Physics Research Research Articles

Pattern recognition and signal parameters extraction using machine learning methods

Machine learning methods can be used for signal processing in different cases of physics research. A convolutional neural network was developed for the task of pulse counting in particle detectors for high energy physics. For the extraction of signal parameters was used a network with convolutional autoencoder architecture and a subsequent result reconstruction algorithm was developed and applied. A convolutional neural network was also developed for seismic studies with the task of identifying different events in seismograms. All of the algorithms with their architecture, input and output are presented and discussed.

The Fibre Resolved OpticAl and Near-Ultraviolet Czerny–Turner Imaging Spectropolarimeter (francis)

The solar physics community is entering a golden era that is ripe with next-generation ground- and space-based facilities, advanced spectral inversion techniques, and realistic simulations that are becoming more computationally streamlined and efficient. With ever-increasing resolving power stemming from the newest observational telescopes, it becomes more challenging to obtain (near-)simultaneous measurements at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions, while operating at the diffraction limit of these new facilities. Hence, in recent years there has been increased interest in the capabilities integral field units (IFUs) offer towards obtaining the trifecta of high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions contemporaneously. To date, IFUs developed for solar physics research have focused on mid-optical and infrared measurements. Here, we present an IFU prototype that has been designed for operation within the near-ultraviolet to mid-optical wavelength range, which enables key spectral lines (e.g., Ca ii H/K, Hβ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\beta $\\end{document}, Sr ii, Na i D1/D2, etc.) to be studied, hence providing additional spectral coverage to the instrument suites developed to date. The IFU was constructed as a low-budget proof-of-concept for the upcoming 2 m\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$2\ ext{ m}$\\end{document} class Indian National Large Solar Telescope and employs circular cross-section fibres to guide light into a Czerny–Turner configuration spectrograph, with the resulting spectra captured using a high quantum efficiency scientific CMOS camera. Mapping of each input fibre allows for the reconstruction of two-dimensional spectral images, with frame rates exceeding 20 s−1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$20\ ext{ s}^{-1}$\\end{document} possible while operating in a non-polarimetric configuration. Initial commissioning of the instrument was performed at the Dunn Solar Telescope, USA, during August 2022. The science verification data presented here highlights the suitability of fibre-fed IFUs operating at near-ultraviolet wavelengths for solar physics research. Importantly, the successful demonstration of this type of instrument paves the way for further technological developments to make a future variant suitable for upcoming ground-based and space-borne telescope facilities.

人骨 出土 事例로 본 中古期 新羅古墳 追加葬의 再認識

Multiple bodies were buried in stone chamber tombs with old-style horizontal entrances that were designed to accommodate additional burials. The number of additional burials and time span between themcan be determined through physical research. However, the scarcity of cases where human bones were excavated has hindered the restoration of detailed aspects of these burials. Nevertheless, we focused on the possibility of restoration by studying the exposure of human bones in existing data. Prior to this, we organized the terminology related to additional burials and proceeded to analyze ancient tombs discovered in areas that date back tothe middle ancient period of Silla, where human bones from more than one individual were found. As a result, we categorized the bones into four types based on their exposure.
 The above data highlights several issues regarding additional burials. Firstly, it is observed that the number of buried bodies does not directly correspond to the number of thalami. Additionally, we propose the possibility of a facility specifically designed for burying bones collected from an individual’s remains. It is equally plausible that altars for burying remains or funeral altars were constructed for the purpose of interring the gathered bones. Furthermore, we have also confirmed that the types of tombs prepared prior to death were likewise utilized for additional burials. Our conclusions suggest that these phenomena emergedfrom the re-dissemination of Silla’s central regulations and perspectives on horizontal entrance tombs and funeral ceremonies in rural areas sincethe sixth century, along with the corresponding pressure to adopt these burial practices.

A Review on the Transition and Inner Transition Metallic Soaps

Abstract: A review of the metallic soaps, preparation, mechanism, and their physicochemical properties in solid state as well as in solution. The properties of metallic soaps, including their state, stability, reactivity, volatility, and solubility in common solvents, are key factors that determine their potential applications and uses. The suitability of metallic soaps for specific purposes depends on their ability to meet the necessary physical requirements for a given application, such as their ability to remain stable under certain conditions or their solubility in specific solvents. By understanding these physical characteristics, researchers and industry professionals can determine the most effective ways to utilize metallic soaps in a variety of applications, from cosmetics to pharmaceuticals to industrial processes. This review highlights the diverse range of circumstances in which metallic soaps can be formed. These situations may involve composite objects made up of various materials containing fatty acids such as leather, and wood, in the presence of metals, metal alloys, or pigments. The formation of these metal soaps can occur in a variety of situations, which are explored in this collection.

