Rescue Forces Research Articles

Design of Collaborative Organization and On-Site Dispatching System for Multiple Water Rescue Forces

The coordinated dispatch of multiple rescue forces for water emergencies refers to the establishment of temporary institutions such as emergency headquarters, on-site emergency headquarters or emergency command centers by governments at all levels and relevant functional departments during emergency response and emergency disposal. "Intelligent emergency rescue under the framework is the goal, in accordance with the requirements of the established emergency management legal system, system and emergency plan, obeying certain command relations and dispatching principles, using certain command methods, and comprehensively coordinating rescue forces from all aspects. A series of activities to respond to and deal with security incidents. The coordinated dispatch of multiple rescue forces for water emergencies is formed into a system, and the intelligent technology of emergency rescue is used to achieve high-level data analysis, management and decision-making, and to realize intelligent analysis, intelligent dispatch, intelligent collaboration, intelligent generation and intelligent planning of emergency rescue. All-round management of emergency rescue such as equipment management, highlighting the ability of intelligent perception, intelligent transmission, intelligent processing and intelligent application of information. Based on the principles of lowest cost, least time-consuming, optimal power, lowest resource consumption, and efficient operation management, build an intelligent emergency rescue collaborative management platform with intelligent rescue and intelligent collaboration as the core elements, so that the intelligent emergency rescue management system has self-learning capabilities, self-induction, self-coordination and other functions, making the water emergency rescue operations safer, more reliable and more timely.

Research on modular scheme of aviation emergency rescue for natural disasters

Aviation emergency rescue is the core part of China's emergency rescue system and the main rescue force, which plays an important role in disaster relief, rescue materials transfer, casualty transportation, air rescue, major health and epidemic prevention. Based on H145 helicopter, the modular design concept is adopted to redesign the aviation rescue equipment, and the modular structure layout of the cabin is completed for major natural disasters. Aiming at the path planning problem of rescue helicopter, based on the improved ant colony algorithm, the optimal path planning of helicopter is completed by comprehensively considering the constraints of helicopter flight performance and flight environment. Through the use of medical data interaction technology, a standardized transport information service platform is established, which solves the problem of medical information island between the transfer unit, the transport unit and the evacuation hospital when the helicopter performs the aviation emergency rescue task, realizes the interconnection of medical data, effectively shortens the response time of aviation emergency rescue and improves the rescue efficiency.

A hybrid decision-making approach for locating rescue materials storage points under public emergencies

PurposeIn modern urban governance, rescue materials storage points (RMSP) are a vital role to be considered in responding to public emergencies and improving a city's emergency management. This study analyzes the siting of community-centered relief supply facilities.Design/methodology/approachCombining grey relational analysis, complex network and relative entropy, a new multi criteria method is proposed. It pays more attention to the needs of the community, taking into account the use of community hospitals, fire centers and neighborhood offices to establish small RMSP.FindingsThe research results firstly found suitable areas for RMSP site selection, including Hanyang, Qiaokou, Jiangan and Wuchang. The top 10 nodes in each region are found as the location of emergency facilities, and the network parameters are higher than ordinary nodes in traffic networks. The proposed method was applied in Wuhan, China and the method was verified by us-ing a complex network model combined with multi-criteria decision-making for emergency facility location.Practical implicationsThis method solves the problem of how to choose the optimal solution and reduces the difficulty for decision makers. This method will help emergency managers to locate and plan RMSP more simply, especially in improving emergency siting modeling techniques and additionally in providing a reference for future research.Originality/valueThe method proposed in this study is beneficial to improve the decision-making ability of urban emergency departments. Using complex networks and comprehensive evaluation techniques, RMSP is incorporated into the urban community emergency network as a critical rescue force. More importantly, the findings highlight a new direction for further research on urban emergency facilities site selection based on a combination of sound theoretical basis as well as empirical evidence gained from real life case-based analysis.Highlights:Material reserve points are incorporated into the emergency supply network to maintain the advantage of quantity.Build emergency site selection facilities centered on urban communities.Use a complex network model to select the location of emergency supplies storage sites.

The Status and Management Policy Suggestions of Socialized Emergency Rescue Organizations

Although human society has developed to an unprecedented height in terms of politics, economy and culture, it is still impossible to avoid local wars, epidemics, earthquakes, fires, floods, snow disasters, mudslides, mine accidents, major traffic accidents, building collapses, and other disasters, causing heavy casualties and property losses. In the face of a sudden disaster, external support is impossible to arrive immediately, and the government rescue department is relatively short of manpower, requiring social rescue forces as an important supplement. Therefore, this paper will analyze the current situation of socialized emergency rescue organizations at home and abroad, and put forward some suggestions on the management policies of socialized emergency rescue organizations in Shanghai.

