Research Strategy Research Articles

The Representation of Urban Work in China’s Modern Boneless Paintings

In 1979, China began to implement the policy of "reform and opening up", which has since then embarked on the path of rapid development and modernization. After "reform and opening up" drove economic development, the urbanization process also accelerated, and cultural transformation also drove innovation in the representation of Chinese visual arts. This study aims to investigate, study, and explain how urbanization is reflected in modern Chinese boneless paintings under the background of "reform and opening up". Using qualitative research as research strategy, through observation, interviews and documents as techniques of collecting data, this reseacrh tries to interpret the symbolism, meaning and value of the symbols of urbanization representation in modern Chinese boneless paintings. The research results prove that modern Chinese boneless paintings reflect people's living conditions and various social problems after the "reform and opening up". All these problems come from the social changes that have occurred in China during the process of urbanization, and are expressed through the unique painting language of modern Chinese boneless paintings. On the one hand, these painting languages reflect the progress and changes brought about by "reform and opening up" to modern Chinese painting; on the other hand, they also reflect the concern and deep meaning of modern Chinese boneless paintings for current social phenomena.

Challenges and strategies in etiological research using case-control and cohort studies

Challenges and strategies in etiological research using case-control and cohort studies

The Current Landscape of Secondary Malignancies after CAR T-Cell Therapies: How Could Malignancies Be Prevented?

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have revolutionised the field of haematological malignancies by achieving impressive remission rates in patients with highly refractory haematological malignancies, improving overall survival. To date, six commercial anti-CD19 and anti-BCMA CAR T-cell products have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell haematological malignancies and multiple myeloma. The indications for CAR T-cell therapies are gradually expanding, with these therapies being investigated in a variety of diseases, including non-malignant ones. Despite the great success, there are several challenges surrounding CAR T-cell therapies, such as non-durable responses and high-grade toxicities. In addition, a new safety concern was added by the FDA on 28 November 2023 following reports of T-cell malignancies in patients previously treated with either anti-CD19 or anti-BCMA autologous CAR T-cell therapies both in clinical trials and in the real-world setting. Since then, several reports have been published presenting the incidence and analysing the risks of other secondary malignancies after CAR T-cell therapies. In this opinion article, the current landscape of secondary malignancies after CAR T-cell therapies is presented, along with a proposed strategy for future research aiming at potentially diminishing or abrogating the risk of developing secondary malignancies after CAR T-cell therapies.

Pyogenic Granuloma Diagnosis and Management: A Practical Review.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG), or lobular capillary hemangioma, poses a clinical challenge with its uncertain etiology and treatment options. Although the clinical features and prevalence of PGs are well established, definitive evidence-based treatments remain elusive. This practical review aims to illuminate the complexities of PG management by analyzing surgical interventions based on literature analysis. A PubMed/Medline search of "pyogenic granuloma" and "surgery" yielded 1171 studies. Inclusion criteria targeted intervention-associated PG complications over 5% and treatment modalities, excluding nonclinical studies and topics unrelated to plastic and reconstructive surgery. Screening involved Oxford level of evidence, patient data extraction, complications, intervention types, success rates, sessions, follow-ups, and treatments. Thirty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Most studies were retrospective (67.7%). Ten studies satisfied intervention-linked eruptions, primarily oculoplastic, whereas 21 investigated both surgical and nonsurgical treatment modalities. Across interventions, 3579 patients (age: 34.2-85.7 years) were involved. Postsurgical PG complications averaged 15.1% and were treated predominantly with surgical excision, achieving nearly complete resolution. Surgical and nonsurgical treatment studies included 1233 patients (age: 3-46.5 years), demonstrating a 68.2% average resolution after a single session, with surgical excision exhibiting the highest success rate (96.2%) and minimal complications. This practical review highlights the complexities of managing PG, emphasizing a spectrum of effective treatments and potential postoperative complications. Ophthalmologic procedures showed PG incidences of 9%-24.4%. Surgical excision proved highly effective, surpassing methods like lasers and injectables that exhibited varied success rates requiring multiple treatment sessions. Challenges included study diversity and varying evidence levels, warranting further comparative research for PG management strategies.