Solar Radio Burst Detection Based on the MobileViT-SSDLite Lightweight Model

Real-time detection of solar radio bursts is crucial in solar physics research and space weather forecasting. However, current research on the automatic detection of solar radio bursts is limited to identifying the presence or absence of solar radio bursts or recognizing only a single type of burst, such as type II or III. Furthermore, existing methods cannot learn spectral and temporal features and often suffer from the drawbacks of large network models, resulting in slow speeds. This paper proposes an automatic recognition and localization method based on a lightweight object detection model for solar radio burst events. We collected observation data from e-CALLISTO and established a data set containing type II, III, IV, and V solar radio bursts. To address the real-time requirements of practical applications and consider the temporal and frequency domain information of spectrogram images, we improved a vision transformer with a self-attention mechanism and adopted a lightweight model for detection. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves an average precision at a 50% intersection-over-union threshold of 78.2% and a recall rate of 92% on the established solar radio burst data set. Additionally, the model operates at a detection speed of 54.8 frames s–1, where a frame refers to a spectral image with a duration of 15 minutes, enabling efficient automated detection and localization of type II, III, IV, and V solar radio bursts.

Varieties of approaches to constructing physical climate storylines: A review

AbstractThe physical climate storyline (PCS) approach is increasingly recognized by the physical climate research community as a tool to produce and communicate decision‐relevant climate risk information. While PCS is generally understood as a single concept, different varieties of the approach are applied according to the aims and purposes of the PCS and the scientists that build them. To unpack this diversity of detail, this article gives an overview of key practices and assumptions of the PCS approach as developed by physical climate scientists, as well as their ties to similar approaches developed by the broader climate risk and adaptation research community. We first examine varieties of PCSs according to the length of the causal chain they explore, and the type of evidence used. We then describe how they incorporate counterfactual elements and the temporal perspective. Finally, we examine how value judgments are implicitly or explicitly included in the aims and construction of PCSs. We conclude the discussion by suggesting that the PCS approach can further mature in the way it incorporates the narrative element, in the way it incorporates value judgments, and in the way that the evidence chosen to build PCSs constrains what is considered plausible.This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Scenario Development and Application Climate, History, Society, Culture > Technological Aspects and Ideas Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change

Solar active region magnetogram image dataset for studies of space weather

In this dataset we provide a comprehensive collection of line-of-sight (LOS) solar photospheric magnetograms (images quantifying the strength of the photospheric magnetic field) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The dataset incorporates data from three sources and provides SDO Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) magnetograms of solar active regions (regions of large magnetic flux, generally the source of eruptive events) as well as labels of corresponding flaring activity. This dataset will be useful for image analysis or solar physics research related to magnetic structure, its evolution over time, and its relation to solar flares. The dataset will be of interest to those researchers investigating automated solar flare prediction methods, including supervised and unsupervised machine learning (classical and deep), binary and multi-class classification, and regression. This dataset is a minimally processed, user configurable dataset of consistently sized images of solar active regions that can serve as a comprehensive image dataset of LOS photospheric magnetograms for solar flare prediction research.

Realizations, Characterizations, and Manipulations of Two-Dimensional Electron Systems Floating above Superfluid Helium Surfaces

Electron systems in low dimensions are enriched with many superior properties for both fundamental research and technical developments. Wide tunability of electron density, high mobility of motion, and feasible controllability in microscales are the most prominent advantages that researchers strive for. Nevertheless, it is always difficult to fulfill all in one solid-state system. Two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) floating above the superfluid helium surfaces are thought to meet these three requirements simultaneously, ensured by the atomic smoothness of surfaces and the electric neutrality of helium. Here we report our recent work in preparing, characterizing, and manipulating 2DESs on superfluid helium. We realized a tunability of electron density over one order of magnitude and tuned their transport properties by varying electron distribution and measurement frequency. The work we engage in is crucial for advancing research in many-body physics and for development of single-electron quantum devices rooted in these electron systems.

An investigation on Stirling approximation and entropy

The Stirling approximation is a mathematical formula developed by James Stirling in the early 18th century, which estimates the value of factorials for large numbers. The formula has had a significant impact on many fields of study, including being used to estimate the entropy of a system. Entropy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that describes the degree of disorder or randomness in a system which refers to the number of ways in which the systems particles can be arranged. The flow of entropy is a concept that describes the direction and rate of change of entropy in a system. Mechanical and thermal equilibrium is when no net flow of energy between the systems so that the systems do not undergo any further changes in their state. Joule expansion involves the expansion of a gas in a container with a movable piston. In this process, the gas expands into a larger volume, and as a result, either temperature or pressure changes. The Stirling approximation can be used to estimate the change in entropy of the gas during this process and can be used to calculate the amount of work done by the gas. This essay summarizes the importance of the Stirling approximation and finds that it is a fundamental calculation method for explaining and solving thermodynamics-related problems which can be used in various subtopics and fields. It is not only a calculation method in mathematics but also a key factor in further developing physics research.