Research on Countermeasures for Local Governments to Enhance the Capacity of Social Emergency Forces

China's emergency management system has been undergoing significant changes, and the state encourages the development of social emergency rescue. In order to promote social emergency forces and government rescue forces to form an effective synergy and continuously promote efficient and standardized emergency rescue, we summarize the problems of social emergency force development by analyzing the capability level of social emergency forces, and study the local government's enhancement of social emergency forces in the light of the current emergency management development situation. The study will provide reference for better integration of social emergency forces into the national emergency rescue system.

DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF AN ISRAELI FIRST RESPONDERS ADDRESSES GEOSPATIAL DATASET FOR MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCY EVENTS

Abstract. At the last decades the awareness of the role of developing and improving the technological means in order to support better response during disasters such as earthquake and huge forest fire, became critical. Hence, the first responders agencies (Firefighters, police, Red Cross, municipality etc.) requires a geospatial dataset to manage, operate, coordinate and make their decisions based on a "common language" in order to navigate in real time, and to cooperate "on the field" in an appropriate way for saving life’s.Due to the event of huge forest fire in the Carmel Forest at the northern area in the state of Israel, the Survey of Israel promoted the development and dissemination of National First Responders Geospatial Dataset (NFRGD) to all of the first responder’s agencies and municipalities.In the State of Israel, there are more than 1.9 million buildings and 160,000 km of roads and unpaved roads, but only about 30% have an unequivocal name or official number. Since all emergency forces use navigation applications to locate, plan the route and arrive to the event area, most of the buildings and roads cannot be located by means of navigation, because there is no unique identification for them. In these cases, the forces will base their way to the event on prior acquaintance with the area of activity. This knowledge exists only in the local emergency and rescue forces. In huge events, when forces are being enlisted from other service areas to help, and they are not familiar with the local geography, they must work and communicate based on common spatial database.The main challenges of the NFRGD development were:Designing a product that will be generic to the whole of the First Responders agencies.Dissemination of the dataset in frequency that enable the First Responders agencies IT to integrate the data set in their systems.Overcome complex use cases due to the complexity of the reality representation in National Topographic Data Base.This article will describe the methodology of the geo computation and algorithms, which implemented in the development of the NFRGD. The algorithms were characterized and developed by a joint team of representatives from the first responders, the chief scientist and systems analysts of the Survey of Israel (SOI).

Priprema neborbene operacije kao ključni element uspešnosti angažovanja rečne flotile u operaciji pomoći civilnim vlastima tokom poplava

The River Flotilla (RF), as an integral part of the Army, is one of the inevitable subjects of the protection and rescue of the population, environment and material goods during floods. The emergencies declared due to the threat of water overflow from river bed require the use of some equipment such as ships, boats, amphibious and other types of vessels. Due to their main purpose, manoeuvrability, capacity and specificity of the environment in which they are used (rivers, lakes, canals, etc.), the successful engagement of the protection and rescue forces during the execution of various types of non-combat activities in a flooded area is inconceivable. However, the success of a flood relief operation depends not only on the equipment used in carrying out tasks, but also on many challenges such as: how to select and organize adequate protection and rescue forces, how to bring forces to a flood-affected area, how to organize their logistic support and how to establish successful coordination with civil authorities in an affected area. In this regard, and through the analysis of the existing doctrinal solutions, the key elements of the successful engagement of the RF during floods have been generated in the form of preparation of operation, command in operation, cooperation and coordination, noncombat activities and logistic support to operation. The paper proposes solutions related to the phase of preparation of operation as one of the key elements of the success of the engagement of the RF in assisting civil authorities during floods.

Dimenzije mehanizacije in vozil, ki se gibljejo po slovenskih gozdovih zunaj gozdnih cest

The Forest Act allows vehicles to be driven in the forest outside of forest roads for the purpose of forest management or rescue of persons or property. The vehicles and machinery intended for these tasks are very diverse, both in their form and in the dimensions and quality requirements of the thoroughfares on which they move. The types of mechanization discussed include agricultural tractors, specialized forestry mechanisation, trailers on tractors, trucks, cars and construction machinery. By reviewing various databases, legal restrictions and our own experience, interval data on the mass and width of representative examples of each category were given. It was estimated that among forest owners, the most numerous mechanization was up to 200 cm wide, while among professional contractors and protection and rescue forces, the most numerous mechanization and vehicles were up to 230 cm wide. It was also found that mechanization and vehicles up to 230 cm wide can perform all forest management and protection and rescue tasks at least on a basic scale.

