Verification Of Requirements Research Articles

Detection of iron-bearing mineral assemblages in Nainarmalai granulite region, south India, based on satellite image processing and geochemical anomalies.

Although India's large iron ore reserves are well known, there are still few studies and research on iron ore prospecting in smaller deposits or the deposits with lower grade. Remote sensing concepts are useful to target for mineral exploration, since it covers a large area at low cost. In this research spectral remote sensing and digital image processing of ASTER data to locate and delineate the regions with iron oxide-bearing soils in granulite terrain at Nainnarmalai (southern India) that has hypothetical reserve 8.2 million tons of iron in sub-surface banded magnetite quartzites. The image-based study component involved pre-processing atmospheric correction and processing of the image data reminiscent of band ratio and band mixture to locate iron-bearing soils. We used blending of bands 5/3 + 1/2 to delineate ferrous iron oxide, band combination of 2/1 to delineate ferric iron oxide, and band ratio of 5/4 to delineate the lateritic soil. Further, the linear spectral unmixing outcome of ASRER data was evaluated concerning the ground truth of geochemical compositions of samples from the study area. Our results showed that image processing of the ASTER satellite data has the potential to delineate ferric, ferrous, and lateritic mineral assemblages in the iron-bearing soils with minimal requirement of ground truth verification. This research work aided in increasing trust in the use of space-based data for mineral prospecting. Image processing has demonstrated that ASTER data can be used to enhance iron ore exploration and the discovery of new mineralized areas.

PENGAMATAN SISTEM INFORMASI PERUSAHAAN E-COMMERCE LAZADA INDONESIA

Rapid technological developments have a significant impact on various sectors of life, as well as in the digital business development sector. The dependence of society on technology has now penetrated into all factors of social and social life. Utilization and use of technology is now increasingly widespread, one of which is the use of information systems in conducting various transactions on online media that can be accessed on e-commerce pages. Kominfo noted that Indonesia is in the 6th position as the country with the most internet users in the world. In 2018, the number of internet users in Indonesia reached 202.6 million. This figure proves that Indonesia has a wide market opportunity, this can also be seen from the many foreign e-commerce companies that have started to target Indonesia as the target market. Among the many e-commerce platforms in Indonesia, Lazada is one that is quite popular and is currently widely used by the people of Indonesia. Lazada Indonesia was founded in 2012 and is one of the branches of the Lazada online retail network in Southeast Asia. Lazada Southeast Asia is a subsidiary of the Rocket Internet network, a German company. Lazada Indonesia's popularity as an e-commerce platform makes it a marketplace with 28 million visitors per month. However, it takes an in-depth observation and analysis on e-commerce sites to determine an effective strategy to design a compatible information system. The results of the observations that we analyze on the e-commerce company, namely Lazada Indonesia, which has many users who use Lazada as a place to buy and sell. Our observations are also from the FlowChart that we made aims to make it easier for us to present how or how to use Lazada. The benefit of the Use Case is used as a verification requirement and becomes an interface description of a system because every system that you want to build must also have an interface and be able to identify anyone who can interact with the Lazada Indonesia system and provide certainty about system requirements so that it is not confusing.

Automatic verification of urban index compliance: A case study for Brazilian buildings

Urban planning has become an essential tool for regulating the cities’ growth, maintaining the local urban identity and providing a good quality of life for its inhabitants. In Brazil, the master plan is the primary policy instrument for urban development and expansion. It defines the common requirements that designers must follow when preparing building projects. Up to date, such projects are verified in project latter stages and eventually approved by the city halls, with a manual calculation and assessment process. This procedure creates both the need to assess project compliance earlier to avoid rework and changes, as well as to automate project verification compliance, to reduce human errors. With the emergence of new technologies and computational systems, such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), creates the opportunity for process automation, by providing the required data to support decision making, as well as to automate the calculation process both for designers and municipalities. Thus, this research aims to develop an assessment procedure which automates the compliance assessment of a set of urban requirements from Vila Velha, Brazil. A BIM model was developed in Autodesk Revit to prove the procedure functionality and Dynamo was used to automate data collection and the calculation of three different indexes from Vila Velha’s building code. By providing a fast and reliable analysis, the research framework provides designers with a real-time decision support tool, which indicates building compliance in the project’s early stages. It also provides municipalities with a calculation tool, which can be used to assess the compliance of submitted BIM models, sparing time and avoiding assessment errors. Overall, the procedure has the potential to support building project design, increase process efficiency and accelerate the verification of mandatory requirements. It also offers the possibility for replication by adapting the routine to the mandatory requirements of each location.