Heliophysics and amateur radio: citizen science collaborations for atmospheric, ionospheric, and space physics research and operations

The amateur radio community is a global, highly engaged, and technical community with an intense interest in space weather, its underlying physics, and how it impacts radio communications. The large-scale observational capabilities of distributed instrumentation fielded by amateur radio operators and radio science enthusiasts offers a tremendous opportunity to advance the fields of heliophysics, radio science, and space weather. Well-established amateur radio networks like the RBN, WSPRNet, and PSKReporter already provide rich, ever-growing, long-term data of bottomside ionospheric observations. Up-and-coming purpose-built citizen science networks, and their associated novel instruments, offer opportunities for citizen scientists, professional researchers, and industry to field networks for specific science questions and operational needs. Here, we discuss the scientific and technical capabilities of the global amateur radio community, review methods of collaboration between the amateur radio and professional scientific community, and review recent peer-reviewed studies that have made use of amateur radio data and methods. Finally, we present recommendations submitted to the U.S. National Academy of Science Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024–2033 for using amateur radio to further advance heliophysics and for fostering deeper collaborations between the professional science and amateur radio communities. Technical recommendations include increasing support for distributed instrumentation fielded by amateur radio operators and citizen scientists, developing novel transmissions of RF signals that can be used in citizen science experiments, developing new amateur radio modes that simultaneously allow for communications and ionospheric sounding, and formally incorporating the amateur radio community and its observational assets into the Space Weather R2O2R framework. Collaborative recommendations include allocating resources for amateur radio citizen science research projects and activities, developing amateur radio research and educational activities in collaboration with leading organizations within the amateur radio community, facilitating communication and collegiality between professional researchers and amateurs, ensuring that proposed projects are of a mutual benefit to both the professional research and amateur radio communities, and working towards diverse, equitable, and inclusive communities.

MetaPINNs: Predicting soliton and rogue wave of nonlinear PDEs via the improved physics-informed neural networks based on meta-learned optimization

Efficiently solving partial differential equations (PDEs) is a long-standing challenge in mathematics and physics research. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has brought deep learning-based methods to the forefront of research on numerical methods for partial differential equations. Among them, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are a new class of deep learning methods that show great potential in solving PDEs and predicting complex physical phenomena. In the field of nonlinear science, solitary waves and rogue waves have been important research topics. In this paper, we propose an improved PINN that enhances the physical constraints of the neural network model by adding gradient information constraints. In addition, we employ meta-learning optimization to speed up the training process. We apply the improved PINNs to the numerical simulation and prediction of solitary and rogue waves. We evaluate the accuracy of the prediction results by error analysis. The experimental results show that the improved PINNs can make more accurate predictions in less time than that of the original PINNs.

Bäcklund transformations of multi-component Boussinesq and Degasperis–Procesi equations

The finding of new integrable coupling systems has become an important area of research in mathematical physics and their study will aid in the classification of multi-component integrable systems. A basic method for generating integrable coupling systems is algebraic expansion, for example, the Frobenius algebra, the Lie algebra, the superalgebra, and so on. In this paper, we introduce a Frobenius Boussinesq equation based on the Frobenius algebra, and then we present a Lax pair of it. It follows that we give a Bäcklund transformation of the Frobenius Boussinesq equation. Furthermore, the lattice equation of the Frobenius Boussinesq equation is presented by using three Bäcklund transformations, and then obtain the exact solutions. Additionally, we obtain the conservation laws of the Frobenius Boussinesq equation via the Bäcklund transformation. Strongly coupled and weakly coupled systems physically represent strong and weak interactions, respectively. In this paper, we introduce a weakly coupled Degasperis–Procesi (DP) equation, and construct a Lax pair of it. In addition, the Bäcklund transformation and superposition principle are applied to investigate the weakly coupled DP equation. We also obtain the conservation laws of the weakly coupled DP equation. Then, we introduce a strongly coupled DP equation, and use the same method to study the strongly coupled DP equation. The exact solutions of these two equations are obtained. Moreover, we introduce a [Formula: see text]-DP equation. Considering the superposition principle, we obtain the solution of an associated [Formula: see text]-DP equation by using Bäcklund transformations. These new multi-component integrable systems can enrich the existing integrable models and possibly describe new nonlinear phenomena.

