Rescue Units Research Articles

Mathematical model of fire load type identification by electromagnetic radiation of the optical range using an unmanned aerial vehicle at oil and gas industry facilities

Providing comprehensive security of the pipeline is the main task of monitoring linear facilities in the oil and gas industry. Proposed mathematical model is a part of an automated identification algorithm to determine the fire load type. The study identified four groups of combustible substances characteristic of oil and gas facilities: oil, refined products, liquefied petroleum gas and vegetation. There was a study of electromagnetic radiation of the optical range, recorded by an UAV’S digital camera for each type of substance. An algorithm for comparing the area color with a standard was proposed and implemented. The obtained mathematical correspondence allows identifying the fire color and the fire load type in conditions of different luminosity. The information on the flaming substance allows authorized rescue units to make operational decisions about the fire extinguishing method.

Influence of Weights of Geographical Factors on the Results of Multicriteria Analysis in Solving Spatial Analyses

The main topic of the article is the use of multicriteria analysis in assessing the impact of the geographical environment on rescue and military activities. The evaluation is based on digital geographical data, and the influences of individual geographical factors are determined by spatial analyses. The essence of the article lies in the design of a methodical procedure for determining the weights of individual criteria and in the construction of a suitable resulting user function (utility value function) in a geographic information system environment with regard to the solved problem and in the verification of the proposed procedure. Using sensitivity analysis, the dominance of individual factors is determined, and the influence of the changes in the weights of the criteria on the overall results of the analysis is assessed. Detailed studies of the differences in the results of solving the same analytical problem with changed weights of individual criteria are performed, and these studies are documented on a model example. Based on verification tests performed both in office conditions and directly at selected locations, “optimized procedures” are recommended for assessing the potential of the geographical environment for the operation of rescue or military units in field conditions. Finally, the possibilities of further development of the model solution and its implementation into control systems are presented.

Анализ факторов пожара при землетрясениях

Цель. Выявление наиболее опасных для жизни и здоровья населения зон на подверженных землетрясениям территориях, уточнение соответствующих мер по спасению людей и ликвидации пожаров.
 Методы. Применены сравнительно-аналитический и эвристические методы анализа пожаров при землетрясениях с учетом технического состояния зданий. Использован зарубежный опыт ликвидации последствий землетрясений и вторичных пожаров.
 Результаты. Выявлены особенности пожаров, возникающих при различных разрушениях зданий вследствие землетрясений и стихийных бедствий, позволяющие определить задачи и цели спасательных подразделений в зонах разрушений. Уточнены факторы, способствующие возникновению и распространению таких пожаров. Предложен комплекс мероприятий, направленный на предотвращение пожаров до и во время землетрясения.
 Область применения исследований. Результаты исследований могут быть применены при проведении учений, связанных с землетрясением и возникшими пожарами для отработки взаимодействия пожарно-спасательных подразделений с населением, и осуществлении пропаганды правил по безопасности жизнедеятельности для формирования у населения устойчивых навыков выживания при землетрясениях и пожарах.

Info-analytic technologies in the work of fire and rescue units using infrared technologies

Purpose The salvation of human life is the goal of work for all rescue units. At the same time, a significant part of rescue operations is carried out in buildings or premises, which themselves are often in a state of destruction or are emergency ones. This paper aims to find how it is possible to carry out rescue operations in the face of the threat of constant collapse of the building. Design/methodology/approach To study the collapse hazard of the building, the information systems are used that display the process of rescue measures in case of a threat of deformation of the building in which there is a risk of burnback or destruction. Findings The findings show that the analysis of destruction parameters online allows using infrared sensors to form a picture of the allocation of places where people can be and thus saves lives while reducing the risk for the fire and rescue unit. To implement the presented format, it is proposed to use infrared sensors. Originality/value The use of infrared sensors allows online interaction with foci of dangerous situations and identifies the main aspects of the stratification of the preparation of the fire and rescue unit’s activities in conditions of increased danger.

