Development Of Research Infrastructure Research Articles

Building the Research Infrastructure module in the Ukrainian Research Information System (URIS)

In recent years, Ukraine has made significant progress in developing open science practices to ensure open access to research infrastructure. In 2019, in accordance with the program "On Approval of the Concept of the State Targeted Program for the Development of Research Infrastructures in Ukraine for the Period up to 2026" [1], the effectiveness of the program implementation is ensured by attracting targeted investments to increase the competitiveness of research infrastructures, coordinating their operation, collecting and analyzing data on such infrastructures, implementing the provisions of international legislation in the relevant field into national legislation to ensure the implementation of the Agreement on the Association of Research Infrastructures. In 2020, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine published the National Research Infrastructure Roadmap, which outlines the strategic priorities for the development of research infrastructure in the country. The Roadmap included plans to create new research facilities, modernize existing infrastructure, and develop human capital in research. In 2021, the Government of Ukraine approved the Concept of the State Targeted Program for the Development of Research Infrastructures in Ukraine for the period of 2022-2026 [1]. The program aims to modernize the research infrastructure in Ukraine and support the development of innovative research [1]. The program is a significant step forward for the research infrastructure in Ukraine and has the potential to improve research capacity and stimulate innovation in the country. In 2022, the Government of Ukraine adopted the National Plan for Open Science, covering the period from 2023 to 2030. The aim of the plan was to bring Ukraine's research practices in line with the EU's open science policy [2]. The development of research infrastructure in Ukraine has been a priority for the government in recent years, as the country seeks to modernize its scientific potential and support innovation.

European Research Infrastructure Consortium: The Organizational and Legal Form of Research Infrastructures in the European Union

Problems setting. The scientific work is devoted to the legal form of research infrastructures in the European Union the European Research Infrastructure Consortium. The ERIC Regulation facilitates the quicker establishment of European Research Infrastructures by saving time in avoiding the repetition of negotiations, project by project, to analyse and discuss the best legal form for such international research organisations, with related advantages and disadvantages and the time saved in avoiding discussions in each national parliament related to the approval of a needed international agreement in case the ERIC Regulation would not have existed. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issue of the functioning of research infrastructures in the EU in the form of ERIC has been relevant in European scientific literature for the last decade. In particular, it is worth noting studies by Maria Moskovko, Arnljotur Astvaldsson and Olof Hallonsten, Carlo Rizzutto. In Ukraine, some issues of legal regulation and information support of research infrastructures were studied by Golovashchenko O.S., Lyubchych A.M., Mamayev I.O. There are no thorough studies of the legal status of research infrastructures in the national jurisprudence, which is due to the novelty of this topic in the law of Ukraine. Target of the research is to provide an overview of the dominant legal form of functioning of research infrastructures in the European Union, the history of its implementation, legal regulation, features of activity. Article’s main body. The European Research Infrastructure Consortium is a legal entity established by a decision of the European Commission. It has legal personality and full legal capacity recognized in all EU Member States. The internal structure of the European Research Infrastructures Consortium is defined in the statute by its founding countries. The ERIC legal framework can be used for new or existing research infrastructures, locally located or distributed research infrastructures. The European Research Infrastructures Consortium has been granted the status of an international organization within the EU legal system, but it is not an international organization according to the international law, as the decision to establish ERIC is taken by the European Commission. Much attention is paid to the EU legal framework that allowed the introduction of the European Research Infrastructure Consortium – Council Regulation (EC) No 723/2009 on the Community legal framework for the European Research Infrastructures Consortium. The article specifies the law that applies to the European Research Infrastructures Consortium. The activities of the European Research Infrastructures Consortium are governed by EU law, additionally by the national law of the Member State where it’s located, and the statute, internal documents of ERIC. The legislation of the host state is to be applied in resolving issues related to the implementation of the statutory tasks of ERIC. Conclusions and prospects for development. The implementation of the legal framework of the European Research Infrastructure Consortium has resulted in removing legislative obstacles that hindered the development of cooperation of EU Member States with partners from other countries in the field of science. It has also led to the establishment a common European legal framework for scientific activities and thus has resulted in the development of the European Research Area. Despite the fact that more than ten years have passed since the implementation of the legal regulation of the functioning of research infrastructures in the form of ERIC, it is still in its infancy and questions arise in the process of its application. However, the rapid establishment of research infrastructures in the form of ERIC shows that it is effective for the development of research infrastructures in Europe and the establishment of the European Research Area.