Maximizing Breast Cancer Detection Through Screening: A Comparative Analysis of Imaging-Based Approaches

Introduction/BackgroundThis study estimates the percentage of detectable breast cancers in the screening population that could be found with primary and supplemental screening, and provides cost estimates for population wide supplemental screening in the U.S. Materials and MethodsPublished estimates on cancer detection rates of 2D mammography, tomosynthesis (DBT), whole breast ultrasound (US), molecular breast imaging (MBI), contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM), and MRI, the number of mammograms conducted in the United States in 2023, and the proportion of dense breast tissue, were utilized. The maximum number of detectable cancers was projected from incremental cancer detection rates of the most sensitive supplemental screening method. The proportion of cancers detectable for each modality was calculated. In 2023, Medicare reimbursement rates were used to estimate supplemental screening costs. ResultsOut of 469,437 detectable cancers, 2D mammography could detect 190,531 (41%), leaving 278,906 undetected. Adding supplemental screening could detect a combined 220,165 cancers (47%) with DBT, 237,596 (51%) with US, 331,727 (71%) with MBI, 377,049 (80%) with CEM and 469,437 (100%) with MRI. The imaging cost in US dollars to provide supplemental screening to all individuals with dense breasts in 2023 was $933M for tomosynthesis, $1.84B for US, $3.87B for CEM, $4.16B for MBI, and $6.36B for MRI. ConclusionThe study highlights potential benefits from supplemental breast cancer screening, suggesting the combination of mammography and breast MRI offers the most effective detection method though at the highest imaging cost. These findings provide valuable insights to guide future research and inform decision-making in supplemental breast cancer screening strategies.

Abstract 35: The Dual Endothelin-1 Antagonist Aprocitentan Attenuates Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a peptide hormone primarily produced by endothelial cells that functions as a potent vasoconstrictor through two receptors, ETA and ETB. While most research on ET-1 has focused on endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, increasing evidence shows that ET-1 is also involved in other physiological processes such as cell proliferation, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. Dysregulation of ET-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including heart failure, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, and cancer. Aprocitentan (also known as ACT-132577) is a relatively new dual ET-1 receptor antagonist that prevents ET-1 from binding to both endothelin receptors and has been shown to significantly reduce blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension. Our hypothesis was that aprocitentan could reduce the proliferation rate and mitochondrial ROS production induced by TGF-β in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs). HCFs were isolated from hearts from fully de-identified cadaveric donors and cultured in cardiac fibroblast growth medium. HCFs were treated with aprocitentan (4 μM) and/or TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) for 72 hours (doses and times identified in preliminary dose-response and time-course assays). Aprocitentan reduced the TGF-β1-induced proliferation rate in HCFs by approximately 23% ( Figure 1A ). Our study also aimed to determine if aprocitentan could mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction. Since the mitochondrion is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can promote myofibroblast differentiation, mitochondrial properties in HCFs were assessed using MitoTracker Green and MitoSOX staining. TGF-β1 treatment increased mitochondrial ROS production, which was significantly reduced by aprocitentan ( Figure 1BC ); furthermore, aprocitentan reduced mitochondrial fragmentation induced by TGF-β1 treatment ( Figure 1D ). To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that aprocitentan can reduce the increased production of mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial fragmentation, and cell proliferation rate induced by TGF-β1 in HCFs. This discovery could pave the way for new research and therapeutic strategies for treating fibrosis in cardiovascular disorders.

Dengue In Brazil: Challenges And Strategies For Public Health Management

This academic essay explores the complex landscape of dengue in Brazil, a viral arbovirus transmitted by the Aedesaegypti mosquito, with significant impacts due to its high incidence and frequent epidemic outbreaks, especially during warm and rainy periods conducive to vector reproduction. The symptoms range from high fever and muscle pain to severe forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever, requiring urgent medical intervention. The country's dengue control strategies include eliminating breeding sites, using insecticides, and conducting public awareness campaigns. The disease not only strains healthcare services but also adversely affects the economy and social well-being, underscoring the importance of robust epidemiological surveillance systems and coordinated responses. Initiatives such as the Health in Schools Program (PSE) and the roles played by Community Health Agents (ACS) and Endemic Disease Control Agents (ACE) are crucial in prevention and control efforts. Collaborative efforts across health, education, and community sectors are essential to address the challenges of dengue comprehensively. Therefore, Brazil must continue investing in research, vaccines, and innovative strategies to sustainably and effectively reduce the burden of dengue and safeguard public health.