The analysis of methods of investigation of negative impact on mesofauna and microbiology of soils of contaminated solutions for foam makers

Nowdays the problem of fires is becoming more widespread and global in scale. According to statistics published by the Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Protection obtained as a result of analysis of the fire registration cards of the SES of Ukraine – for 11 months of 2019 the number of fires in Ukraine increased by 23.1% compared to the same period last year. The most common extinguishing agent being used by fire and rescue units today is а foam. The main component of different foaming agents are surfactants. Their excessive emission into the environment leads to pollution of the surrounding areas. The constant increasing of the land areas affected by the effects of firefighting influence both the state of the environment in the region as a whole and the level of soil fertility. Microbiological indicators and the content of harmful substances in crops are increasing and thus the negative impact on public health grows. The analysis of microbiological monitoring methods with the aim of the contaminated solutions foam makers impact on the nearby territories’ soils estimation has been carried out. The pros and cons of modern physical and chemical methods of soils quality estimation have been defined. The necessity of microbiological methods usage which allow to get full and sufficient information not only about the pollution volume, but also to rate the results of such pollution has been justified. It is determined that in order to obtain the most complete and objective information about the microbiological condition of soils contaminated with foaming agents for fire extinguishing, a complex of bioindication methods should be used. It should include a growth test and a chromosome aberration test, with the use of test organisms that are most sensitive to the chemical composition of the test solution for firefighting.

FORMATION OF PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTROL ALGORITHM OF EXPERT-STATISTICAL METHODS OF EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL POSSIBILITIES OF TERRITORIAL DYSIDES

The problem of formation of procedures of expert-statistical technique of estimation of operational possibili-ties of territorial divisions of the SES of Ukraine was considered in the work. Its relevance is determined by the ever-increasing level of danger of natural, man-made, social and military nature, which requires constant com-prehensive measures aimed at improving the functional efficiency of the Civil Service of Ukraine for Emergencies. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to form a set of procedures for the implementation of the control al-gorithm of expert-statistical methods for assessing the operational capabilities of emergency rescue units of terri-torial subordination. To ensure this goal, the following interrelated tasks were solved: generalized, classified and defined the se-quence and scheme of application of procedures for implementing the control algorithm of expert-statistical methodology; developed recommendations for the use of certain groups of procedures with the aim of the possibil-ity of effective application of expert-statistical methods for assessing operational potential; Preliminary calcula-tions were made to optimize the number of personnel of emergency rescue units of the territorial subordination of the SES of Ukraine. The result of the study was the solution of the problem, namely the formation of a logical sequence of appli-cation of the control algorithm of expert-statistical methods for assessing the operational potential of the territo-rial rescue units of the SES of Ukraine. The classification, the sequence and the scheme of application of the I-III group of procedures of realization of the control algorithm of the expert-statistical technique of an estimation of operational possibilities of emer-gency rescue divisions are carried out. Developed practical recommendations for the use of procedures of different groups, which in combination with previously obtained results suggests the possibility of effective application of expert-statistical methods for assessing operational capacity and optimization measures to increase the ability of rescue units to deal with emergencies of natural and man-made nature. Preliminary results of calculations on the optimization of the number of personnel of emergency rescue units allowed, justifiably, to recommend a gradual increase in the number of personnel, taking into account the region-al nature of natural and man-made hazards. Keywords: emergency situation, operational potential, operational capability, expert-statistical methodolo-gy, procedure.

High seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in domestic and wild mammals from a mixed use rescue center in Ecuador: Lessons for “One Health” based conservation strategies

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution that affects humans, domestic and wild animals. This study evaluates the frequency of anti- Leptospira spp. antibodies in companion, livestock and wild mammals from a mixed use rescue center on Guayaquil, the main city of Ecuador. Sera were collected from 23 domestic and 6 wild mammals. All animals tested were seropositive for Leptospira spp. using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), most of them for multiple serovars. Leptospira interrogans serovars Canicola, Hardjo and Icterohaemorrhagiae were the most frequent ones. We conclude that the presence of domestic animals at this mixed use rescue center may cause the exposure of wild animals, considering the high frequency of Leptospira spp. seropositivity already reported for livestock and companion animals in Ecuador. This is the first serological survey for leptospirosis including wild animals rescued from illegal traffic in Ecuador and point out the urgent need of exclusive rescue and conservation units for wild species and the potential role as Leptospira spp. reservoir for wild mammals.

