Field Of Linguistic Research Research Articles

To the anniversary of Anatoly L. Sharandin

A brief activities’ description of Anatoly L. Sharandin, Dr.habil (Philology), Professor, Professor of Tambov Derzhavin State University, Head of the Scientific School “Ecology of Language and Speech”, one of the founders of the Tambov Linguists and Cognitologists Department, is presented. The significant moments of the researcher’s multifaceted activity in the field of linguistic research are highlighted.

MULTIMODALITY AND NEUROCOPYWRITING AS DIGITAL COMMERCIAL NARRATIVE STRATEGIES

The article discusses the strategies and tactics of the commercial narrative, which enable a pragmatic influence on the cognitive, emotional, and volitional sphere of the addressee-potential consumer. In a commercial narrative, verbal and non-verbal components form one visual, structural, meaningful, and functional whole. The purpose of our research is to analyze the techniques and tactics of implementing multimodality and neurocopywriting strategies in the English-language digital commercial narrative. In accordance with the set goal, the tasks of the article are: - Present the types of commercial narrative; - Determine the main tactics of neurocopywriting and multimodality in sales texts in the conditions of digital commerce transformation; - Analyze lingual and paralingual means of implementing commercial narrative tactics. We consider the commercial narrative as a combination of modes in the stereoscopy of semiotic and cognitive approaches. The development of Svitlana Zhabotynska was chosen as an appropriate methodology for the analysis of multimodality, and the definition of storytelling tactics is based on the main positions of David Herman. The elements of the method of quantitative calculations made it possible to generalize the obtained results. The success of the commercial narrative in its two types (branding and sales storytelling) is achieved through the interaction of different modes of sensorics, which change states of consciousness and participate in the receiver’s decision-making. The simultaneous combination of the codes of different sign systems to construct the recipient’s emotions and decisions is the essence of the multimodality strategy in the commercial narrative. The article analyzes the tactics of creating a commercial narrative with a certain construction of meaning through the interference of a complex of lingual and paralingual means. The cognitive dominance of the commercial narrative (conveying familiar information in an unusual way or from a new perspective, focusing on the advantages of the object of the offer: “Elaboration, Extending, Questioning, Combining” according to S. Zhabotynska) should cause a certain emotional reaction (surprise, expectation, trust) in the consumer, constructing a certain image. The purpose of creating such an image is to set the consumer in a positive mood and create motivational incentives. It is for the purpose of stimulating neurotransmitters that there is a need for the design of sales storytelling using specific linguistic means: allusions, emotionally-tinged vocabulary, unusual combinations of words, various resources of intertextuality that stimulate sensory sensations, and, in turn, is the task of the neurocopywriting strategy in commercial narrative. Table Landscape of responses made it possible to determine the digital reputation of the commercial narrative (concentration of meanings, general awareness, and recognition (authority), and the analysis of sales reports on the official companies’ websites and reviews in social networks visualized the result of the audit of the success of the commercial narrative. The study of the pragmatics of multimodality strategies and neurocopywriting in the modern digital space of commercial communication is an actual and promising research field in linguistics.

An Analysis of the Orchid Pavilion from the Perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar

In the 1960s, Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar gradually emerged in the field of linguistic research. It provides a theoretical framework for discourse analysis. The Orchid Pavilion is a widely circulated calligraphy and literary work in ancient China. Nowadays, many scholars have translated it into English, among which Lin Yutang’s translation is especially famous. This article takes the three meta-functions of Systemic Functional Grammar as the theoretical framework, and analyzes Lin Yutang’s English translation of Wang Shichih’s article The Orchid Pavilion from transitivity, mood system, modality and thematic structure so as to investigate the ways in which the ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function are realized respectively. It can also verify the applicability and operability of Systemic Functional Grammar in translation. In all, this article provides a new perspective for understanding and translating The Orchid Pavilion as well as offering a reference in understanding and translating Chinese literary work.