Enhancement of the virtual design platform for modeling a functional system architecture of complex cabin systems

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is a fundamental approach for the end-to-end use of digital models in the development of complex systems. The aviation industry in particular, where system complexity is constantly increasing, needs new concepts and methods to overcome ecological and socio-economic challenges. Therefore, domain-specific models are needed for the design and evaluation of systems to support the various system investigations, such as requirements management, installation space optimization, or failure analyses. An end-to-end coupling and linking of these mostly heterogeneous systems offer many advantages (e.g. shorter development times) over working with isolated digital sub-models, natural language documents, and purely physical prototypes. In addition, digitalization allows global and interdisciplinary collaboration of multiple teams of experts on the same virtual product. Since this approach is particularly promising for the configuration of aircraft cabins, a virtual development platform is developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for the conceptual design of the aircraft cabin and its systems. As a result, virtual prototypes of cabin configurations are quickly generated to allow new concepts to be visualized and investigated at an early design stage. Extending the conceptual cabin system design process with a functional system architecture and executable system architecture models promotes information traceability, early failure detection, and requirements verification. The methodology used for this purpose is presented in this paper. The systems modeling language (SysML) is used to build a model for the functional depiction of cabin systems and to link it to existing models of the conceptual cabin design process. The modeling is performed exemplarily for the passenger service functions. Subsequently, the results are automatically transferred to the virtual development platform to experience the generated cabin concept.

Ground test technology for the Tianwen-1 Mars Probe

<p indent="0mm">The mission characteristics of Tianwen-1 Mars Probe, and the complicated environment during the entry descent and landing (EDL) and the rover exploration put forward a high demand for ground validation technology. At the research and development stage, in addition to conventional spacecraft tests, many special tests for the mission goals and the Mars environment characteristics are carried out. The adequacy of the ground test ensures the successful implementation of the mission. After the introduction of ground verification requirements, the system-level special test planning, implementation, and test results are thoroughly described. Finally, the ground test methods and test technology of the Tianwen-1 Mars probe are summarized. It has an important reference for future ground verification of deep space landing probes.

Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan Verifikasi Dukungan Pencalonan Bakal Calon Perseorangan Pada Pemilukada Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Tahun 2020

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of policies in the verification of individual support requirements at the Labuhanbatu Regency KPU in the 2020 post-conflict local election and describe the factors that become obstacles in the policy implementation process in the process of verifying the support requirements of individual candidates in the 2020 post-conflict local election. This study uses qualitative research methods. The type of research is descriptive qualitative where the researcher describes the data obtained as a result of a study. By using this method, the researcher will get the data as a whole and can be described clearly so that the results of this research are really in accordance with the existing field conditions. Researchers explore all about the mechanism of the Labuhanbatu Regency KPU in the registration and verification stages of the support requirements of individual candidates in the 2020 Regional Head Election without any manipulation and will present data according to field conditions that occurred at that time.

Initial Systems Theoretic Metamodel of Verification Artifacts

AbstractThe last decade has seen an increase in calls for theoretical foundations of systems engineering (SE) along with a transformation to a model‐based and digital paradigm. This transformation is expected to facilitate improved verification. In fact, the literature suggests that the increased complexity of modern engineered systems is challenging the feasibility of traditional verification methods and requires new methods to cope with the change. Furthermore, a review of the SE literature suggests limited focus on verification research. Our research leverages systems theory to characterize the relationships between the verification artifacts. Specifically, we use systems theoretic morphisms to characterize the equivalence preservation between system requirements and verification requirements as well as between a system design and verification models. Although in initial form as provided in this article, our metamodel of verification artifacts is expected to contribute to the theoretical foundations of SE.