A Case-Control Study of the Correlation Between Blood Parameters and Obesity.

Obesity has become a global health crisis in adults, and islinked to conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This study explored associations between body mass index (BMI) and laboratory parameters in healthy individuals to identify risk factors and guide targeted interventions in Turkey. It was found that screening and lifestyle changes can help prevent and manage obesity-related health issues. This retrospective case-control study analyzed 2153 adult participants using medical records between 2021 and 2024. The study included those with good overall health; those under 18 years of age or had organ failure, chronic metabolic disorders, obesity complications, or were on multiple obesity-related medications were excluded. Data collected included demographic details, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), BMI, and laboratory findings. Statistical analyses, including Pearson and Spearman correlations, Mann-Whitney U testand t test, and receiver operating characteristic analysis, were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The study, comprising 1016 men and 1137 women, revealed that 31.8% of adults were obese. Gender disparities were evident, with a higher prevalence of obesity observed in women: 76.5%, 68.8%, and 45.3% for classes 1, 2, and 3, respectively, compared to corresponding rates of 23.5%, 31.2%, and 54.7% in men. BMI significantly correlated with WHR. Despite the disparity between BMI and WHR between men and women, positive correlations were found between BMI and age (r=0.4) and serum uric acid (SUA) levels (r=0.5). The Mann-Whitney U test also demonstrated a significant association between BMI andfasting plasma glucose level, low-density lipoprotein(LDL), triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, platelet count, and lymphocyte count (all p values<0.005).Despite the poor correlation with BMI, SUAlevelsemerged as a potential obesity predictor, with a 4.1 mg/dl cutoff value, exhibiting 50% sensitivity and 34% specificity (p<0.001; area under the curve, or AUC, 0.67; 95% CI 0.65-0.70). There was no significant link between BMIandaspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, vitamin D, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine 4 levels. This study found significant associations between BMI and laboratory parameters, including serum uric acid, fasting glucose, LDL, triglycerides, and ALT. WHRwas also closely linked to BMI, with notable gender differences in body composition. These significant findings underscore the complex nature of obesity and highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations and biomarkers in research and management strategies that are crucial for understanding and addressing this global health crisis.

Re-emerging Chandipura vesiculovirus: A cause of concern for global health.

Chandipura vesiculovirus(CHPV) is an emerging neurotropic virus primarily affecting children and causing acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in India. The virus, transmitted mainly by sand flies, has led to multiple outbreaks with high mortality rates, particularly in rural and resource-limited settings. CHPV infection is characterized by rapid disease progression, with symptoms ranging from fever and seizures to coma and death, often within 24 to 48h of onset. The current management of CHPV is limited to supportive care due to the lack of specific antiviral therapies. Diagnosis relies on laboratory methods such as RT-PCR, serology, and immunofluorescence, though these face challenges due to the rapid progression of the disease and the need for timely sample collection and analysis. Prevention strategies are focused on vector control through insecticide use and public health interventions, including community education and early detection programs. Despite some progress in understanding CHPV, significant research gaps remain, particularly in developing effective antiviral treatments and vaccines, understanding transmission dynamics, and improving diagnostic capabilities. The potential for the virus to spread globally due to factors like climate change and increased human movement underscores the need for international collaboration in surveillance and response efforts. Strengthening public health infrastructure, enhancing vector control measures, and fostering global partnerships are crucial steps toward mitigating the impact of CHPV and preventing future outbreaks. Continued research and proactive public health strategies are essential to protect vulnerable populations and control the spread of this potentially deadly virus.

