Rescue Systems Research Articles

Detecting Small Infrared Maritime Targets Overwhelmed in Heavy Waves by Weighted Multidirectional Gradient Measure

Efficient small infrared (IR) maritime target detection in heavy waves is a key and challenging task in maritime distress target search and rescue systems. The current methods are struggling to enhance targets and suppress heavy waves because of the similar local contrast. In this letter, a weighted multidirectional gradient (WMDG) measure is presented. First, the candidate targets are extracted via facet model. Then multidirectional gradient and difference information are constructed to calculate average cumulative multidirectional gradient (ACMG) and achieve directional difference measure (DDM). Consequently, the final saliency is reconstructed via ACMG weighted by DDM. Finally, the actual targets are segmented through an adaptive threshold. Experimental results demonstrate that our method is superior to the state-of-the-art methods with regard to detection validity and robustness for small IR maritime target detection in heavy waves.

The Mechanism of Operation Effectiveness of Emergency Shelter Rescue Systems

Natural disasters cause serious damage to buildings and infrastructure, and victims lose a comfortable living environment. A large number of people are left homeless. Emergency shelter is an important component that cannot be ignored in the comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation plan. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has collectively taken into account the rapid and accurate resettlement of evacuees by taking stratification of demand, distribution of supplies, and diversion evacuation as an organic model. Given the bottleneck of rapid and accurate resettlement in the complex sheltered environment, we combine field research, literature analysis, and previous case study. This paper explains that the three main factors that affect the resettlement of evacuees are the complexity of demand, the shortage of materials, and the blindness of refuge. Additionally, then an effective analysis framework of the hierarchy of demand, distribution rapidity and refuge accuracy are constructed. Finally, this paper puts forward the structural framework of demand for layered, comprehensive distribution and diversion of evacuees and further explains the structure relationship, mode of rescue and operation strategy of effective resettlement of evacuees.

Sensor-based fall detection systems: a review

Accidental fall is one of the most prevalent causes of loss of autonomy, deaths and injuries among the elderly people. Fall detection and rescue systems with the advancement of technology help reduce the loss of lives and injuries, as well as the cost of healthcare systems by providing immediate emergency services to the victims of accidental falls. The aim of this paper is to perform a systematic review of the existing sensor-based fall detection and rescue systems and to facilitate further research in this field. The systems are reviewed based on their architecture, used sensors, performance metrics, limitations, etc. This review also provides a taxonomy for classifying the fall detection systems. The systems have been divided into two main categories: single sensor-based fall detection systems, and multiple sensor-based fall detection systems. Although single sensor-based systems are very accurate in detecting falls, multiple sensor-based systems are more efficient. The low power consumption of most single sensor-based systems especially those which are based on the accelerometer is perfect for wearable solutions, while most multiple sensor-based systems are perfect for indoor monitoring.

The Problem of Elements Returning of Launch Vehicles and the Ways of Its Solution

The work, dedicated to the blessed memory of Vladimir Chizhukhin, deals with the problem of rescuing the blocks of carrier rockets for their subsequent use. The priority method is the use of aerospace parachute systems (ASPS), which are the lightest of all possible rescue systems. The possibility of using parachutes at space altitudes has been proven by the longterm practice of using them in M-100 meteorological rockets. Based on specific examples, numerical studies have been carried out on the possibility of using such a system, showing its great capabilities in combination with helicopter pick-up at the final stage of landing or with a rocket-dynamic soft-landing system.

Experimental study on the tunnel temperature distribution under the coupling effect of train blocking and fire inside the carriage

The understanding of temperature distribution in a railway tunnel caused by train fire can help to optimize the design of ventilation and rescue systems. In this study, a series of experimental tests were conducted in a 1/11 reduced-scale tunnel to investigate the effect of train blocking and internal fire of the carriage on the maximum temperature distribution. Different fire scenarios were discussed, including blocking length and opening modes of doors and windows under typical longitudinal wind speeds. In order to quantify the high-temperature load in the tunnel, a dimensionless model of the maximum temperature rise under different fire scenes was proposed. The results showed that the maximum temperature under the blocking condition was relatively higher than the non-blocking condition, and the maximum temperature increases with the blocking length at the same measuring point. Besides, the position of the openings, the number of openings, as well as the space of openings all would affect the heat spread, but these factors might have less influence on the maximum temperature in comparison with heat release rate and longitudinal wind speed. These results can assist an optimal ventilation design for train fire in a railway tunnel.

Ribosome Rescue Pathways in Bacteria.