Standard Verification using Model Based Systems Engineering

AbstractSystems engineering has embraced MBSE and other digital engineering techniques that have been in use in software engineering for decades. One area that MBSE lacks is automation of verification and validation of requirements for standards. System models require rework to model standards and in the case of reuse, extensive verification to ensure they have been implemented properly. SysML can utilize architectural constraints for system models in a similar way to how software engineers use architectural constraints in software architectures. Architectural constraints can be used to verify conformance with architectural decisions and standard implementation. This tool can be applied to automated standard compliance verification using query functions for analysis or validation suites for fast verification of architectural constraints. This technique has been applied to larger Reference architectures with success in finding errors architecture design as well.

Efficient Certificateless Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication for VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vital for supporting intelligent transport systems, such as traffic data sharing and cooperative processing in the modern city. However, data security and privacy are the critical factors restricting the development. To address these challenges, several certificateless conditional privacy-preserving authentication (CPPA) schemes with anonymity and traceability have been proposed. These schemes avoid complicated certificate management in the PKI framework and key escrow in the ID-based protocol. However, there still exist drawbacks such as computational complexity, high communication cost or security vulnerability. Recently, Ali <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.</i> proposed an efficient certificateless CPPA (CLCPPA) scheme for VANETs, but we have found that this scheme fails to resist a signature forgery attack. To achieve a trade-off between security and efficiency, we first demonstrate the insecurity of Ali <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.’s</i> protocol and then introduce a security-enhanced solution. To show the feasibility and utility of our proposal, we perform a security analysis in the security model. Moreover, we evaluate the performance via comparing it with other existing schemes. From the comparison results, we can find that our scheme is more efficient than prior state-of-art solutions, in terms of signing (improving 66.75%), the verification (improving 33.19%) and bandwidth requirement (reducing 14.75%). Therefore, our proposal is more suitable to be applied in VANETs.

Performance Evaluation Method for Automated Driving System in Logical Scenario

With the continuous improvement of automated driving technology, how to evaluate the performance of an automated driving system is attracting more and more attention. Meanwhile, with the creation of scenario-based test methods, the traditional evaluation index based on a single test can no longer meet the requirements of high-level safety verification for automated driving system, and the performance evaluation of such a system in logical scenarios will be the mainstream. Based on the scenario-based test method and Turing test theory, a performance evaluation method for an automated driving system in the whole parameter space of a logical scenario is proposed. The logical scenario parameter space is partitioned according to the risk degree of concrete scenario, and the evaluation process in different zones are determined. Subsequently, the anthropomorphic index in the safe zone and the collision-avoidance index in the danger zone are defined by comparing test results of human driving and ideal vehicle motion. Taking front vehicle low-speed and cut-out scenarios as examples, two automated driving algorithms are tested in the virtual environment, and the test results are evaluated both by the proposed method and by human observation. The results show that the results of the proposed method are consistent with the subjective feelings of humans; additionally, it can be applied to scenario-based tests and the verification process of an automated driving system.

Formal Verification of Graphical Properties of Interactive Systems

Critical systems, particularly aeronautical systems, contain newly highly interactive devices: for example, the new generation cockpits use sophisticated electronics. They are driven by complex reactive software applications able to react to various kinds of inputs and to provide a representation of their internal state. In this context, the certification processes described in DO-178C and in DO-333 give an important place to formal verification of the requirements of these systems. Many formal methods have been proposed for this verification. However properties related to the graphical elements of these systems like position, overlapping, color, etc. have not received the same attention as others like safety, liveness, reachability or boundary ones. In this paper, we propose an original approach based on deductive verification to check graphically oriented requirements. On the basis of a semantic of reactive applications based on the weakest precondition calculus, we propose an algorithm for the verification of graphical requirements. This algorithm is developed in the context of Smala/Djnn: an environment for developing interactive systems. We illustrate our approach on the Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), an aeronautical case study, and some of its graphical requirements.