Boosting Innovation in India: A Policy Framework

Boosting Innovation in India: A Policy Framework

Pengaruh Temperatur Pemanasan dan Pendinginan Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Pada Proses Annealing Baja AISI410 Setelah Pengerasan

Stainless steel has good mechanical properties compared to other materials for strength and hardness, usually will experience an increase in hardness after hardening. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about: Value of hardness and strength Impact of martensitic stainless steel annealed with variations in temperature and cooling. The research method used is an experimental method, namely by annealing martensitic stainless steel with variations in temperature and cooling rate. The results were tested for Impact and hardness using the Rockwell C (HRC) method with the category of Research Infrastructure development and science and technology in the field of Mechanical Engineering. The research results are expected to be used as an alternative to improve the mechanical properties of materials, especially in the annealing process. The level of technological readiness to be achieved: 2, because in this study a model is made to test the truth of the basic principle that the hardness level of martensitic steel in annealing is influenced by varying temperatures and cooling.

Development of the Road Map of Research Infrastructures: Experience of Switzerland

Problem setting. The research is devoted to the analysis of legal support and the practice of developing and adopting a road map of research infrastructures, based on the analysis of the experience of the Swiss Confederation. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Today, aspects of the development of innovation systems and research infrastructures of the European Union are a topic for research of many domestic researchers. At the same time, the analysis of the development of Roadmaps of research infrastructures of other countries, in particular, Switzerland remains relevant. Target of the research is to analyze the development of the Roadmap of research infrastructures of the Swiss Confederation. Article’s main body. Research infrastructures means a research facility necessary for conducting comprehensive research and development with high financial and technology demands, approved by the Government and established to be also used by other research organizations. Research Infrastructures are facilities, resources and services, including: major scientific equipment (or sets of instruments); knowledge-based resources such as collections, archives and scientific data; e-infrastructures, such as data and computing systems and communication networks. The Swiss Roadmap for Research Infrastructures is a planning tool for research infrastructures. SERI produces the Swiss Roadmap for Research Infrastructures every four years. At Swiss level, the 2023 Roadmap will present the new national infrastructure projects that Swiss cantonal universities and research institutes within the ETH Domain intend to build between 2025 and 2028. In addition, the report will include information on the status of the national infrastructure projects covered in the 2015 and 2019 editions. At international level, the 2023 Roadmap will show the international infrastructures that Switzerland is already involved in and which new participations are planned. Only projects that have successfully passed all three selection and review phases will appear on the Swiss Roadmap. The aim of this process is to select priority infrastructure projects. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The innovative development and the Roadmap of Swiss research infrastructures should be of significant interest to the Ukrainian scientific community. At the same time, an important step for Ukraine was the approval by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Concept of the State Targeted Program for the Development of Research Infrastructures in Ukraine for the period until 2026, as well as the approval of the Roadmap for the integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine into the European Research Area.

Biological collections as an element of research infrastructure

The article analyzes the issue of legal regulation of biological collections as an object of research infrastructure. The problems associated with the fixation and delimitation of organizational and legal form of subdivisions of scientific organizations, depending on the functions performed, are also considered. On the basis of analysis of doctrinal provisions the classification of collections is proposed.A comparative analysis of the draft law “On scientific and scientific-technical activity” and normative legal acts regulating the development of research infrastructure in the European Union has been carried out. The necessity of allocating biological resources centers as a separate infrastructure object is explained.