Physical therapy research grants

Physical therapy research grants

Mastering Our Own Magic in the Evolution Toward Precision Practice.

Edelle (Edee) Field-Fote, PT, PhD, FASIA, FAPTA, the 54th Mary McMillan lecturer, is director of the Shepherd Center Spinal Cord Injury Research Program & Hulse Laboratory; professor in the division of physical therapy at Emory University School of Medicine; and professor of the practice in the school of biological sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. In her role as the director of spinal cord injury (SCI) research at Shepherd Center, Field-Fote leads a team dedicated to improving motor function in people with SCI through the development of neuromodulation and neurorehabilitation approaches informed by the latest neuroscience research and guided by outcomes that have meaning for people with SCI. With a clinical background as a physical therapist, PhD training in a preclinical model of SCI, and postdoctoral training in motor control physiology, her 25-plus years of SCI research have spanned the breadth of basic and clinical/translational research related to SCI. Dr Field-Fote has conducted randomized clinical trials with funding from the National Institutes of Health since 1997; other clinical trials in her lab have been funded by the Department of Defense, the National Institute on Disability Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research, and numerous foundations. Field-Fote is the recipient of multiple honors from the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) and its components. She is a Fellow of APTA and a Fellow of the American Spinal Injury Association. She has also served in numerous APTA and APTA component appointed or elected positions and as a member and president of the Foundation for Physical Therapy Research Board of Trustees.

News From the Foundation for Physical Therapy Research, November 2023.

News From the Foundation for Physical Therapy Research, November 2023.

Constructing a Regional Ionospheric TEC Model in China with Empirical Orthogonal Function and Dense GNSS Observation

Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) observation data for developing a high-precision ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) model is one of the essential subjects in ionospheric physics research and the application of satellite navigation correction. In this study, we integrate the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method with the TEC data provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), and observed by the dense GNSS receivers operated by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) to construct a regional ionospheric TEC model over China. The EOF analysis of CODE TEC in China from 1998 to 2010 shows that the first-order EOF component accounts for 90.3813% of the total variation of the ionospheric TEC in China. Meanwhile, the average value of CODE TEC is consistent with the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the first-order EOF base function, which mainly reflects the latitude and diurnal variations of TEC in China. The first-order coefficient after EOF decomposition shows an obvious 11-year period and semi-annual variations. The maximum amplitude of semi-annual variation mainly appears in March and October, which is closely associated with the variation in geographical longitude, the semi-annual change of the low-latitude electric field, and the ionospheric fountain effect. The second-order coefficient has an evident annual variation, the minimum amplitude mainly occurs in March, August, and September, and the amplitude values in the high solar activity years are more significant than those in the low solar activity years. The third-order coefficient mainly shows the characteristics of annual variation, and the fourth-order coefficient shows the noticeable semi-annual and annual variations. The third and fourth-order coefficients are both modulated by the solar activity index F10.7. The ionospheric TEC model in China, driven by CMONOC real-time GNSS observation data, can better reflect the latitude, local time and seasonal variation characteristics of ionospheric TEC over China. In particular, it can clearly show the spring and autumn asymmetry of ionospheric TEC in the low latitudes. The root mean square error of the absolute error between the model and the actual observation is mainly distributed around 2.45 TECU (1 TECU = 1016 electrons/m2). The values of the TEC model constructed in this study are closer to the actual observed values than those of the CODE TEC in China.