Engineering method for determining rational fire protection parameters of warehouses

A mathematical model and methodology has been developed to determine the optimal amount of means of a fire-prevention system for protecting warehouses in enclosed spaces, on the basis of which it is possible to determine measures to improve this system, taking into account the value of the probability of its failure acceptable for the warehouse. The essence of the developed methodology is to determine the required number of fire protection equipment in accordance with the standards, to determine the probability of failure of fire protection and to determine the optimal number of fire protection equipment to ensure the value of the probability of failure within acceptable limits. The optimization criteria selected direct losses from the fire and the costs of fire and rescue units to extinguish it. The function of the goal of this model is to reduce the probability of failure of the fire system of the object to a value less than or equal to the permissible. The input data when using the mathematical model is the estimated number of fire protection equipment in accordance with the norms and standards. The developed methodology allows predicting the probability of failure of the fire system to implement the fire safety of the objects of protection and its consequences for people and material values, which is very important to ensure the possibility of quick response in case of fire. Also, the result of applying the technique is the optimal amount of firefighting equipment at the facility, providing an acceptable value for the probability of failures. This technique is applied on the example of an existing logistic warehouse on which fire protection systems are mounted. Simulation results show that at the facility it is necessary to increase the number of fire detectors up to 70 pieces, smoke control devices – up to 3 pieces, vertical curtains – up to 4, equip aeration lamps in the amount of 4 pieces, and increase the number of evacuation exits - up to 10

MODEL OF CALCULATIONS FOR EXPERIMENTALLY-OBTAINED GAS AND WATERPROOF SER-VICE LINE OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS

Abstract. Aim. Modelling and calculations were were carried out to justify the tactical capabilities of gas and smoke protection units of the fire and rescue units as primary units carrying out fire reconnaissance and rescue of victim s of fires. A methodology for assessing actions of personnel of fire departments when rescuing victims was analysed.Method. An experimental justification is given for the need to adjust the calculation methods for determining the working parameters of gas and smoke protection units when organising mass rescue of victims of a fire. A model is proposed for considering the actions of the fireteam of a gas and smoke protection service based on graph theory. Various approaches to forecasting operational parameters of gas and smoke protection units in fire services are considered.Results. Factors determining the limiting parameters of the gas and smoke protection units are presented along with examples for calculating operational parameters during mass rescue of victims of a fire.Conclusion. A conclusion is formulated regarding complicating factors of the work of the personnel of the gas and smoke protection service in the coefficient, considering the necessary air supply for the return trip, unforeseen circumstances and average air flow.

ABOUT IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATORY BASE FOR TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS FOR DELIVERY FIRE HOSES