Historical bases of Chinese-Kazakh language relations

The article analyzes the historical linguistic relations between the Chinese and Kazakh languages, which have developed in the mists of time. In the field of linguistic research, modern linguistics proves that the study of the language of each nation in combination with its past history, their social environment, interaction with other peoples is the best way to obtain the necessary information from the history of the development of languages. Studying the vocabulary of the Kazakh literary language on the basis of ancient Kazakh words, comparing them with the historically neighboring Chinese language, provides an excellent opportunity to study the past history of the Turkic languages, as well as determine the historical basis of the Dictionary of the Kazakh language. It is known that the relationship of languages ​​depends on mutual hostility, political, economic and cultural relations of neighboring peoples at different stages of historical development. It is well known that words are a linguistic unit that tends to move from one language to another, and from there to a third, and it is natural that Turkic words penetrate into the ancient Chinese language. The article reveals the possibility of gaining the meaning of many words in our language, the disclosure of their unclear meaning, the relationship of the Kazakh people with other peoples in different eras, or the possibility of obtaining detailed information about their past.

Military terminology in the Chinese language, China-Kazakh historical relations

The article analyzes the historical linguistic relationship of Chinese Kazakh languages in the depths of centuries. In the field of linguistic research, it is proved in modern linguistic science that the study of the language of each people in combination with its past history, their socio-social environment, their interaction with other nations is the most rational way that allows us to obtain the necessary data from the history of language development. As a result of various historical ties between the Kazakh people and their historical neighbor in the East, a number of Chinese words entered the ancient Turkic language, and a number of Turkic words entered the ancient Chinese language. The article reveals real facts about the relationship of the Kazakh people in different eras with other peoples and especially with the historical neighboring people of China, which were joined by fate, or the possibility of obtaining a complete picture of their own state and life by finding the meaning of a number.

Processing of the Conceptual Semantics of Verbs and Clauses in English Learners under the Background of Wireless Communication and Artificial Intelligence

The development of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making has allowed our scientific research to be carried out on a more convenient and precise basis. This kind of all-round progress is also very obvious in the field of linguistic research. The research presented to explain the observation that people may use one of the alternate clauses to describe the picture they see. This linguistic observation leads us to the assumption that there may exist a functional cortex connecting visual information of an event with a group of corresponding clauses. Between the visual information and a group of clauses can be understood as a shared conceptual content of both. It is well supported by the PET and the ERP experiments. In other words, if a group of alternate clauses are connected with the same visual information, they are said to have the same conceptual content. In our linguistic model, this shared conceptual content is represented as a conceptual frame. In most linguistic studies, however, alternate syntactic structures are said to be derived from different meanings of the same verb via different argument structures. The difference between the conceptual frame and its corresponding argument structures needs more substantial evidence from brain imaging for the plausibility of conceptual frame. To answer this question, we attempt to investigate the relationship between a group of alternate clauses and two different pictures via priming effect manifested by an ERP component. Also, we make full use of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making technology to construct. This technical background allows this research to fully simulate the practical environment while also making more assumptions about uncertainty. In the clause-picture priming experiment, clauses are treated as prime stimuli, designated as S1. The pictures are treated as target stimuli, designated as S2. One picture is conceptually congruent with all the clauses, and the other is not. The ERP component N270 is expected to be sensitive to the degree to which the S2 (the target stimulus) is in agreement with S1 (stimulus). After many simulation experiments, the experimental framework of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making technology architecture provides a lot of reference data for research. The results of the experiment show that the semantics of each individual clause of an event was consistent with the semantics of its following congruent picture but inconsistent with that of the incongruent picture. Therefore, each clause of an event, though has different grammatical structures, shares the same semantics. This shared semantics is understood as the conceptual frame.

Statistics for linguists revisited: the review of some basic statistical tools in linguistic research and data analysis

The major aim of this paper is to emphasise the importance of implementing statistical tools in the field of linguistic research, as well as to acquaint the reader with the basic statistical methods that can be used while conducting linguistic studies. The article introduces the idea of five steps in data analysis that any researcher of applied linguistics can take in order to carry out relevant studies. The steps include choosing statistical programmes, eliciting data, selecting some visual methods and applying normality tests, as well as choosing applicable parametric or nonparametric tests, all of which requires appropriate planning, designing, analysing and interpreting data. The theoretical part is an interlude to the practical realisation of the above-mentioned five steps, which is based on the part of linguistic research conducted on the students of English Philology. The major purpose of it was to prove (or refute) that there is a positive correlation between participants’ level of musical intelligence and their L2 pronunciation skills. The practical use of statistical methods enables the readers to familiarise themselves with one of the patterns of statistical analysis in the field of applied linguistics.