Selecting sites and telling stories: fieldwork practice and emerging narratives for the archaeology of HS2 Phase One

The interpretation of our investigations into the past, which can explore the chronological development of a site, the activities of its inhabitants or the environment in which they lived, culminate in the formation of archaeological narratives. These may take the form of a discussion in an archaeological report, a conference presentation or a story in the media. The narratives we develop as a result of archaeological fieldwork are directly influenced by the methodologies we employ. On a large-scale project such as HS2 Phase One, those methodologies can include a variety of survey and sampling strategies, culminating in the selection of specific locations for further investigation. The methodology and decision-making process has been influenced by the Specific Objectives as set out in the Historic Environment Research and Delivery Strategy (HERDS). The narratives produced will be generated for both academic historic environment audiences and the wider public, including local communities and school children. This paper will examine the types of narratives and stories that are produced for different audiences and consider which themes are chosen and the extent to which those are influenced by the research questions we have set out.

Comparative Analysis of ESG and Financial Performance Across Technology, Healthcare, and Consumer Goods Industries: A Study of Dominant Companies

This study delves into the comparative analysis of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors and financial performance across three distinct industries: Technology, Healthcare, and Consumer Goods. The research aims to understand the relationship between ESG integration and financial outcomes, examining dominant companies within each sector. In the technology sector, Apple Inc. exemplifies robust ESG practices, including renewable energy projects and sustainable material sourcing, which correlate with strong financial performance metrics. Johnson &amp; Johnson, representing the healthcare industry, demonstrates significant progress in healthcare access and environmental sustainability, reflecting positively on financial indicators. Procter &amp; Gamble (P&amp;G) in the consumer goods sector exhibits notable efforts in waste reduction and sustainable sourcing, contributing to market leadership and financial stability. While ESG integration appears to positively influence financial performance across these industries, the extent of alignment varies, suggesting the need for further research and sector-specific strategies. The findings underscore the importance of transparent ESG reporting and tailored strategies to drive long-term value creation and resilience in today's evolving business landscape.

Enhancing 5G energy efficiency through digital twin networks: A comprehensive review

AbstractIn the era of 5G, seamless mobility handovers are critical in densely populated regions like Malaysia to mitigate disruptions and inefficiencies. 5G networks offer unprecedented data speeds and reliability, essential for advancing mobile communication and Internet of Things applications. However, ensuring continuous connectivity and service during mobility remains challenging, especially in urban settings. Digital twin technology presents a promising solution to enhance 5G handover mechanisms. A digital twin network (DTN) mirroring Malaysia's 5G infrastructure is proposed, utilising real‐time data and user behaviour insights to optimise energy consumption during handovers. The focus is on energy‐efficient protocols and algorithms, reviewed through a systematic literature review. The DTN aims to enhance mobility handover efficiency through predictive handovers and adaptive resource allocation, bolstered by sustainable practices such as edge computing. The potential of DTNs to optimise 5G handover processes is explored, starting with the foundational concepts of 5G mobility and digital twins, highlighting the need for improved strategies in high‐mobility scenarios. Methodologies leveraging digital twins to predict network conditions, simulate handover scenarios, and proactively manage decisions are examined, reducing latency and packet loss. Case studies demonstrate how digital twins adapt dynamically to network changes and user mobility, thereby improving quality of service and user experience. Malaysia's specific 5G mobility challenges are addressed with a tailored DTN emphasising energy efficiency, evaluated through practical applications. Evaluation criteria assess effectiveness with in‐depth analysis of methods, performance metrics, limitations, and recommendations for future research. Challenges and future directions including scalability, security, and real‐time data processing, are discussed, aiming to integrate digital twin technology with 5G networks for enhanced connectivity. This abstract provides a roadmap for leveraging digital twins to optimise 5G network performance sustainably, guiding future research and implementation strategies.

Bacteriophages Against Bacterial Infections in Poultry Systems: A Scientometric Review.

Poultry production faces challenges from bacterial infections, aggravated by antibiotic resistance, affecting bird welfare and the industry's economy. Bacteriophages show promise as a solution, but their use in poultry systems is still limited. This study uses scientometric analysis to investigate the incidence of bacterial infections in poultry systems and bacteriophage application trends. The Web of Science database was used, and the articles were refined by searching for keywords that included the most rep orted bacteria in the different phases of poultry farming and the application of phages. The articles were analyzed using the CiteSpace and Excel software, allowing the evaluation of publication trends, influential countries, and correlations with antimicrobial resistance and the use of bacteriophages. Results highlight Escherichia coli prevalence in poultry systems and reveal a correlation between the number of publications and poultry productivity, with the United States and China leading both aspects. Findings offer insights into bacterial control gaps in poultry systems, underscoring the need for further research and practical strategies.