Legal Basis for the Development of the Research Infrastructure System in Ukraine

Problem setting. The research is devoted to the analysis of the development of research infrastructures of the European Union. The article analyzes the legal basis and practice of the functioning of research infrastructures in the European Research Area and Ukraine. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Today, aspects of the development of innovation systems and research infrastructures of the European Union are a topic for research of many domestic researchers. However, the issue of integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine into the European Research Area remains urgent. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal basis for the creation and functioning of the system of research infrastructures in Ukraine. Аrticle’s main body. Research infrastructures means a research facility necessary for conducting comprehensive research and development with high financial and technology demands, approved by the Government and established to be also used by other research organizations. ‘Research Infrastructure’ means facilities, resources and related services that are used by the scientific community to conduct top-level research in their respective fields and covers major scientific equipment or sets of instruments; knowledgebased resources such as collections, archives or structures for scientific information; enabling Information and Communications Technology-based infrastructures such as Grid, computing, software and communication, or any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieve excellence in research. Such infrastructures may be ‘single-sited’ or ‘distributed’ (an organised network of resources). In 2021, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine approved the Roadmap for the integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine into the European research area. The priority is to increase the effectiveness of the national innovation system, with the aim of harmonizing policy in the field of scientific, scientific and technical and innovative activities in accordance with EU standards and norms, forming a comprehensive approach to the assessment of the quality of scientific and scientific and technical activities, sustainable funding of R&D for the development of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In recent years, the research infrastructure of the EU has undergone significant development. As for Ukraine, which is just beginning its path in this direction, an important step was the adoption of the Concept of the State Target Program for Research Infrastructures in Ukraine until 2026, as well as the approval of the Roadmap for integration of Ukraine’s research and innovation system into the European Research Area.

Improving Research Infrastructure in Indonesia through Public Private Partnership (PPP)

The government continues to boost infrastructure development through different financing schemes, such as Public Private Partnership (PPP). The private sector is encouraged to participate in infrastructure development under this strategy, indirectly reducing the government's burden. National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), formerly known as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), as a government organization engaged in research, has chosen the PPP scheme for the Management and Development of the National Research Vessel Fleet to strengthen the capacity of the research infrastructure. This paper was written as a descriptive qualitative investigation using the literature study approach and relevant policy/regulatory literature. Also explains the need for research infrastructure, in this case, research vessels in Indonesia and provides an overview of the revenue potential and risk analysis in PPP projects. The result of this paper also provides an overview of BRIN's PPP implementation process. It can address issues such as whether the PPP scheme for research infrastructure development is of the PPP character, where the process is purely business-managed, how risk sharing is carried out in the PPP and how BRIN implements PPPs.

Topical issues of information support of research infrastructures

Problem setting. The construction of an innovation society and ensuring the competitiveness of domestic science depends largely on the effective activity of research infrastructures. In turn, research infrastructures depend on their information support, as information is one of the most valuable resources in the modern world. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Innovative infrastructures were investigated in the works of such domestic scientists as S. V. Hlibko, I. V. Podrez-Riapolova and others. Research infrastructure was considered by N. M. Vnukova, O. V. Holovashchenko, V. P. Kokhan. H. P. Klimova investigated the issue of knowledge transfer in innovative infrastructures. Among the foreign scientists who have studied research infrastructure, you can mention M. Stührenberg, O. Schonefeld, A. Witt, F. Giladi and others. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to identify legal and organizational obstacles that interfere with the rational use of data, as well as to determine the means of eliminating them for establishing effective information support of research infrastructures. Article’s main body. Effective activity of research infrastructures is possible solely if their information support is available. In turn, obtaining access to information and its circulation are faced with a number of legal and organizational problems. Legal problems include: 1) copyright issues that are quite inconsistent in different countries and requires special approaches; 2) issues of protection of personal data; 3) issues of behavior of Internet giants; 4) issues of international scientific cooperation under a single agreed legislation. Organizational problems include: 1) the issue of irrational use of data through their localization, stagnation and «dying» in one place; 2) issues of implementation of fair-principles of data management; 3) questions of standardization of data for the machine processing; 4) issues of construction of centralized data infrastructure. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Researchers who work with personal data of EU citizens should pay attention to the peculiarities of protection of personal data defined by General Data Protection Regulation, Regulation No. 1725/2018 and other acts. The specifics of copyright rules at the level of individual national legislation should also be taken into account. One of the significant obstacles to the free receipt of large and useful arrays of information is the behavior of Internet giants, which complicate its free circulation on the basis of “protection of personal data”. In connection with this domestic legislators, it is advisable to draw a clear boundary between «personal», «non -personal», «mixed», «anonymized» and «pseudonymized» data. For more efficient development of national research infrastructures, Ukraine should increase international cooperation, in particular on ERIC projects and integration into the European Research Area. In order to prevent irrational use of information, it is necessary to promote FAIR-principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) of data management and pay attention to the standardization of scientific data for their processing machine. It is advisable to build a centralized data infrastructure, which will be able to ensure the practical execution of these condemnations and rationalizes the accumulation and circulation of data.