СРЕДСТВА СИМВОЛИКИ В ГРАФИЧЕСКОМ МЕТАЯЗЫКЕ РУССКОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ

The article is devoted to the definition of the concept symbols, graphic tools, graphs, tables, diagrams and other elements of the graphic metalanguage of linguistics as a means of non-verbal expression of linguistic concepts. The purpose of the article is to describe the general characteristics of the of Russian metalanguage as a means of language research and to determine the general patterns of functioning of non-verbal units of the metalanguage and symbols above all. A metalanguage is a language intended and used to describe a natural language and including general scientific vocabulary, terms, alphabetic, numeric, spatial and other symbols, tables, diagrams, etc. The formation of a linduistic symbols is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of the language material and other sciences metalanguages material in existence. As bearers of specific information, symbols are important means of fixing, storing and developing professional and scientific knowledge. Information expressed by symbols in a linguistic text is a non-verbally expressed generalization which accumulates specialized knowledge and is used in professional and scholarly pursuits. Conducted study suggests that terms, as a verbal manifestation of special concepts, and graphic symbols, as a non-verbal manifestation of special concepts, are a key tool for scientific activity including the field of linguistic research.

Spanish language teachers’ pedagogical beliefs in Chinese universities

Understanding teachers’ beliefs is critical to improving educational practice. There is a significant need for research on foreign language teachers’ pedagogical beliefs, as these can exert an influence on students’ learning outcomes. This study draws on Kember’s (1997) theorization of teaching beliefs to explore the beliefs of Spanish language teachers regarding their pedagogy in Chinese universities. Twenty teachers from the Spanish departments in eight Chinese universities were recruited as participants, and a Q-methodology analysis with supplementary interview data identified three types of pedagogical beliefs: “integrated capacity-building”, “ELE learning outcome-focused”, and “social interaction-focused”. The findings suggest that ELE teachers in China no longer subscribe to the traditional teaching methodology which places themselves at the class center, and have instead progressed along a continuum from teacher-centeredness to student-centeredness. With a novel focus on Spanish teachers’ beliefs in Chinese universities, this study provides insights into the teaching of languages other than English (LOTEs) in China, and helps to expand the methodological repertoire in the field of linguistic research.

Transdisciplinary qualitative paradigm in applied linguistics: autoethnography, participatory action research and minority language teaching and learning

The paper emphasizes the crucial importance of transdisciplinary approach to qualitative research methodology in teaching and learning contexts involving highly stigmatized minority languages. Autoethnography and participatory action research are herein employed as constructive, critical, qualitative methodological procedures relevant to transdisciplinary research on minority languages in applied linguistics. An international project on teaching and learning Romani, QUALIROM, is used as a case study in order to emphasize the fact that mere theoretical knowledge and professional expertise are important but not sufficient for successful implementation and sustainability of outcomes in this field of linguistic research. The analysis suggests that socially engaged minority language learning and teaching projects should be understood as transdisciplinary, collaborative activities that transcend academic boundaries, and in which research participants create a number of interactive contexts within project-oriented communities of practice aimed at reshaping dominant social relations and practices.

Möchte Chomsky erklären, was Wittgenstein beschreibt?

Abstract This article examines the relation between the philosophy of language proposed by the later Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations, and his ambition to cure philosophy from the mapping of linguistic expressions to extra-linguistic entities, on the one hand, and Chomsky's statements regarding language, meaning, and thought, and regarding the sense and non-sense of different fields of linguistic research, on the other. After a brief descriptive comparison of both approaches, it is argued that Chomsky's criticism on Wittgenstein's theory of meaning (Chomsky 1974 – 1996), or on Wittgenstein's basic concepts such as e. g. rule-following (Chomsky 2000 onwards), respectively, is (a) unwarranted and (b) caused by a fundamental misconception. Moreover, it is argued that the hypothesis evoked by Grewendorf (1985: 126), according to which „Chomsky would like to explain what Wittgenstein describes“, is misleading since the objects of investigation of Chomsky and Wittgenstein are in complementary distribution one to the other.

