensuring a continuous recharging of energy accumulator at a constant current equal to the nominal current of which the wind turbine is sized, is implanted under the Matlab-Simulink simulation environment. The results of simulations are encouraging and open the research trail to optimization work of the entire chain.

A Systematic Review of Reporting of Psychometric Properties in Educational Research

Background: The validity and reliability of research outputs are important elements of the research trail. They drive accuracy, transparency, and minimize researcher biases, contributing to rigor and dependability. This paper reviews the frequency of published articles reporting the psychometric properties of the scales/subscales employed in educational research. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of psychometric properties in educational research papers published between 2010 and 2020 from 15 education-related journals. In our search, we included quantitative studies with primary data. The methodological quality assessment was performed using trained reviewers. The search was conducted using PRISMA 2020 to identify, screen eligible papers for inclusion. The extracted was analyzed using SPSS v25 while reported and interpreted in descriptive statistics. Findings: We extracted 763 papers published between 2010 and 2020 from 15 education-related journals. More than half of the articles reviewed did not report either validity (n=456 out of 763, 59.8%) or reliability (n=400, out of 763, 52.4%) statistic. For those reporting either validity or reliability, the alpha coefficient was the most widely used statistic to establish reliability (n=185, 50.9%) and correlation coefficient was frequently reported (n=219, 71.3%) for validity. Conclusions: The paper concluded that to produce dependable conclusions and recommendations in educational research, it is imperative for researchers to pursue psychometric properties to ground their findings and take-home learning.

Effect of nitrogen and spacing on yield and economics of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

A research trail was conducted in zaid 2021, at KVK farm, SHUATS, Prayagraj. To study the influence of nitrogen and spacing on yield and economics on groundnut. The treatments consist of three levels of nitrogen (20, 25 and 30 kg/ha) and three levels plant spacing (20cm × 10cm, 25cm × 10cm and 30cm × 10cm) are included. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments each replicated thrice. The result showed that viz: significantly higher number of pods per plant, seed yield, haulm yield,net returns and B:C ratio recorded in (T6) nitrogen 30kg/ha + 25cm × 10cm.

Co-application Impact of Sewage sludge and Flyash on Soil Nutrient Index and Spinach in Inceptisols of Prayagraj, U.P., India

The present investigation was to determine whether it would be feasible to grow Spinach in amended soil utilising sewage sludge and fly ash. Different types of nutrients and heavy metals are found in both soil amendments and for growth of the plant and crop yield they are used as ameliorate in acidic soils. In the research trail, soil properties like Bulk density, Particle density and pH are found to be non-significant and Pore space, Water holding capacity, EC, OC, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Iron, Manganese, Zinc and copper are found to be significant. The nutrient index was also examined and it was identified that the Fe has a low fertility nutrient status followed by OC, N, K, Mn with medium fertility nutrient status and P, Zn, Cu with high fertility nutrient status.