Pravne osnove učešća policije u vanrednim situacijama

Police officers who belong to the General Police Directorate of Republic of Serbia, in addition to the numerous powers and tasks they perform, based on the Law on Police, have the obligation to participate in protection and rescue operations. Besides the aforementioned law, the police are recognized as a part of the protection and rescue forces by the Law on Risk Reduction and Emergency Management. The role of the police in emergency situations is very important, and the scope of work of the police officers is expanding over time and becoming more and more diverse, and thus more complex. The police engages in the execution of tasks aimed at the security protection of citizens' property and lives, such as rescue and evacuation from endangered areas, providing first aid, delivery of food, medicine, etc.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНО ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН І ФАХОВОЇ ПРАКТИКИ НА ПІДСТАВІ ГОЛОВНИХ КОНТЕКСТНИХ ОЗНАК ОСВІТНЬО-ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПРОГРАМИ «АВАРІЙНЕ ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ТА БЕЗПЕКА НА АВІАЦІЙНОМУ ТРАНСПОРТІ» В УМОВАХ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

In connection with the war in Ukraine, the number of emergencies has significantly increased, the rapid localization and timely elimination of the consequences of which can be largely carried out with the use of aviation and directly with the participation of future specialists in ″Emergency service and safety in air transport″, and the formation of new methods, technologies, forms and methods of professional training of these specialists. In the course of the study, the following factors affecting the effectiveness of distance learning of professionally oriented disciplines in the educational and professional program ″Emergency service and Safety in Air Transport″ were clarified: technical possibilities of equipping teachers and applicants for higher education; current level of training of applicants for higher education; professional and psychological training of teachers in conditions of war and distance learning; adaptation of teaching and methodological support for distance learning in professionally oriented disciplines; organization of distance learning; failure of equipment and communication; a set of restrictions; unforeseen circumstances; availability of electronic learning tools. The article presents the scientific substantiation and orderliness of interdisciplinary connections of professionally-oriented disciplines and professional practice in the professional training of future specialists in ″Emergency service and safety in air transport″. The integration of professional training is considered by taking into account the interdisciplinary links of professionally oriented disciplines ″Organization and technology of search and rescue operations″, ″Search and rescue equipment and radio communications″, ″Civil protection″ and professional practice based on the main contextual features: classification of emergency situations, search and rescue procedures, types of search and rescue forces and means, stages of search and rescue operations. During the professional training of future specialists in ″Emergency service and safety in aviation transport″, it is proposed to model professional activity based on time and information constraints, which is implemented by gradually complicating the conditions for performing professional tasks, namely: shortage and time limit, incompleteness, ambiguity, unreliability of information, the number of sources of information. Key words: integration of professional training, future specialists in emergency service and safety in aviation transport, interdisciplinary links.

Praćenje aktivnosti, vrednovanje postignutih rezultata i analiza reagovanja, kao deo ciklusa upravljanja vanrednim situacijama

The consequences of a natural or other disaster will largely depend on the efficiency of emergency management. We are witnesses that, regardless of the adopted legislation and the great effort made to regulate the protection and rescue system and constantly improve it, emergency management does not always give the expected results. One of the reasons for such a response to disasters is insufficient commitment to continuous monitoring of all implemented activities of engaged entities and protection and rescue forces, lack of evaluation of achieved results in all four phases of management and unsystematic analysis. This paper will point out the necessary need for a systematic approach in monitoring, objective evaluation of results and analysis of emergency management with all actors involved. The lessons learned and the adoption of adequate key conclusions, lessons, recommendations and all adopted measures for improvement would greatly increase the effectiveness and efficiency for more successful emergency management at all levels in the future. The paper will also present the positive experiences of monitoring, analysis of activities and evaluation of the achieved results of district and municipal headquarters for emergency situations at command-simulation exercises at the district level organized in the past period.

Risk-informed based comprehensive path-planning method for radioactive materials road transportation

The optimization of transportation routes of radioactive materials (RADMAT) is recognized as one of the most important measures to reduce the radioactive risks and costs during transportation. However, the route optimization indicators have not been fully considered and quantified in current researches. Here, we propose a Risk-Informed based Comprehensive Path-Planning method (RICPP) for RADMAT Road Transportation (RMRT) route optimization by considering radiological risk cost, time cost, and economical cost. Among which, the ET/FT based Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) model is established to quantitatively assess the accident occurrence probability, and then the PEHR (personnel, environment, hazard target, and rescue force) comprehensive severity indexes considering vulnerability and resilience are established and quantified to characterize the accident radiological consequence. Finally, the gray relation analysis (GRA) model is employed to select an optimal path considering the multi-objective route planning indicators. The case study results show that the obtained path could reasonably reduce risks and costs during the transportation process, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed RICPP methodology is beneficial for selecting a safer and more economical route for radioactive materials road transportation.