FORENSIC EXPERT PRACTICE FOR PERFORMING LINGUISTIC EXAMINATION OF WRITTEN SPEECH

The article discusses the possibilities of solving linguistic (authorship analyses and semantic textual) tasks. It is pointed out the gaps in the normative legal acts that regulate the forensic expert activities and the need to resolve these contradictions. The examples from expert practice the approaches to the linguistic (authorship analyses) research are demonstrated and the form of expert conclusions, the wording of which is presented taking into account the state of development of linguistic examination. It is noted that the likely form of conclusions is associated with a lack of development and different approaches to the study of problems of gender, age, etc., which are studied in related sciences. The state of development of linguistic examination of written speech at the present stage is described and new research directions are indicated. The developed techniques that can be used in expert practice are listed, and promising areas in the field of linguistic research are indicated. The objects, the study of which is caused by the needs of the judicial-investigative practice, and its are currently not well understood are given. These include SMS messages, Internet correspondence, e-mail letters, etc. The difficulties of research of these objects are noted and it is indicated that the data of related sciences contain insufficiently studied material regarding the communicative study of these objects. However, the needs of both expert and judicial-investigative practices dictate the need to develop methods for researching new objects and improving old methods in view of the rapid growth of crime, taking into account the development of Internet crime.

Kilka uwag o zastosowaniu modelu MLF. Forma rzeczownika w polsko-angielskim przełączaniu kodów

Since the 1950s one can observe the emergence of a new research field in linguistics, namely, language contact. This resulted in the development of extended studies on various aspects of utterances which occur in the context of bi- or multilingualism. One of the phenomena related to language contact is code-switching, which has been examined thoroughly and from different perspectives throughout the last decades. In this paper, the author considers possibilities of using the MLF model in the analysis of bilingual speech. Examples selected from the language data, which had been obtained during a role-play game, illustrated the process of analysis leading to the indication of the matrix language in code switching. The study of the form of nouns allowed to draw conclusions regarding the phenomenon of mutual mapping of the language structures that build a bilingual clause, and it resulted in indicating further requirements for research.

Use of Computer Search Algorithms in the Research of Statistical, Semantic and Contextual Rules of Language in Digital Information Space

This paper will discuss and practically explore the interdependence between information technology and linguistics in the modern information society.The relationship between information technology and linguistics, which has opened new opportunities in linguistic research, will be practically seen in the application of linguistic engineering in researching rules of language.The aim of this paper is to extend knowledge about the possibilities of application of information technologies in researching rules of language, as well as emphasizing the importance that language technologies have in the field of linguistic research, preservation of language and culture and national identity.

DIRECTNESS IN POLITENESS OF INDONESIAN CHILDREN’S REQUESTS

The role of politeness in social interaction and conversation has been an important topic in sociology and conversational studies. Politeness has become a highly prolific research field in linguistics (Hickey & Stewart 2005). However a comprehensive study has rarely been done on the politeness in children, particularly in Indonesian children. This article is a research-based study that combines pragmatics and speech act issues in language acquisition frame. The study deals with politeness in Indonesian children’s requests in written language. Basing the study on actual written requests produced by children at the age of 9 up to 12 years old, it was found that; (1) the children promote largely direct strategies in their requests to the Bobo magazine, (2) the directness level varies with increasing imposition of children’s requests. The findings indicate the fact that Indonesian children are able to perform politeness in their interaction to others. This findings also call for further study on politeness dealing with subject at different age periods e.g. adolescence, as age factor bears some influence on investigation on these matters. Key word: Directness, politeness, children, requests