Panax notoginseng saponins and acetylsalicylic acid co-delivered liposomes for targeted treatment of ischemic stroke

In this study, we aimed to develop brain-targeted co-delivery liposomes for the concurrent delivery of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Within this system, PNS served as a cholesterol substitute, integrating into the phospholipid bilayer of the liposomes, while ASA was encapsulated internally. A poly-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC) polymer was synthesized and incorporated into the liposome surface. This formulation demonstrated an enhanced PNS-loading capacity and facilitated the synchronized delivery of key saponin components. Following PMPC modification, the liposomes exhibited prolonged circulation and improved transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) through acetylcholine receptor-mediated pathways. Furthermore, the co-delivery system exhibited enhanced therapeutic efficacy in a rat model of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase C pathway. Additional analyses revealed significant effects on the metabolism of neurotransmitters, amino acids, folate, and various other pathways, indicating a multi-faceted therapeutic effect. Overall, this study presents an innovative research strategy for the comprehensive delivery of diverse components in traditional Chinese medicine formulations, highlighting the potential for synergistic treatments that combine traditional Chinese medicine with chemical agents.

HODNOTENIE POROZUMENIA KONCEPTU FUNKCIE, JEJ ROZNYM REPREZENTACIAM A PREPOJENIAM MEDZI NIMI

In these times of change and constant development, it is important that pedagogical approaches reflect modern trends and the needs of students. In mathematics, the notion of function is one of the key concepts. Despite the fact that the concept of function starts to be built in primary school, even in secondary school many students show gaps in their understanding of the concept of function, its different representations and the links between them. Our research focuses on the application of inquiry-based teaching (IBT) in the learning of the concept and properties of functions. This paper describes the initial stage of research based on a design-based research strategy oriented towards the design and development of methodological materials for teaching functions. The second part of the paper consists of the evaluation of a test designed to assess the development of functional thinking of primary school students.

Implementation of ISPS Code Security Level 2 at the Time the Ship Entered the Pontianak Navy Line to Prevent Security Threats Load at KM. Meratus Benoa

This research aims to implement ISPS Code Security Level 2 when the ship enters the Pontianak shipping channel to prevent cargo security threats on KM. Meratus Benoa. The time used by researchers to conduct research for 11 months and 13 days, starting from March 11, 2023-24 February 2024. KM. Meratus Benoa is one type of container deck ship managed by PT Meratus Line. This research method uses qualitative methods using Phenomenological research strategies. This data source collection technique is obtained from direct observation, interviews with ship crews and several journals related to this research. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of ISPS Code Security Level 2 when the ship enters the Pontianak shipping channel to prevent cargo security threats on KM.Meratus Benoa, namely by, a) Involving various efforts and activities such as patrols, security drills and additional supervision. Crew awareness and external support are also factors that influence the effectiveness of ISPS Code Security Level 2 implementation. b) There are coordination and training efforts carried out by ship officers to improve crew preparedness in dealing with security threats. As for the efforts made to prevent cargo security threats on KM Meratus Benoa by a) Restricting access to the ship and inside the ship to prevent unauthorized access, adding bulkheads to the pilot ladder door to increase security, adding guard officers and optimal division of guard duties when the ship enters a high-risk port area. b) conducting annual security exercise trials on a regular basis.