Dignified working conditions for scientists – on e of the priority directions of state policy in the field of science

Problem setting. The transition to an innovative model of economic development of the country is impossible without creating conditions for safe, high-quality, efficient work with decent pay in various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the realization of human potential. The development of the latter is decisive for the further fate of the economic, political, social, spiritual spheres of life in Ukraine and the creation of conditions for its transition to an innovative model of the state system. The implementation of the Concept of Decent Work at all levels is a complex mechanism for solving the accumulated problems in the social and labor sphere of the country. Today, this is especially true of the scientific field related to intellectual activity. Target of research. Research of problematic issues of legal regulation of relations in the scientific sphere on decent working conditions for scientists and identification of ways to solve them. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issue of decent work in Ukraine is to some extent covered in the scientific works of such scientists as LP Amelicheva, AV Vasylyk, L. Yu. Velychko, OO Gerasimenko, OD Gostyuk, O V. Zhadan, VV Zhernakov, Yu. Ivchuk, AM Kolot, TA Kolyada, SG Rudakova and others. At the same time, to date, there are no relevant comprehensive studies in the available scientific literature to ensure decent work of such subjects of labor law as scientists, as well as the legal mechanism for appropriate provision. Article’s main body. According to the Concept of the State Target Program for the Development of Research Infrastructures in Ukraine for the period up to 2026, approved by the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of April 14, 2021 № 322-r. One of the problems that needs to be solved is the unsatisfactory condition of the material and technical base of research infrastructures, the lack of decent working conditions for scientists and comfortable premises for their work. The scientific potential of human resources in Ukraine is high enough for research. At the same time, with the low level of material and technical base of scientific institutions and higher education institutions, the number of researchers in Ukraine has almost halved in recent years. The most active, creative scientists continue to leave the scientific sphere. Although scientific personnel and knowledge are fundamental factors in the sustainable development of scientific and technical potential of the state. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is noted that the existence of the problems considered in the article is due not only to insufficient funding for science, although, of course, the economic factor is one of the main, but also imperfect legislation, lack of research infrastructure, lack of career opportunities, weak interaction with business, lack of government policies aimed at supporting the promotion of science and a number of other factors, which leads to the fact that scientists are forced to either go abroad to work or leave science altogether. The expediency of developing a strategy and program to overcome the problems of decent work in the scientific field is indicated. In particular, it is proposed to develop and approve the Concept of implementation of criteria of decent work in the scientific sphere, which will promote the formation of an ideological “human-centric prism”, through which all processes to improve what is happening today. Its main tasks should be: to determine the most important principles and strategic directions of the legal mechanism for ensuring decent work of Ukrainian scientists; improving the legislation in terms of creating and ensuring the functioning of the legal mechanism to ensure decent work of scientists in Ukraine; prevention of negative socioeconomic consequences related to the functioning of the legal mechanism for ensuring decent work of Ukrainian scientists.

Some aspects of establishment and development of research infrastructures and the subjects of scientific and scientific and technical activity

The article is devoted to the study of certain issues of research infrastructures. The peculiarities of European research infrastructures and general provisions of research infrastructure subjects are analyzed. It is determined that the introduction of the new paradigm Open Innovation, Open Science, Openness to the World allows Ukraine to participate in open European innovation ecosystems both to address common global challenges and to participate in the value chain in high-tech Digital Single Market industries. The article reviews some organizational and legal forms of research infrastructures, including in the form of the European Consortium for Research Infrastructures (ERIC), where our country can directly participate. It is noted that the scientific community is a direct participant in research infrastructures and therefore the quality of subjects of research and scientific and technical activities is one of the key factors in their performance. Emphasis is placed on the high level of scientific potential of human resources in Ukraine, which makes it possible to conduct research at the global level. In addition, it is necessary to create conditions for attracting business cooperation that would be economically interested in conducting innovative research in order to further implement these developments in the real sector of the economy. Negative factors, including military actions on the territory of Ukraine, and their potential consequences for the research infrastructure and scientific community of the state are considered. It is concluded that although reforms have been initiated, their pace and implementation process are slow, so there is a danger of losing some of their scientific and technological potential and opportunities for science that they open. The range of problems that need to be solved in the process of formation and development of research infrastructures is identified and ways of solving are suggested.