<i>Processes in third language acquisition</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Processes in third language acquisition Patricia Bayona Bjorn Hammarberg , ed. 2009. Processes in third language acquisition. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press. Pp. 171. $81.74 (hardcover). The volume offers a chronological compendium of the articles authored or co-authored by Bjorn Hammarberg about the analysis of a longitudinal study of Swedish polyglot adult learners. Each of the chapters in this book has has been pivotal in the development of the study of third language acquisition and multilingualism at both the theoretical and methodological levels, which makes it essential reading in the field. The longitudinal study was created as a database for researchers interested in the acquisition of Swedish from a comparative perspective, be it amongst learners, between learners and native speakers, or at the synchronic or diachronic levels. The book includes five chapters that have been previously published as independent articles. These chapters constitute a frame of reference for a sixth chapter which extends the analysis of the corpus towards the consideration of the learner's "perceived crosslinguistic similarity" (p. 127) as a determinant factor in the activation of previously acquired languages in the acquisition of Swedish. In the Preface, the reader encounters a detailed description of the birth of the project in 1990, as well as a portrait of the main participant, Sarah Williams. It presents the uncommon human dimension of a case study, which reminds the research community that informants are distinct individuals. The Introduction provides us with the motivations behind the study, grouped into three categories: i. the practical motives that include interracial mobility, the increasing tendency to use English as a lingua franca, the educational challenges related to immigrant populations, and the cognitive questions that arise within the examination of the linguistic nature of polyglots; ii. the theoretical motives, where we are reminded that "humans are potentially multilingual by nature and that multilingualism is the normal state of linguistic competence" (p. 2); and iii. the empirical motives, where the researcher maintains that adopting a multilingual, rather than a bilingual, perspective would offer the research community a more complete picture regarding interlanguage development, metalinguistic awareness, linguistic creativity, and acquisitional processes, to name just a few fields of linguistic research. The Introduction also clarifies that the publication will use the term "third language" (L3) to cover the current language in acquisition, while L2 would be any other additional language acquired after the L1. For Hammarberg, this is different from the chronological criterion since establishing a clear-cut sequential order of acquisition of more than two languages not only [End Page 125] may be difficult for a large number of participants who would have been exposed to multiple languages simultaneously, but also problematic at the methodological level, in terms of determining what type of competence in the language is being considered for such a hierarchy (i.e., reading knowledge, cultural knowledge, metalinguistic knowledge). The first chapter is co-authored with Sara Williams, the subject of the study. While this potential conflict of interest may be seen as a reason for a biased analysis of the data, the article carefully describes how the methodology of the study followed a series of introspective analysis methods as advised by Poulisse, Bongaerts, and Kellerman (1987). In addition to the defence of this choice of methodology, the authors emphasise that meta-linguistic discussions were not performed during the gathering of the data and that the retrospective commentaries were all done in English, which allowed Williams to remain impartial as a researcher. This chapter serves as an introduction to a deeper analysis of the data in the chapters ahead. It classifies a number of observations about the data in four groups: pronunciation, lexicon, morphology, and Williams' introspective comments. Most of the contents of these observations are extended in subsequent chapters, and the final discussion leaves the reader looking forward to more insightful analysis. However, this chapter is just a recapitulation of an earlier report on the study, at a time when the depth of the analysis had not yet taken place. Chapter 2, also co-authored by Bjorn Hammarberg and Sara Williams, is perhaps one of the strongest of the book. It addresses the occurrence of language switches in Swedish L3, German L2, and...

Co-occurrence Tendencies of Loanwords in Corpora

This paper investigates some major approaches to the analysis of foreign material in text, commonly known as loanwords. While the nature of data may differ in various fields of linguistic research (e.g., bilingual vs. monolingual corpora), perspectives on the analysis of such material have not been different, and they have traditionally been analysed as singly-occurring items out of context. However, corpus research has shown that words rarely occur in isolation. On the basis of a number of English loans in a corpus of Turkish compiled in a multilingual setting, and a number of Italian loans in a corpus of English compiled in a monolingual setting, we conclude that collocational patterns growing around loanwords are significant and should be included in the treatment of loanwords.

Inachèvements

The author lays stress on the fact that gaps, empty places, blanks, and also stops and cuts are to be taken into account in many fields of linguistic research and should give rise to the formulation of theoretical assumptions. She emphasizes that every hypothesis about "emptiness" can scarcely be conceived without a simultaneous and solidary hypothesis about "completeness" and "full forms" (morphological and syntactical microstructures ; textual, pragmatical or cognitive macrostructures - which may have to remain unspecified as to their verbal substance). Some morphological and syntactical phenomena are briefly analysed as well as some particular types of short "texts" (joke, advertisements, telegrams). Conversational stops lead the author to propound a dynamical type of explanation, making use of "real time" and of operations which are tentatively supposed to represent mental processes.