The urgency of the development of the corresponding national standard, which regulates the technical requirements and test methods for the layflat delivery fire hoses for fire vehicle. Currently, the Operative Rescue Service mainly uses pressure hoses of the “T” type (for fire vehicle ) with a diameter of 51 mm and 77 mm, the technical condition of which often does not meet the requirements, which may not withstand the pressure that pumps of even traditionally used fire vehicle develop when extinguishing fires. The use of such hoses in extinguishing real fires can limit the ability, reduce the effectiveness of operational and tactical operations of operational and rescue units, as well as put personnel at risk. Today, there are a number of complaints from Civil Protection Operations and Rescue units regarding substandard fire hoses being purchased and operated. Basically, the complaints concern the non-conformity of these products with respect to the pressure requirements and the wear resistance of the surface of the material from which it is made. Over the past three years, the State Emergency Service has purchased about 120 fire vehicle each year, which are completed with fire delivery hoses with diameters of 51 and 77 mm. The requirements of the current national standard DSTU 3810-98 in Ukraine are outdated and do not meet the practical needs of today. Taking into account that new types of fire hoses and technologies of their creation have appeared in the leading countries of the world, and considering that the standard in Ukraine DSTU EN 15889: 2017 does not apply to layflat delivery fire hoses for fire vehicles, the issue of developing a national standard for this type of fire hose is urgent. In addition, European regulatory document CEN / TR 16099 states that the EU does not have a single standard that sets the technical requirements for "flat-fire attack hoses", ie those used with fire-fighting pumps. In EU countries, this issue is likely to be governed by the individual national standards of the Member States. This is confirmed by the German national standard DIN 14811-2008 / A1-2012, A2-2014. The technical characteristics and test methods of fire hoses in accordance with current DSTU 3810-98 and German standard DIN 14811-2008 are given. On the basis of analytical research the methods of testing layflat delivery fire hoses are specified, which will be given in the draft national standard. Keywords: layflat delivery fire hoses, rescue vehicles, specifications, test methods.

OF THE TYPES, NOMENCLATURE AND BASIC PARAMETERS OF THE DELIVERY FIRE HOSES FOR FIRE-RESCUE EQUIPMENT

The urgency of the substantiation of modern classification requirements and technical parameters to delivery fire hoses for fire-rescue equipment is given. The types, nomenclature, classification and basic parameters of layflat delivery fire hoses of domestic production and production of leading countries of the world are analyzed. The basis for ensuring the operational and tactical actions of the units of the Operational Rescue Service of the Civil Protection Service of Ukraine for the elimination of natural and man-made emergencies, including extinguishing fires and carrying out rescue operations. His technical status, ability of personnel to properly operate the equipment at his disposal depends on the efficiency and tactical capabilities of the operational and rescue units. Fire hoses are a significant component of fire fighting equipment. Among the technical means intended for the transportation of extinguishing agents to the fire cell, the main role is certainly played by delivery fire hoses. Currently in Ukraine information on the types, nomenclature, classification and basic parameters of delivery fire hoses for rescue vehicles is given in the current national standard DSTU 3810-98. Given that the requirements of the national standard DSTU 3810-98 to some extent obsolete and do not meet the practical needs of today, it is urgent to justify the current classification requirements and technical parameters to layflat delivery fire hoses for firefighting equipment. Known research reports provide research findings on the establishment of classification requirements and technical parameters for delivery fire hoses, in particular those used in conjunction with fire and rescue equipment. At the same time, these studies do not fully reflect the current experience of EU countries on the subject. In order to solve this problem, at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Protection a research work is being conducted "Grounding of fire hose test methods", within which a national standard will be developed that will establish, in particular, the classification requirements parameters to the layflat delivery fire hoses for fire vehicles. Keywords: classification, layflat delivery fire hoses, rescue equipment, technical parameters.

Integrated Fire Risk Factors Analysis in the Residential Districts of Russian Federation Regions

To develop a long-term strategy for managing the fire risks level at the sites of supervision in the Russian Federation regions, we collected, analyzed and summarized statistical data on fires occurring. Based on the obtained results, it proposed to take management decisions aimed at minimizing fire risks in the Russian Federation. The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of fire risks.In this study, special attention paid to identifying the influence of social factors among the causes of fires occurring in Russia. Based on the panel data analysis for the regions of Russia, a quantitative dependence of the probability of fires occurrence at economic and administrative objects of supervision obtained. An assessment of the risk of death for a year because of such fires carried out. A comparative analysis of the values of the regional socio-economic factors corresponding indicators for the previous year carried out. A comparison of the results obtained with the rapid response time to fires rescue units of EMERCOM of Russia.