Ribosomes that become stalled on truncated or damaged mRNAs during protein synthesis must be rescued for the cell to survive. Bacteria have evolved a diverse array of rescue pathways to remove the stalled ribosomes from the aberrant mRNA and return them to the free pool of actively translating ribosomes. In addition, some of these pathways target the damaged mRNA and the incomplete nascent polypeptide chain for degradation. This review highlights the recent developments in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial ribosomal rescue systems, including drop-off, trans-translation mediated by transfer-messenger RNA and small protein B, ribosome rescue by the alternative rescue factors ArfA and ArfB, as well as Bacillus ribosome rescue factor A, an additional rescue system found in some Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis. Finally, we discuss the recent findings of ribosome-associated quality control in particular bacterial lineages mediated by RqcH and RqcP. The importance of rescue pathways for bacterial survival suggests they may represent novel targets for the development of new antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Анализ мирового опыта функционирования медико-спасательных систем оказания экстренной медицинской помощи пострадавшим в условиях чрезвычайных ситуаций на трассах республиканского значения

Purpose of the study. To analyze the world experience of the functioning of medical and rescue systems for providing emergency medical care to victims in emergency situations on the highways of republican significance. The study included publications from the MEDLINE, CyberLeninka, eLIBRARY.RU databases, regulatory documentation on the provision of EMF. We analyzed studies published over the past 5 years. All other articles have been deleted.Experience shows that the lives of victims often depend on the kind of assistance they will receive in the first minutes after an accident, which directly depends on the speed of response and the experience of providing medical assistance by the teams of the route-medical rescue center.Considering the importance of preventing and reducing deaths due to an emergency on the highways of republican significance, the article presents an analysis of the literature, revealing the experience of the functioning of medical rescue systems for providing emergency medical care to victims in road traffic accidents.Further improvement of the disaster medicine service for the provision of emergency medical care is one of the most important conditions for ensuring the preservation and strengthening of the health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Key words: emergency medical aid, road traffic accident, injured person, evacuation, ambulance, route-medical rescue center.

Probability of Position and Motion Parameters Estimation for a Radio Beacon in Passive Search and Rescue Systems

Probability of Position and Motion Parameters Estimation for a Radio Beacon in Passive Search and Rescue Systems

Genome-wide effects of the antimicrobial peptide apidaecin on translation termination in bacteria.

Biochemical studies suggested that the antimicrobial peptide apidaecin (Api) inhibits protein synthesis by binding in the nascent peptide exit tunnel and trapping the release factor associated with a terminating ribosome. The mode of Api action in bacterial cells had remained unknown. Here genome-wide analysis reveals that in bacteria, Api arrests translating ribosomes at stop codons and causes pronounced queuing of the trailing ribosomes. By sequestering the available release factors, Api promotes pervasive stop codon bypass, leading to the expression of proteins with C-terminal extensions. Api-mediated translation arrest leads to the futile activation of the ribosome rescue systems. Understanding the unique mechanism of Api action in living cells may facilitate the development of new medicines and research tools for genome exploration.

Increased First Pass Success with C-MAC Videolaryngoscopy in Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Endotracheal intubation (ETI) with direct view laryngoscopy (DL) is the gold standard for airway management. Videolaryngoscopy (VL) can improve glottis visualization, thus facilitating ETI. The aim of this monocentric, randomized, prospective study on a physician staffed German air ambulance is to compare DL and VL for ETI in terms of number of attempts and time as well as visualization of the glottis in a prehospital setting in a physician-based rescue system in adult patients. A power analysis was performed à priori. We used consecutive on-scene randomization with a sealed envelope system for the DL and VL-group. Successful ETI with first pass success was significantly more frequent with VL than DL and three seconds faster. The percentage of glottis opening and the Cormack & Lehane classification were significantly better with VL than DL. Regarding improved first pass success in ETI with the VL, we would recommend the use of VL for prehospital airway management in physician-based rescue systems.

On the peculiarities of shaping the appearance of aircraft equipped with a collective rescue system for passengers and crew

The relevance of the problem under study is due to the need to study the issue of the features of the formation of the appearance of aircraft equipped with a collective rescue system for passengers and crew. The purpose of the article is to study the collective rescue system for passengers and crew. The leading method for studying this problem is the method of analyzing the conceptual features of aircraft design as part of a collective rescue system (CRS). It is shown that the exclusion of the contact zone of the emergency plane with the ground will allow to qualitatively and quantitatively increase the safety of passengers and crew. The structural decomposition made it possible to identify the place of collective rescue systems in the structure of the aircraft. A procedural decomposition is given, which allows structural assembly of aircraft units and systems. A phased program for studying the problem of implementing collective rescue is given by the example of a light aircraft of vertical takeoff and landing. An example of the implementation of a collective rescue system is shown.