Blockchain Adoption to Secure the Food Industry: Opportunities and Challenges

With the growth in food products’ usage, ensuring their quality and safety has become progressively difficult. Specifically, food traceability turns out to be a very critical task for retailers, sellers, consumers, surveillance authorities, and other stakeholders in the food supply chain system. There are requirements for food authenticity verification (correct declaration of cultivation, origin, and variety), quality checks (e.g., justification for higher prices), and preventing food products from fraudsters in the food industry. The ubiquitous and promising technology of blockchain ensures the traceability of food trade networks with high potential and handles the aforementioned issues. Blockchain makes the food industry more transparent at all levels by storing data immutably and enabling quick tracking across the stages of the food supply chain. Hence, commodities, stakeholders, and semi-finished food items can be recognized significantly faster. Motivated by these facts, in this paper, we present an in-depth survey of state-of-the-art approaches to the food industry’s security, food traceability, and food supply chain management. Further, we propose a blockchain-based secure and decentralized food industry architecture to alleviate security and privacy aspects and present a comprehensive solution taxonomy for a blockchain-based food industry. Then, a comparative analysis of existing approaches with respect to various parameters, i.e., scalability, latency, and food quality, is presented, which facilitates the end-user in selecting approaches based on the merits over other approaches. Finally, we provide insights into the open issues and research challenges with concluding remarks.

Experimental and Mathematical Investigation of the Thermophysical Properties of Coal–Water Slurries Based on Lignite

The burning of organic fuel is one of the main factors influencing the greenhouse effect on the climate of the planet. The article examines the influence of the properties of lignite and coal–water slurries on the amount of carbon dioxide molecules formed as a result of chemical reactions. The authors give an overview of the results of other researchers in recent years and give the results of their research and development in the field of burning lignite and coal–water slurries in industrial recycling plants. The authors present the results of experimental studies of the thermophysical properties of coal and a coal–water mixture. The results obtained were compared with the results of calculations using a mathematical model and the results of numerical modeling in Ansys. New methods of approximation of step functions were used for the mathematical model. These methods make it possible to reduce errors in the approximation of the functions of the thermal properties of coal. The proposed methods do not have the disadvantages of traditional decompositions of step functions into Fourier series and can be used in problems of mathematical modeling of a wide class of processes and systems. In particular, when determining the coefficient of kinematic viscosity, ash content, and humidity by the method of approximation of the obtained data, the use of new mathematical methods makes it possible to reduce the error in calculations. In addition, data on numerical modeling of hydraulic transport and combustion processes are provided, and a data validation procedure is carried out. The data convergence shown and their location in the selected band of uncertainties satisfy the requirements for verification of experimental data adopted in the European Union and in the Eurasian Union.

Investigation of E-voting system using face recognition using convolutional neural network (CNN)

An Election is a method of selection of individuals to hold the public office in democracy. Ballot is basically a piece of paper that is used to cast vote during election. In ballot paper voting system each voter uses a ballot paper which is not shared and basically it is a paper printed with the name and symbols of the candidates. The Electronic Voting Machine is basically a memory recorder which records the vote casted by the voters. In this paper, main advantages of E-voting systems for country is highlighted. For constructing E-voting systems, every countries need to do great attention to Verification and Validation requirements. In this research, E-voting scheme with face recognition using deep learning technique is proposed. The process of casting vote is accomplished by blockchain technology and blind signature mechanism. The main objective of the proposed scheme is to explore the positive effects of security and safety in online voting system.