The role of first-aid network construction in the early treatment of patients with critically severe hydrofluoric acid burns

Objective: To explore the role of first-aid network construction in the early treatment of patients with critically severe hydrofluoric acid burns. Methods: Twenty-seven fluorine chemical enterprises distributed in Zhejiang province, Jiangxi Province, Fujian Province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and 22 hospitals with burn/plastic department or professional burn treatment group in Zhejiang province, including Zhejiang Quhua Hospital, and 5 hospitals outside Zhejiang province were involved in the first-aid network construction as member units. As the main unit, Zhejiang Quhua Hospital was responsible for the daily maintenance and technical guidance of the first-aid network. Zhejiang Quhua Hospital was assigned as the designated emergency hospital for 20 fluorine chemical enterprises, a near emergency hospital to the other 7 fluorine chemical enterprises was assigned as the designated hospital for them. Medical records of 56 patients (all males) with critically severe hydrofluoric acid burns who admitted to 5 first-aid network hospitals from January 2006 to June 2021, meeting the inclusion criteria, were involved in the retrospective cohort study. Based on whether the enterprise belonging to the first-aid network construction or not, the patients were divided into first-aid network group (27 cases, aged (41±9) years) and non first-aid network group (29 cases, aged (42±10) years). After the patients in the first-aid network group were injured, the enterprises and hospitals linked up immediately. The hospital where the patient was treated mobilize the treatment force, equipment, materials, and drugs in advance by the first-aid network, thereby realizing seamless joint between pre-hospital first-aid and in-hospital treatment. The hospital started the first-aid process and temporarily mobilized the rescue forces, equipment, materials, and drug after patients in non first-aid network group arrived at the department of emergency of the hospital. The time from injury to medical service, the first detection time of serum calcium, the time staying in department of emergency, the duration of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, and the treatment outcome of patients in the two groups were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability test, independent-sample t test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: The time from injury to medical service, the first detection time of serum calcium, and the time staying in department of emergency of patients in first-aid network group were 40.0 (30.0, 55.0), 23.0 (17.5, 37.5), and 42.0 (37.0, 53.0) min, which were significantly shorter than 180.0 (120.0, 240.0), 31.0 (22.5, 47.5), 61.0 (52.0, 65.5) min in non first-aid network group (Z=-6.17, -1.98, -4.15, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The duration of hypocalcemia and hypo- magnesemia of patients in first-aid network group were 1.2 (1.1, 1.6) and 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) h, which were significantly shorter than 4.6 (3.1, 6.2) and 3.2 (2.5, 4.6) h in non first-aid network group (Z=-5.80, -4.81, P<0.01). Three patients (11.1%) in first-aid network group died, among whom 2 patients died at 40 min after injury and 1 patient died 9.0 h after injury. Four patients (13.8%) died in non first-aid network group at 3.0, 3.0, 4.5, and 7.0 h after injury, respectively. The mortality rates of patients in the two groups were similar (P>0.05). Conclusions: Critically severe hydrofluoric acid burn is an extremely urgent situation encountered in clinical practice. The construction of a first-aid network creates condition for on-site treatment of patients and improves the first-aid efficiency, thereby gaining time to save lives.

Conceptual Development of the Survival Vehicle: A Mechanism to Promote Resilience and Productivity of Relief Forces in Iran

INTRODUCTION: The major events occurring in recent decades have demonstrated that human societies are constantly affected by disasters which have always posed a threat to people's lives and properties. The present study aimed to introduce and expand the concept and capacities of "the survival vehicle" in Iran. This descriptive case study was conducted based on an applied research design. METHODS: This descriptive case study was conducted based on an applied research design. The library research method was used to develop theoretical backgrounds, and to collect information, the field method was employed with observation and researcher's information. FINDINGS: Considering that rescue forces have to be present at the scene of the disaster for consecutive days and weeks, they are directly exposed to threats, injuries, shortages, and problems as affected people are. Therefore, rescue experts and the Rapid Reaction Team of the Red Crescent Society of Kurdistan Province embarked on designing and using a vehicle called "Survival vehicle" taking into account the priorities in the affected area. This vehicle maintains the strength and motivation of relief forces by meeting their basic needs. Moreover, it increases the productivity of the relief forces and facilitates disaster management by strengthening the resilience of relief workers. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the results of the present study, the use of the survival vehicle brings about numerous positive advantages for the members of the Red Crescent rapid response team, as well as relief and operational teams, at the time of crises.