Design and Analysis of Rescue Robot using Micro Controller and Zigbee Technology

Intelligent rescue systems with required information and robot technology have been predicted to alleviate disaster damages. According to an international survey report, a child is losing his/her life by getting fallen in a borehole which is left uncovered is increasing day by day. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a robot which is named as rescue robot which helps to rescue the life from the borehole safely and the various methods to process this implementation. There are many methods available to rescue the child from borehole in which a human should get into the borehole through an alternate way or by impart the machineries which may cause damage to the child as well as to the land also. To avoid these major problems, this paper introduces a rescue robot which shows the child’s condition inside the borehole lively by video camera as well as the methods to rescue the child from the borehole without causing any damage to the life or land. This robot is designed by using the major components such as Zigbee technology, servo motor, micro controller, video camera and laser.

Deep Learning Based Systems Developed for Fall Detection: A Review

Accidental falls are a major source of loss of autonomy, deaths, and injuries among the elderly. Accidental falls also have a remarkable impact on the costs of national health systems. Thus, extensive research and development of fall detection and rescue systems are a necessity. Technologies related to fall detection should be reliable and effective to ensure a proper response. This article provides a comprehensive review on state-of-the-art fall detection technologies considering the most powerful deep learning methodologies. We reviewed the most recent and effective deep learning methods for fall detection and categorized them into three categories: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based systems, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based systems, and Auto-encoder based systems. Among the reviewed systems, three dimensional (3D) CNN, CNN with 10-fold cross-validation, LSTM with CNN based systems performed the best in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, etc. The reviewed systems were compared based on their working principles, used deep learning methods, used datasets, performance metrics, etc. This review is aimed at presenting a summary and comparison of existing state-of-the-art deep learning based fall detection systems to facilitate future development in this field.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ГАЗОГЕНЕРАТОРА ТВЕРДОГО ТОПЛИВА ПРИ СТЕНДОВОМ ИСПЫТАНИИ МЕТОДОМ ТЕПЛОВИЗИОННОЙ СЪЕМКИ

In this article, the authors described in detail the methodology for conducting fire bench tests for the reusable experimental design of a solid propellant (SP) gas generator, specially designed to study the complex laws of heat and mass transfer under conditions of unsteady combustion of SP during operation of the installation and in the after-treatment mode. The developed technique allows us to study the nonlinear dynamics of temperature field changes, fuel and generator gas consumption, as well as its composition. The paper presents the chronology of the research, describes the used measuring equipment. Based on the carried out thermodynamic analysis of working processes in the combustion chamber of the gas generator under study, an algorithm for the optimal determination of its operating characteristics is proposed. The methodology of experimental studies of the thermal state of the design of the TT gas generator is universal and can be successfully used in working out other gas generating solid fuels with various energy characteristics during the optimal design of special technical systems such as solid propellant rocket motors (the approbation of the methodology is given on the example of an experimental design with a rotating nozzle), emergency rescue systems and aircraft engines. The results of studies of the thermal state of the elements of the TT gas generator by thermal imaging are well verified with the readings of temperature field sensors.

Analysis and Augmentation of Human Performance on Telerobotic Search Problems

Search is an essential technology for rescue and other mobile robot applications. Many robotic search and rescue systems rely on teleoperation. One of the key problems in search tasks is how to cover the search space efficiently. Search is also central to humans’ daily activities. This paper analyzes and models human search behavior using data from actual teleoperation experiments. The analysis of the experimental data uses a novel technique to decompose search data, based on structure learning and K-means clustering. The analysis explores three hypotheses: (1) humans are able to solve a complex search task by breaking it up into smaller tasks, (2) humans consider both coverage and motion cost, and (3) robots can outperform humans in search problems. The enhanced understanding of human search strategies can then be applied to the design of human-robot interfaces and search algorithms. The paper describes a technique for augmenting human search. Since the objective functions in search problems are submodular, greedy algorithms can generate near-optimal subgoals. These subgoals then can be used to guide humans in searching. Experiments showed that the humans’ search performance is improved with the subgoals’ assistance.