An approach for performance requirements verification and test environments generation

Model-based testing (MBT) is a method that supports the design and execution of test cases by models that specify the intended behaviors of a system under test. While systematic literature reviews on MBT in general exist, the state of the art on modeling and testing performance requirements has seen much less attention. Therefore, we conducted a systematic mapping study on model-based performance testing. Then, we studied natural language software requirements specifications in order to understand which and how performance requirements are typically specified. Since none of the identified MBT techniques supported a major benefit of modeling, namely identifying faults in requirements specifications, we developed the Performance Requirements verificatiOn and Test EnvironmentS generaTion approach (PRO-TEST). Finally, we evaluated PRO-TEST on 149 requirements specifications. We found and analyzed 57 primary studies from the systematic mapping study and extracted 50 performance requirements models. However, those models don’t achieve the goals of MBT, which are validating requirements, ensuring their testability, and generating the minimum required test cases. We analyzed 77 Software Requirements Specification (SRS) documents, extracted 149 performance requirements from those SRS, and illustrate that with PRO-TEST we can model performance requirements, find issues in those requirements and detect missing ones. We detected three not-quantifiable requirements, 43 not-quantified requirements, and 180 underspecified parameters in the 149 modeled performance requirements. Furthermore, we generated 96 test environments from those models. By modeling performance requirements with PRO-TEST, we can identify issues in the requirements related to their ambiguity, measurability, and completeness. Additionally, it allows to generate parameters for test environments.

Conditions of Legal Transplant: A Study Within The Scope of The Philosophy of Law

It is challenging to establish conditions for a flexible and uncontrolled legal phenomenon, such as the phenomenon of legal implantation, because it is changing by changing its constituent elements. Yet, we have tried to establish two conditions: general conditions close to the legal transplant process, which can apply to almost all legal transplants. We called these conditions (verification conditions). Once these conditions are met, we are facing an integrated legal transplant. These conditions include; the first condition indicating there should be a transition of the legal base from one country to another. The value of this requirement is excellent in terms of the distinction between legal transplantation and other transfers of legal rules between countries. The second requirement of verification is that the legal law transferred is foreign of foreign origin, i.e., foreign from the receiving legal environment. The third condition is that the legal transplant should occur in the receiving state's legal system. As for the second type of conditions, which we called (conditions of success), they are conditions related to the success of the legal transplant and achieving its desired objectives, and this type of conditions falls under it a lot of sub-conditions, so we tried to put titles for these conditions characterized by the capacity of the meaning, to understand many details, which can not be searched to make them independent addresses, These conditions are: the condition of legal participation and legal harmony, and this condition represents the fundamental foundations of the legal families, and the second condition is the cultivation of laws that have proved successful in the exporting country, and the importance of this condition lies in avoiding going into the experience of new statutes or has not yet succeeded. This condition is urgent in the success of the legal transplant process in terms of the political will of the law to be implanted in terms of identifying its pros and cons, in addition to the awareness of this political will with the needs, problems, and desires of its society, which makes it choose the right lawyer for its social environment

The MESSIR Flexible Scientific Approach to Requirements Engineering

Among the software engineering development phases, requirements engineering is the one that has the most impact on project success or failure. To be executed in various contexts, there is an important need for flexibility and efficient tool support. A flexible requirements engineering method should include several levels allowing for more or less completeness and precision. Some project contexts would need a lightweight activity using structured natural language but still being guided and grounded partly on professional standards. Some more advanced projects would need more complete requirements documents and would benefit from a description language based on scientific notions allowing for better precision for specific system operations. Some business or safety critical systems would need an approach allowing for requirements simulation and verification. Requirements engineering education is an important objective to prepare future engineers to understand those requirements engineering needs and be prepared for practice in a professional setting. In the last five years, we have developed a requirements engineering method called Messir with a tool Excalibur and experiments in academia have been made to see how it was solving actual software engineering problems focusing first on requirements engineering education. Messir components represent in themselves some improvements w.r.t. the state of the art of the “standard” theories, methods and tools, mainly by introducing an improved requirements engineering process, language and verification support based on executable requirements specifications. Furthermore, the Messir approach solves also some actual problems related to software engineering education by offering a product line framework for setting up or improving courses in computer science curricula. The main result being to contribute to develop the software engineering capabilities of engineers and scientists that feed the job market in industry, research or education.

ShRNAs targeting mouse Adam10 diminish cell response to proinflammatory stimuli independently of Adam10 silencing.