AUTOMATED BUILDING SEGMENTATION AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FROM SATELLITE IMAGES FOR DISASTER RELIEF

Abstract. After a natural disaster or humanitarian crisis, rescue forces and relief organisations are dependent on fast, area-wide and accurate information on the damage caused to infrastructure and the situation on the ground. This study focuses on the assessment of building damage levels on optical satellite imagery with a two-step ensemble model performing building segmentation and damage classification trained on a public dataset. We provide an extensive generalization study on pre- and post-disaster data from the passage of the cyclone Idai over Beira, Mozambique, in 2019 and the explosion in Beirut, Lebanon, in 2020. Critical challenges are addressed, including the detection of clustered buildings with uncommon visual appearances, the classification of damage levels by both humans and deep learning models, and the impact of varying imagery acquisition conditions. We show promising building damage assessment results and highlight the strong performance impact of data pre-processing on the generalization capability of deep convolutional models.

Research progress on the influencing factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among fire emergency rescuers

Under the new situation of professionalization reform for fire rescue forces in China, the research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of the emergency rescue personnel is expected to usher in a new stage. Based on some theoretical researches and practical results of domestic and foreign literature, this paper summarized the research results of the social and psychological factors of PTSD of emergency rescue personnel, and made suggestions and prospects for the future research and policy-making in related fields in China.

Assessment of the Need for Rescue Forces during Destructive Earthquakes (a Case Study of Armenia)

Assessment of the Need for Rescue Forces during Destructive Earthquakes (a Case Study of Armenia)

Quantitative evaluation of explosion consequences in urban underground drainage

The leaked gas from urban pipelines can easily spread to adjacent underground spaces and cause dangerous explosion accidents, therefore it is crucial to accurately identify underground spaces with high explosion consequences quantitatively, which is the key link to carry out the underground space explosion risk assessment. This paper proposes a method to quantitatively estimate the consequences of the urban underground drainage explosions. The method is established based on a large-scale underground explosion experiment and consists of several damage indicators as well as correction factors. The effects of fragments after the gas explosion, overpressure, and ground vibration post-explosion on nearby residents, infrastructures, and buried pipelines are quantitatively investigated through experimental results and theoretical analysis. The social impact and rescue force distribution affected by the explosion are assessed. A case study was generated in urban area which showed that this method is practicable. The results presented here may provide sound theoretical guidance for urban pipeline risk assessment and explosion hazard control.

Prehospital and In-hospital Concepts for Disaster Response and Preparedness

Disaster medicine faces complex challenges and will play an increasing role in the future. Disaster medicine is dominated by a phased imbalance of available and required resources. Various factors, such as a possible hazard for the rescue forces, inaccessible terrain or even destroyed infrastructure increase the complexity enormously. For casualties, this can mean a concentration of medical care on life-threatening conditions. The primary goal of emergency planning is to ensure standard or contingency care and to avoid crisis care.Hospitals and the preclinical emergency organizations must prepare for possible major emergencies or disasters. Easy-to-understand and just as easy to apply emergency plans are an important prerequisite for successful emergency management. These plans can only be guiding structures; the adaptation to the actual circumstances of the incident and the situation-adapted interpretation of the plans is the responsibility of the operational commanders. A clear leadership structure is essential for both preclinical and clinical operations. In this article, we describe important basic principles of disaster medicine mission planning and management.

Legal Analysis in Maritime Laws Based on &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Grounding Case of M/V “EVER GIVEN” in Suez Canal&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

On March 24, 2021, M/V EVER GIVEN from Evergreen Marine Corp stranded in the southern part of the Suez Canal shortly after it entered the canal, resulting in the closure of the two-way channel of the Suez Canal and the blockage of hundreds of ships on the route between Asia and Europe. There exist quite tedious and complicated legal issues behind the stranding of M/V EVER GIVEN, including the contractual liability of M/V EVER GIVEN to the owners of cargo, the legal liability of M/V EVER GIVEN to the Suez Canal Authority and to the rescue force, and the establishment and contribution of general average. As to the specific claims for compensation, the legal relationship between the parties should be made clear firstly, and the establishment of the right to claim should then be confirmed. We should also distinguish claims which have been covered by the insurer or the P&I club from those which should be the responsibility of the ship owner. Combined with the gross tonnage data of M/V EVER GIVEN, the limitation of liability for maritime claims can be calculated according to the 2012 Amendment of CONVENTION ON LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS 1976. To have a conclusion that the paper will predict whether the owner of M/V EVER GIVEN will be bankrupt, the value of the vessel should be compared with the amount of limitation of liability for maritime claims.