Sustainable Livestock Production in Nepal: A Focus on Animal Nutrition Strategies

In many developing countries, the livestock sector plays a vital role in the national economy, providing a source of food, income, and employment. With changes in demographical, socio-economic, and environmental status, the livestock sector in the developing world is facing challenges of low productivity and has become both a culprit and a victim of undesirable climate change impacts globally. In this paper, we will review the status of Nepalese livestock production systems and evaluate possible livestock species-specific strategies to promote a more productive and sustainable livestock sector in the future. In Nepal, the livestock sector is deemed essential to alleviate poverty and improve the nutritional status of the population, as in many other developing countries. However, there is a need for substantial improvements in livestock productivity, in particular improvement of feeding strategies to exploit the genetic potential of livestock. For ruminants, the important issue is to improve nutritional value and hence utilization of existing feedstuffs. Use of, e.g., urea, molasses, and enzymes to improve feed digestibility and implementation of technologies to effectively preserve biomass from forages that are only seasonally available are necessary strategic measures. Identification and use of novel anti-methanogenic feed ingredients will be crucial to develop a ruminant livestock sector that is not only productive, but also environmentally sustainable. For monogastric animals, the development and use of novel protein feed ingredients, such as insects raised on indigestible (for monogastrics) plant residues, should become part of future feeding strategies in support of a circular bioeconomy and improved productivity, not least in small scale poultry production. Future policies should also include a strong focus on capacity building and development of research infrastructure, and promotion of collaborative activities among research and industry sectors to establish a productive yet sustainable livestock sector in Nepal.

Data-Driven Approaches to Maximize the Impact of Pediatric Clinical Trials.

Data-Driven Approaches to Maximize the Impact of Pediatric Clinical Trials.

Trends of the latest phase of science and scientific research development in Ukraine

Methods. The results are obtained through the use of methods of analysis – when studying basic theoretical, methodological approaches to the emergence of science and understanding of it as a concept; abstraction – in determining the essential features of scientific research; generalization – in determining the European trends in the development of e-science and the latest achievements of Ukraine in this direction. Results. It is proved that the rapid development of scientific processes, modernization of science as a concept in general, the ability to predict and analyse events lay the groundwork for further development of organizational processes of scientific research. It is pointed out that in the process of evolutionary transformations, the views on the origin of science and approaches to understanding this concept have changed. It is emphasized that the development of science is in direct relationship to the development of scientific research, whereas socio-economic, political, and cultural development is impossible without their active implementation. It is substantiated that in the course of historical development, there takes place the transformation of a traditional society into an information society, in which the information infrastructure is formed. Under the influence of a rapid increase in the amount of information, its socio-economic significance, drastic changes are taking place, in particular in scientific and scientific-practical activities. Science acquires new significance and is considered in its dynamics, movement, and development. The latest phase of science development has been supplemented and characterized. It is noted that the issues of e-science and Ukrainian e-infrastructures remain relevant and unresolved, as the overall problem is the lack of a unified state policy in Ukraine regarding e-science and Ukrainian e-infrastructures. The necessity of specifying the newest phase of science development is stressed, as well as systematization and structuring of the basic European trends and achievements of Ukraine in developing e-science and e-infrastructures. Novelty. The basic approaches and views on the emergence of science, which are reflected in modern scientific publications, have been improved. A structural management system of EOSC is offered taking into account achievements of domestic scientists and researchers. Practical value. The authors systematize the European trends in the development of e-science and the latest achievements of Ukraine in this direction. E-infrastructures in Ukraine are visualized according to the Concept of development of Ukrainian research infrastructures.

An open chat with… Laszlo Nagy.