Improving the Intervention Effect of Employees’ Job Satisfaction on Employees’ Job Engagement Through ODI: an Action Research Case Study of ICBC Bank Hunnan Branch

Background and Aim: This investigation explores the link between employee engagement and job satisfaction at ICBC Bank in China, using John Kotter's 8-step Change model for organizational development interventions (ODI). The study aims to identify and improve job engagement factors through an action-oriented approach. Data was collected from 33 employees at the ICBC Shenyang Hunnan Branch using a survey tool, analyzing variables such as managers' leadership styles, employee communication competence, job satisfaction, and employees’ job engagement. Materials and Methods: The mixed-method research strategy analyzed the differences in variables before and after the ODI phase using a paired sample t-test. The organization development intervention (ODI) activities included group dynamics, appreciative inquiry, coaching leadership, goal setting, and team building to modify leadership styles, motivation, and communication competence and influence employees' job satisfaction and engagement. Results: The post-ODI results indicated significant improvements in leadership styles, motivation, communication competence, and subsequently, job satisfaction and engagement among employees. "The researcher's recommendation promises to deliver significant results by implementing the ODI design in as many as 250 ICBC branches in Shenyang. This approach paves the way for a more efficient and streamlined banking operation to enhance employee satisfaction and engagement. Conclusion: Quantitative and qualitative results prove that the IVs are significantly related to the intervening variables. In other words, as the IVs improve, the intervening variable also improves. The study underscores the efficacy of targeted OD interventions in enhancing job satisfaction and engagement, offering a model for broader application within the banking sector

Regulation of tumor antigens-Dependent immunotherapy via the hybrid M1 macrophage/tumor lysates Hydrogel

Tumor treatment poses a significant obstacle in contemporary healthcare. Using components derived from a patient's own cellular and tissue materials to prepare hydrogels and other therapeutic systems has become a novel therapeutic approach, drawing considerable interest for their applicability in basic research on cancer immunotherapy. These hydrogels can engage with cellular components directly and offer a supportive scaffold, aiding in the normalization of tumor tissues. Additionally, their superior capability for encapsulating targeted anti-tumor medications amplifies treatment effectiveness. Given their origin from a patient's own cells, these hydrogels circumvent the risks of immune rejection by the body and severe side effects typically associated with foreign substance. In this study, we developed a composite hydrogel constructed by the cellular lysates of autologous tumor cells and M1 macrophages. This combination promoted the M2 macrophages polarization to the M1 phenotype. Subsequently, the polarized M1 macrophages infiltrated into the hydrogel and can directly capture tumor antigens. As antigen-presenting cells, M1 macrophages can stimulate the production of antigen-specific T cells to kill tumor cells. This work proposes a dual-benefit research strategy that not only polarizes M2 macrophages but also enhances immune activation, boosting T cell-mediated tumor-killing effects. This approach offers a new therapeutic option for clinical cancer immunotherapy.

Research Trends on MoTrPAC and Exercise Science Applications

PURPOSE: Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining human health and is widely recognized for its effectiveness in preventing and managing chronic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which exercise exerts its beneficial effects on the body remain unclear. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) is a collaborative research initiative that brings together multiple institutions and organizations to investigate the molecular mechanisms of exercise.METHODS: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the MoTrPAC, detailing its structure, research strategies, and methodologies. We reviewed the consortium’s primary research objectives, methodologies, key findings, and potential applications in exercise science. This analysis was conducted through a systematic review of online databases and search engines, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.RESULTS: The MoTrPAC uses animal models and human studies to explore the physiological effects of exercise on various tissues. Research by the consortium has demonstrated that different types and intensities of exercise induce specific gene expression changes, activate diverse metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid oxidation, glucose metabolism, and protein synthesis, and restructure protein interaction networks in muscle tissue. These studies have identified novel biomarkers that can be used to assess the molecular effects of exercise.CONCLUSIONS: MoTrPAC significantly advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise. The consortium’s findings have the potential to inform the development of personalized exercise prescriptions and health management strategies. Future research should include more diverse populations and investigate the long-term effects of exercise to enhance our understanding of the profound impact of physical activity on human health.

Molecular Variability in Levodopa Absorption and Clinical Implications for the Management of Parkinson's Disease.

Levodopa is the most widely used medication for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease and, despite being an "old" drug, is still considered the gold standard for offering symptomatic relief. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of levodopa have been studied extensively. Our review explores the molecular mechanisms that affect the absorption of this drug, focusing on the large intra- and interindividual variability of absorption that is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice, and on the interaction with other medications. In addition, we will explore the clinical implications of levodopa absorption variability and address current and future strategies for researchers and clinicians.