ABSTRACTRNA interference is one of the common methods of studying protein functions. In recent years critical reports have emerged indicating that off-target effects may have a much greater impact on RNAi-based analysis than previously assumed. We studied the influence of Adam10 and Adam17 silencing on MC38CEA cell response to proinflammatory stimuli. Eight lentiviral vector-encoded shRNAs that reduced ADAM10 expression, including two that are specific towards ADAM17, caused inhibition of cytokine-induced Nos2 expression presumably via off-target effects. ADAM10 silencing was not responsible for this effect because: (i) CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown of ADAM10 did not affect Nos2 levels; (ii) ADAM10 inhibitor increased rather than decreased Nos2 expression; (iii) overexpression of ADAM10 in the cells with shRNA-silenced Adam10 did not reverse the effect induced by shRNA; (iv) shRNA targeting ADAM10 resulted in decrease of Nos2 expression even in ADAM10-deficient cells. The studied shRNAs influenced transcription of Nos2 rather than stability of Nos2 mRNA. They also affected stimulation of Ccl2 and Ccl7 expression. Additionally, we used vectors with doxycycline-inducible expression of chosen shRNAs and observed reduced activation of NF-κB and, to a lesser extent, AP-1 transcription factors. We discuss the requirements of strict controls and verification of results with complementary methods for reliable conclusions of shRNA-based experiments.

IMPLIKASI PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH SERENTAK SEBAGAI PERWUJUDAN DEMOKRASI PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19 DI KABUPATEN PESISIR SELATAN

Simultaneous Pilkada in 2020 should be used as the beginning for quality democracy. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several changes in the implementation of regional elections, in accordance with KPU Decree Number: 179/PL.02-kpt/01/KPU/III/2020 concerning Postponing the Stages of Elections for Governors and Deputy Governors, Regents and Deputy Regents, and/or Mayor and Deputy Mayor in 2020 in Efforts to Prevent the Spread of Covid-19. These regulations, among others, regulate the postponement of the 2020 Pilkada stages in several parts, such as the inauguration and tenure of the Voting Committee (PPS), verification of the support requirements of individual candidates, the formation of a Voter Data Update Officer (PPDP) and the implementation of matching and research (coklit), as well as updating and preparation of voter lists. Analysis and discussion of the results obtained the following answers: (a) The implications of implementing simultaneous regional head elections as a manifestation of democracy during the Covid 19 pandemic in Pesisir Selatan Regency, namely increasing voter participation in the 2020 Pilkada compared to the 2015 Pilkada. The next implication is the emergence of disputes over the results of the vote in the election. (b) Obstacles in the implementation of simultaneous regional head elections as a manifestation of democracy during the Covid 19 pandemic in Pesisir Selatan Regency, namely the non-neutrality of the State Civil Apparatus in organizing the Pilkada by committing violations at several stages of the election

Quantitative verification with adaptive uncertainty reduction

Stochastic models are widely used to verify whether systems satisfy their reliability, performance and other nonfunctional requirements. However, the validity of the verification depends on how accurately the parameters of these models can be estimated using data from component unit testing, monitoring, system logs, etc. When insufficient data are available, the models are affected by epistemic parametric uncertainty, the verification results are inaccurate, and any engineering decisions based on them may be invalid. To address these problems, we introduce VERACITY, a tool-supported iterative approach for the efficient and accurate verification of nonfunctional requirements under epistemic parameter uncertainty. VERACITY integrates confidence-interval quantitative verification with a new adaptive uncertainty reduction heuristic that collects additional data about the parameters of the verified model by unit-testing specific system components over a series of verification iterations. VERACITY supports the quantitative verification of discrete-time Markov chains, deciding which components are to be tested in each iteration based on factors that include the sensitivity of the model to variations in the parameters of different components, and the overheads (e.g., time or cost) of unit-testing each of these components. We show the effectiveness and efficiency of VERACITY by using it for the verification of the nonfunctional requirements of a tele-assistance service-based system and an online shopping web application.