Laszlo Nagy has been on the Editorial Board of FEBS Open Bio since the journal’s inception and is a passionate supporter of FEBS Press and other society journals. Currently, he is also an editor of FEBS Letters and The Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI). He studied medicine at the University Medical School of Debrecen in Hungary, where he graduated with an M.D. and later Ph.D., and then moved to the United States to conduct postdoctoral research at the University of Texas–Houston and subsequently the Salk Institute in San Diego. Laszlo is a Professor of Medicine and Biological Chemistry at John Hopkins School of Medicine, where he is Co‐Director of the Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research and Associate Director of the Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, and Adjunct Professor at the University of Debrecen. Formerly, he was a Professor and Founding Director of the Genomic Control of Metabolism Program at the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute. He is also a member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO), Academia Europaea, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and The Henry Kunkel Society, and recipient of several awards, including the Boehringer Ingelheim Research Award, Cheryl Whitlock/Pathology Prize, a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences, and three Howard Hughes Medical Institute International Research Scholar Awards. In this fascinating interview, Laszlo Nagy shares the advice that changed his career trajectory, relates his views on scientific publishing, discusses new developments at The Johns Hopkins Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, and outlines the prospects for future development of research and technology infrastructures in eastern Europe.

Observations of Pole-to-Pole, Stratosphere-to-Ionosphere Connection

The behavior of the Earth’s middle atmosphere and ionosphere is governed by multiple processes resulting not only from downward energy transfer from the Sun and magnetosphere but also upward energy transfer from terrestrial weather. Understanding the relative importance of mechanisms beyond solar and geomagnetic activity is essential for progress in multi-day predictions of the Earth’s atmosphere-ionosphere system. The recent development of research infrastructure, particularly in Antarctica, allows the observation of new ionospheric features. Here we show for the first time that large disturbances observed in the Arctic winter polar stratosphere (20–50 km above ground and at 60–90°N) during a sudden stratospheric warming event are communicated across the globe and cause large disturbances in the summertime ionospheric plasma over Antarctica (60–90°S). Ionospheric anomalies reach ∼100% of the background level and are observed for multiple days. We suggest several possible terrestrial mechanisms that could contribute to the formation of upper atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies in the southern hemisphere.

ERANET JTC 2011: Submission and Activation of an International Academic Translational Project in Advanced Breast Cancer. Experience From the ET-FES Study.

Background: Academic research is important to face unmet medical needs. The Oncological community encounters many hurdles in setting up multicenter investigator-driven trials mainly due to administrative complexity. The purpose of a network organization at a multinational level is to facilitate clinical trials through standardization, coordination, and education for drug development and regulatory approval.Methods: The application of an European grant foresees the creation of a consortium which aims at facilitating multi-center academic clinical trials.Results: The ERA-NET TRANSCAN Call 2011 on “Validation of biomarkers for personalized cancer medicine” was released on December 2011. This project included Italian, Spanish, French and German centers. The approval process included Consortium constitution, project submission, Clinical Trial Submission, and activation on a national level. The different timescales for submitting study documents in each Country and the misalignment of objections by each Competent Authority CA, generated several requests for changes to the study documents which meant amendments had to be made; as requested by the 2001/20/EC Directive, the alignment of core documents is mandatory. This procedure impacted significantly on study activation timelines. Time to first patient in was 14, 10, 28, and 31 months from the date of submission in Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, respectively. Accrual was stopped on 22nd January 2021 due to an 18F FES shortage as the primary reason but also for having exceeded the project deadlines with consequent exhaustion of the funds allocated for the project.Conclusions: Pharmaceutical companies might be reluctant to fund research projects aimed at treatment individualization if the approval for a wider indication has already been achieved. Academic trials therefore become fundamental for promoting trials which are not attractive to big pharma. It was very difficult and time consuming to activate an academic clinical trial, for this reason, a study may become “old” as new drugs entered into the market. National institutions should promote the development of clinical research infrastructures and network with competence in regulatory, ethical, and legal skills to speed up academic research.