Functional model of activity of the fire and rescue unit

The article is devoted to the issue of effective management in fire rescue units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia based on application of functional modeling. Data on functional model of activity of standard fire rescue unit are given. The example of application of functional modeling and business process management in day-to-day operations of fire rescue units, which allows increasing efficiency of management, is considered. The method of assessing the day-to-day activities of the fire rescue unit based on functional modeling described. Problems in the increase of enhancement of the efficiency in the activity of the fire and rescue units related to the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES) of Russia as well as similar units that are not involved in the federal group of forces and assets is an ultimately burning problem.

Взаимосвязь посттравматического стрессового расстройства с саморегуляцией у сотрудников военизированных горноспасательных частей

The paper presents the data on the study of the rela-tionship of post-traumatic stress disorder develop-ment with self-regulation indicators in employees of paramilitary rescue units. 55 people with work expe-rience from 2 to 10 years, aged from 24 to 30 years were examined with a complex of five methods. The methods used make it possible to judge the possi-ble relationship between the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and personality traits such as self-regulation, self-control, locus control, pro-fessional planning, modeling, independence, au-tonomy. An empirical study revealed a sufficient level of general self-regulation, but at the same time, insufficient development of certain regulatory and personal properties, which indicates typical and most significant signs of self-organization and pur-poseful activity (external and internal) of respond-ents. The diagnostics of HCV employees revealed the presence of certain symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in a small number of respondents. The analysis of the results showed the relationship between the level of self-regulation and develop-ment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

METHOD OF GEOMETRIC MODELING OF THE MAXIMUM COVERAGE GIVEN AREAS WITH SPECIAL TYPE RESTRICTIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

This work is devoted to development the method of geometric modeling of the maximum coverage given areas with special type restrictions taken into account. Optimal coverage problems are an integral part of the class of optimization geometric design problems, to which a large number of important practical problems from different areas of human activity can be reduced in their formulations. Despite the development of optimal coverage methods, there are exist tasks that are still unsolved. These include the problem of maximum coverage given areas with special type restrictions taken into account. At the same time, special type restrictions are different for the corresponding areas of human activity. For example, for the sphere of civil defence, this may be a restriction for: the response time of operational and rescue units to a fire; available resources for the creation of units; to implement a given unit call number; risk for a person to die as a result of a fire per unit of time, which should not exceed a value justified on the basis of existing socio-economic conditions.First of all, the statement of the problem was formulated and a model for the maximum coverage given areas with special type restrictions taken into account was developed. The characteristics of the maximum coverage model are studied, which include the following: the objective function is algorithmic, i.e. calculated in the process of solving the problem; task restrictions consist of nonlinear, discrete, and piecewise linear expressions. Analysis of the maximum coverage model allowed concluding that this problem belongs to the class of combinatorial optimization problems. In this regard, a method of geometric modeling of the maximum coverage given areas with special type restrictions taken into account was developed, the basis of which is a method of directed sorting of acceptable locations for the beginnings of local coordinate systems of coverage objects. An estimate of the complexity of the developed method is obtained. Further research will be aimed on a computer implementation of the developed method.

Тензометрические исследования напряженного состояния цистерн пожарных автомобилей при различных режимах движения

Цель. Экспериментальное подтверждение эффективности применения разработанных методик и рекомендаций, обеспечивающих повышение эксплуатационного ресурса, увеличение запаса прочности и межремонтного периода модернизированных цистерн пожарных автомобилей, эксплуатируемых в аварийно-спасательных подразделениях на территории Республики Беларусь.
 Методы. Компьютерное моделирование, методы тензометрии.
 Результаты. Экспериментальным путем исследовано напряженное состояние серийно изготавливаемой и модернизированной цистерны пожарного автомобиля при различных эксплуатационных режимах движения. Подтверждены результаты теоретических расчетов, полученные методом компьютерного моделирования. В статье представлено описание эксперимента, обработка и анализ полученных результатов.
 Область применения исследований. Результаты исследований применены при проектировании и разработке конструкций оболочечного типа.