Preface

National Physics Seminar (SNF) 2023 Surabaya State University on the Integration of Free Learning in the Era of Society 5.0 Through Physics Innovation and Physics Education Towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 We proudly present Seminar Nasional Fisika (SNF) 2023, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Surabaya (Unesa). This year, SNF, held on 26 August 2023 in Surabaya, is an essential event in our academic calendar. In our big theme, “Integration of Independent Learning in the Era of Society 5.0 Through Physics Innovation and Physics Education Towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030,” we try to explore the potential and challenges faced in achieving sustainable development through physics and physics education. The event was held via ZOOM meeting to facilitate SNF participants from within and outside the country. Participants are also unrestricted by time, accommodation, and other activity agendas.The success of SNF 2023 will only be possible with valuable contributions from various parties. We are very grateful to our three keynote speakers, namely Prof. Ir. Adi Susilo, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Parmin, M.Pd, and Prof. Nadi Suprapto, Ph.D., who have provided in-depth insight into the development of physics and physics education in the Society 5.0 era. Thank you also to the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMNS) Unesa, Prof. Dr. Wasis, M.Si, who gave an inspiring opening speech.The event was held in two sessions: plenary and parallel session. The plenary session presented three keynote speakers. The parallel sessions were attended by invited speakers and authors presenting their papers and held in eight breakout room groups. As a scientific forum, SNF 2023 was attended by 443 participants consisting of students, teachers, lecturers, engineers, and practitioners who participated both as presenters and participants. The SNF 2023 aims to share ideas and knowledge and build collaboration. We received 81 papers selected for publication in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series with a scope of physics and related fields. In this volume, we accepted 52 papers for publication after fulfilling the scope, checking for originality, and conducting peer review. We hope this event can be a starting point for welcoming global developments. Besides, the publications packaged in this seminar will further strengthen the existence and reputation of the physics department as an educational institution that is superior in scientific publications at national and international levels. The research results must be disseminated widely to be scientifically valuable and provide practical value to society.One of the scientific fields that can significantly contribute to technological development is physics. Physics is a fundamental science used in future technological developments in creating various super-sophisticated technologies to support the development of more modern industries. As in physics education, it is hoped that graduates will not only have physics knowledge but also skills in life, such as creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration through curriculum development and physics learning by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT), Virtual reality (VR), Augmented reality (AR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Using various efforts such as research and technological development in Physics as well as curriculum development and physics learning to confront the era of society 5.0, we can increase awareness and improve the atmosphere for creating innovation that supports the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The event organizing committee and editorial team hope you enjoy reading this volume of JPCS. In addition, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to the keynote speakers, invited speakers, and all presenters who have provided valuable contributions to this proceeding and the reviewers for their suggestions and constructive criticism in improving the articles presented. On behalf of the SNF 2023 committee, we thank all parties for supporting this publication. We want to invite the participants again to participate in SNF 2024, held by the Department of Physics FMNS Unesa.List of Seminar Nasional Fisika (SNF) 2023 Committee is available in this Pdf.

The bibliometric impact of Michael Brunger’s research in atomic and molecular physics and chemistry

The bibliometric impact of Michael Brunger’s research in atomic and molecular physics and chemistry

Synthesis and Characterization Conducting Polymer Supported CDS-ZNS Nano Composites Used for Various Applications

Keys include undertaking polymer synthesis and physical property research. Conductive is polyaniline. The presence of pristine nano CdS particles in the matrix was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
 In this study, four sol-gel techniques are used to prepare nanostructured polyaniline (PANI). PANI molecular structure was characterized using X-ray diffraction to assess the morphology of PANI samples.
 The results of the prepared PANI's characterization reveal that the unconventional synthesis methods utilized to create it drastically changed its morphology, chemical composition, crystallinity, conductivity, and surface area. The outcomes of the characterization supported this. The manufacturing and properties of polyaniline conducting polymers are examined in this research. The classic and grafted techniques of polyaniline synthesis have been examined. The relationship between structure and properties is established by this high-accuracy development procedure. In the future, polyaniline with altered structure may be employed.
 PANI/CdS nanocomposites have higher DC conductivity than PANI, according to observations.
 In situ production of conducting polyaniline nanocomposites with CdS nanoparticles was achieved by oxidizing aniline with cadmium sulphate at 3.5 pH. Electrical conductivity of polyaniline is influenced by CdS-nanoparticles. In contrast to pure polyaniline, the electrical conductivity of polyaniline nano-composite is increased by the homogenous intercalation of CdS nanoparticles, which results in a cooperative phenomenon between polyaniline and the nanoparticles.

Continual Advance in Earth Physics Research Group at Physics Study Program, Unesa: What’s new and the next step

Earth Physics Research Group (EPRG) is one of three groups of research running at Physics Study Program, the State University of Surabaya, Indonesia, where a number of research projects with corresponding topics have been conducted (and some are in progress) by the group members and associated students having final projects in the field of earth physics since 2018. Whereas the research roadmap of the group has been presented in association with definitive research projects for 25 years long starting from 2011, the specific goal of this paper is to shortly summarise all academic achievement in terms of research performance made by the group members during the last five years. The majority of the recent works was mainly based on computational work, where some were completed in collaboration with researchers from other universities and a national agency and others were performed by the group members and selected students. The topics were spread across disciplines in earth physics that included tectonic earthquakes, tsunami generation and propagation of seismic and non-seismic origin, volcanic eruptions and an integrated disaster mitigation study. A small portion of the projects were performed using a chosen method of applied geophysics. These studies have ended up with publications in recent years, where the saline points of the key findings are here presented. Future studies focusing on vulnerability to earthquake hazards in the northern areas of Java and on volcanic and meteo-tsunamis are also discussed in the context of possible tsunamis induced by seismic sources or volcanic processes.