Open Access, Open Science, Open Data: How it Was and Where We are Going

Open Access to scientific information, transparency of research processes and data is one of the most important conditions for the progress of science and scientific communication, the basis of international collaboration of researchers globally. The COVID-19 global pandemic has once again highlighted the need for open, efficient and equal access to scientific information for researchers, regardless of geographical, gender or any other constraints, promoting the exchange of scientific knowledge and data, scientific cooperation and scientific decision-making, knowledge and open data. The Internet has radically changed scientific communication, particularly on the model of peer-reviewed scientific journals and the way readers find and access the scientific information. Digital access is now the norm, thanks to the Open Access model. Although 20 years have passed since the announcement of the Budapest Open Access Initiative, and despite many achievements and advantages, there are still obstacles to the implementation of this model, there is some resistance from commercial publishers and other providers, and discussions continue in the academia world. The Open Access model is already supported by various strategies, policies, platforms, applications but is not yet established. Various business models for scientific journals are still being tested, a culture of preprints is being formed, and discussions are underway on the ethics of scientific publications, intellectual property, the need to finance the dissemination of research results, and so on. Various platforms and applications are being developed to help researchers “discover” research results. Nevertheless, this is not enough: it is important to “discover” not only the results but also the research data, allowing them be used for further research in the global world. Thus, the concepts and practices of Open Science, Open Data, development of research infrastructures, etc., are developing quite rapidly. The article considers the main stages of this 20-year path and outlines the main components and trends of the current stage. Emphasis is placed on the need to form a culture of Open Science and create incentives for its implementation, promoting innovative methods of Open Science at different stages of the scientific process, the needs of European integration of Ukrainian e-infrastructure development, the need for socio-cultural and technological change. The main international and domestic practices and projects in Open Access and Open Science, particularly the National Repository of Academic Texts and the National Plan of Open Science draft, are considered. The role of libraries and librarians in implementing the principles of Open Access and Open Science is emphasized.

Development of research infrastructure in the condition of globalization: the experience of the Czech Republic

Problem setting. The research is devoted to the analysis of the development of research infrastructures of the European Union based on the experience of the Czech Republic. The article analyzes the legal basis and practice of the functioning of research infrastructures in the European Research Area, considers the typology of large research infrastructures. The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of research infrastructures in the EU, in particular, on the example of the Czech Republic. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Today, aspects of the development of innovation systems and research infrastructures of the European Union are a topic for research of many domestic scientists. However, the issue of integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine into the European Research Area remains urgent. Article's main body. Research infrastructures means a research facility necessary for conducting comprehensive research and development with high financial and technology demands, approved by the Government and established to be also used by other research organizations. The Czech Republic has responded to the increasing importance of research infrastructures and for the purpose of showing them as one of the key elements of the national research and innovation system. The Act on the Support of Research and Development is the principal document defining the support for R&D in the Czech Republic. It defines the key forms of financing research and development, the main governmental bodies responsible for R&D and the procedural steps for their assignment and use of this type of financial aid. According to the Roadmap of Large Research Infrastructures of the Czech Republic, the basic typology of research infrastructures divides facilities into three groups: single-sited research infrastructures situated in one place, distributed research infrastructures including a larger number of capacities situated in different places, and virtual research infrastructures. From the perspective of life cycle stages, research infrastructures are classified into research infrastructures in the preparatory phase, implementation/construction phase, operation phase and decommissioning phase. All of the above types of research infrastructures can also be found in the research and innovation system of the Czech Republic. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In recent years, the research infrastructure of the EU has undergone significant development, as evidenced by the example of the Czech Republic. As for Ukraine, which is just beginning its path in this direction, an important step was the adoption of the Concept of the State Target Program for Research Infrastructures in Ukraine until 2026, as well as the approval of the Roadmap for integration of Ukraine's research and innovation system into the European Research Area.

Experimental techniques in the wind tunnel of naval architecture faculty

The implementation of innovative solutions in the field of shipbuilding requires the continuous development of research infrastructure. The hydro-aerodynamic problems of fluid flow around the hulls can be solved with numerical and/or experimental techniques. In any case, the validation of the numerical solutions is performed in specialized hydro-aerodynamic laboratories by means of the experimental model tests. In this context, a wind tunnel was developed at the Naval Architecture Faculty of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, in order to measure the aerodynamic forces and moments or the speed and pressure distribution on the hull, generated by the wind action. This paper presents the most important types of problems that can be experimentally approached in the aerodynamic tunnel and the specific experimental equipments. The wind tunnel development was financed from the university funds.