АНАЛІЗ ПРОТИПОЖЕЖНИХ ЗАХОДІВ У КОНСТРУКЦІЯХ ЗОВНІШНІХ СТІН ІЗ ФАСАДНОЮ ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЄЮ ТА ОПОРЯДЖЕННЯМ ШТУКАТУРКОЮ

Метою роботи є аналіз протипожежних заходів у конструкціях зовнішніх стін із фасадною теплоізоляцією та опорядженням штукатуркою, а також аналіз особливостей їх облаштування, враховуючи досвід інших країн. Розглянуто та проаналізовано види, конструктивні особливості, призначення та функції протипожежних поясів та обрамлення віконних (дверних) прорізів, виконаних з негорючих матеріалів, які влаштовуються в конструкціях зовнішніх стін із фасадною теплоізоляцією та опорядженням штукатуркою. Наголошено на значну роль протипожежних поясів та обрамлення віконних (дверних) прорізів із негорючих плит з мінеральної вати у забезпеченні пожежної безпеки будівельних об’єктів. Зроблено висновки про те, що в Україні на національному рівні в нормативних документах процедура облаштування протипожежних поясів та обрамлення навколо віконних та дверних прорізів недостатньо технічно описана (розкрита), що призводить до випадків неправильного трактування цих вимог або взагалі їх нехтування.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІ МЕТОДИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПЕРЕНОСНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ДИМО- ТА ТЕПЛОВИДАЛЕННЯ

Наведено результати експериментальних досліджень з визначення коефіцієнту ефективного зменшення задимленості і коефіцієнту ефективного зниження температури під час реалізації трьох варіантів нормалізації газоповітряного середовища у випробувальному боксі, а саме під час створення задимленого та високотемпературного середовища та подальшого самостійного зменшення задимленості і зниження температури, під час димо та тепловидалення шляхом нагнітання повітря та шляхом одночасного подавання повітря та розпиленого струменя води до випробувального боксу за допомогою переносного засобу димо- та тепловидалення

The Development of Early Warning Systems for Home/Community Elderly Care

With Taiwan now an "aged society", home safety for older individuals has become a very important issue. The purpose of establishing early warning systems in homes and/or communities is to generate and disseminate meaningful warning information to medical institutions or rescue units in a timely manner so that they may take timely and appropriate action. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the current application of information and communication technology (ICT, especially the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence) in early warning systems for home and community care. Two approaches to developing these systems are introduced: instant detection and prevention monitoring. Instant detection facilitates fall detection and personnel tracking, while the focus of prevention monitoring is on preventing falls and physiological status monitoring. The challenges faced by in incorporating ICT into these early monitoring systems are discussed as well.

IMPROVING WORK RESOURCE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT FOR EUTECTIC COATING

Today, in Ukraine, fire-fighting and rescue units in the event of fires and emergencies of a natural and anthropo-genic nature are often forced to operate emergency life-saving tools and equipment that are partially worn or outdated. It is extremely costly to completely replace the equipment of all fire and rescue units. Therefore, the development of methods for the restoration of worn or partially worn parts of fire and rescue equipment, as well as increasing their service life and interrepair interval, is an urgent task for today.The proposed work is devoted to the application of eutectic coatings based on the Fe-Mn-C-B-Si alloy Cr system for the restoration of partially wornout steel parts of firefighting equipment and rescue equipment, as well as to increase the service life (lifetime) of these parts. The essence of the experimental study was to compare the wear of the cutting elements of hydraulic emergency rescue scissors "Hydrum H-32" series production and scissors with a protective eutectic coating. The work life of the eutectic coatings of Fe-Mn-C-B-Si doped Cr working bodies of emergency rescue scissors in 1.8 times greater than that of working bodies of serial production, so it is advisable to repair such worn parts of the rescue and fire tool. Due to the relatively low cost of eutectic alloys based on iron, this method is economically viable as an alternative to replacing parts with new ones. This type of coating can also be applied to other steel parts of fire-fighting and rescue equipment to restore worn parts and increase service life and overhaul intervals. The use of durable eutectic iron based coatings is economically feasible given their relatively low cost.