HEALTH MONITORING TO FALL DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING TRANSFER

Accidental falls are a major source of loss of autonomy, deaths, and injuries among the elderly. Accidental falls also have a remarkable impact on the costs of national health systems. Thus, extensive research and development of fall detection and rescue systems are a necessity. Technologies related to fall detection should be reliable and effective to ensure a proper response. This article provides a comprehensive review on state-of-the-art fall detection technologies considering the most powerful deep learning methodologies. We reviewed the most recent and effective deep learning methods for fall detection and categorized them into three categories: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based systems, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based systems, and Auto-encoder based systems. Among the reviewed systems, three dimensional (3D) CNN, CNN with 10-fold cross-validation, LSTM with CNN based systems performed the best in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, etc. The reviewed systems were compared based on their working principles, used deep learning methods, used datasets, performance metrics, etc. This review is aimed at presenting a summary and comparison of existing state-of-the-art deep learning based fall detection systems to facilitate future development in this field.

Release factor-dependent ribosome rescue by BrfA in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis

Rescue of the ribosomes from dead-end translation complexes, such as those on truncated (non-stop) mRNA, is essential for the cell. Whereas bacteria use trans-translation for ribosome rescue, some Gram-negative species possess alternative and release factor (RF)-dependent rescue factors, which enable an RF to catalyze stop-codon-independent polypeptide release. We now discover that the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis has an evolutionarily distinct ribosome rescue factor named BrfA. Genetic analysis shows that B. subtilis requires the function of either trans-translation or BrfA for growth, even in the absence of proteotoxic stresses. Biochemical and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) characterization demonstrates that BrfA binds to non-stop stalled ribosomes, recruits homologous RF2, but not RF1, and induces its transition into an open active conformation. Although BrfA is distinct from E. coli ArfA, they use convergent strategies in terms of mode of action and expression regulation, indicating that many bacteria may have evolved as yet unidentified ribosome rescue systems.

Evaluation of the probability of correct positioning of the beacon and its motion parameters in passive search and rescue systems

In this article, the approach to evaluate the probability of estimating the range of the beacon with a given accuracy is proposed. To determine the range to the beacon, a set of Kalman filters is applied to the beacon bearing measurements according to the given hypotheses about its motion parameters. The calculation of the probability of the correct choice of a hypothesis is presented. The hypothesis with the minimum sum of squared residuals is considered without prediction errors, its expectation and standard deviation, respectively, are. The time, required to determine the range with the probability 0.9..0.95 is calculated according to the proposed method agrees with the results obtained by statistical analysis, performed over multiple data sets. The results of the simulation of the “frequency” graph are shown.

Spatial data quality in multi-criterial analysis for decision making process

Abstract. Multi-criterial analysis is becoming one of the main methods for evaluation of influence of geographic environment on human activity, or human activity on geographic environment, respectively. Analysis results are often used in command and control systems, especially in armed forces and units of rescue systems. For analyses, digital geographic data – whose quality significantly influences the reached results – are used. Visualization of results of analyses in command and control systems are usually thematic layers over raster images of topographic maps. That is why this visualization must correspond to cartographic principles used for the creation of thematic maps. The article presents problems that an analyst encounters within the evaluation of the quality of the used data, performance of the analysis itself as well as preparation of data files for their transfer and publishing in command and control systems.

Lifesaving rockets in Sweden. A century of operation

The industrialization in the early 19th century gave rise to a major growth in sea-way transportations in European waters. A direct result of this was a rapid increase in sea disasters, in particular in coastal areas. The United Kingdom was the first nation to implement rescue services around its coasts, and several optional systems, in addition to traditional rescue boats, like rockets, mortars and cannons were tested. By the mid 1840's the “rocket apparatus” was implemented as a standard at many British rescue stations. The first rocket type used was the Dennett-rocket, which was of a design similar to the Congreve rockets. Rocket systems were later also designed in several other European countries with need of effective sea rescue systems.1855 the first rescue station in Sweden was taken into service equipped with a rescue boat and a rocket apparatus of Dennett fabrication. During the following century some 40 rescue stations around the Swedish coast were equipped with rocket apparatus. Over the years to come a number of different new rocket systems were tested and some implemented. Some of the Swedish rescue stations have been preserved and are today museums and it turns out that in total some 40 rockets of different types and ages have been preserved at these museum stations. The official records of all activities conducted over a century have also been saved.The today existing rockets have undergone a detailed technical investigation as for the design, performance and operation. Steps of improvements and potential influence of the general advancements of the solid rocket technology over more than a century, from the Congreve type rockets to the rockets in service at the mid of last century, have been analysed. Basically any improvements were made in small steps to advance the handling of a simple but reliable system and less to implement latest advancements in rocket technology. Like the latest rockets preserved, manufactured in 1950 and 1952, the major bulk of rockets used until the mid 20's century were of a Congreve-similar design with the stick guidance concept. The simplicity and conservative evolution to improve the range is also reflected in the use of a “compound”-type of staging for two- and three-stage rockets.