Requirements Of Current Legislation Research Articles

Peculiarities of the legal regulation of supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation

In the field of labor law, the peculiarities of legal regulation in the field of supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation are investigated. It is emphasized that regulation in the field of supervision and control of compliance with labor legislation is characterized by appropriate measures, which, in addition to measures to detect unregistered labor relations, are carried out in accordance with current legislation. Measures of state control over compliance with labor legislation on identifying undocumented labor relations are carried out in the form of inspection visits conducted by labor inspectors of the State Labor Service and its territorial bodies. Reasons for inspection visits are important.
 The peculiarity of the legal regulation of labor relations is that the control measures or the decision of the labor inspector on control of the employer are subject to notification registration by the State Labor Service or its territorial body before the start of their implementation. It is emphasized that an act is drawn up as a result of the control, and in the case of violations of labor law requirements, the employer receives an order to eliminate them and a warning about liability for labor law violations.
 Thus, the legal regulation of labor relations regarding the supervision and control of compliance with labor legislation must first of all meet European standards and reflect the requirements of current labor legislation. State bodies should strengthen measures to detect undocumented labor relations, illegal employment and be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles of State Supervision (Control) in the Field of Economic Activity.» The legal regulation of labor relations in the field of supervision and control of compliance with labor legislation certifies that measures of state influence on the detection of informal labor relations and illegal employment are carried out in the form of inspection visits carried out by labor inspectors of the State Labor and its territorial bodies.

Interrelationship of tax liability with the principles of tax law

The article examines the relationship between tax liability and the principles of tax law in the current legislation and regulatory requirements of the European Union. The object of research is social relations that regulate the emergence, change, fulfillment, termination of tax liability in the context of the principles of tax law. The subject of the research is the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, current tax legislation and other normative acts. During the research, various methods were used, in particular: historical-legal, systematic, comparative-legal, formal-legal, teleological, general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. It is indicated that the tax liability is the taxpayer's duty to pay the state a certain amount, which the taxpayer independently calculates and reflects in the tax return. It is noted that the principles of tax law and the principles of tax liability and taxation are mutually related and are reflected in regulatory acts of tax legislation or other regulatory documents. The Tax Code of Ukraine specifies the following principles: universality of taxation; equality of payers before the law, inevitability of liability; presumption of legality of the taxpayer's decisions: fiscal sufficiency; social justice; neutrality of taxation; stability; uniformity and convenience of payment; a unified approach to setting taxes and fees. Separate principles are defined in the Constitution of Ukraine - the principles of rule of law, legality, etc. The legal principle of the economy of taxation is manifested in the requirement for the economic basis of income taxation. In the tax law of the countries of the European Union, the presumption of legality of the taxpayer's decisions is expressed through the rules on the inadmissibility of various forms of tax abuse, which have a codified status. The development of these principles in the tax law of the member states of the European Union has recently taken place in the form of determining the criteria for the application of scientific doctrines in model taxation situations, based on specific court decisions in cases on determining the amount of tax liability.

Chemical and pharmaceutical research of cannabinoids as objects of forensic examination

Synthetic cannabinoids are a group of psychoactive compounds that mimic the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component of marijuana. Today, the most important task in forensic science is to establish the chemical structure of new psychoactive compounds that appear in illicit trafficking promptly in order to respond quickly and stop their distribution. Less important is the development of methodological support for expert activity, including analysis methods and reference data on the analytical characteristics of compounds.
 The aim. To develop stages of the forensic analysis of objects containing synthetic cannabinoids and propose methods for determining 5 new synthetic cannabinoids for forensic pharmaceutical purposes.
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted as part of the identification of cannabinoids for forensic purposes at the National Scientific Centre "Bokarius Institute of Forensic Examination". As part of the study, 5 new synthetic cannabinoids were identified for forensic analysis using the following methods: infrared spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography with a mass detector. The algorithm for the forensic analysis of cannabinoid derivatives was developed based on the requirements of Ukraine's current legislation.
 Results. Spectral and chromatographic methods of determination of 5 new synthetic cannabinoids for forensic purposes were proposed, and during research and elaboration of the current legislation of Ukraine, an algorithm for forensic investigation of objects containing synthetic cannabinoids has been developed.
 Conclusions. The stages of the forensic analysis of objects containing synthetic cannabinoids meet the requirements of the current legislation of Ukraine and the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. The obtained data prove the high sensitivity and reproducibility of the methods and prove the possibility of their introduction into the practice of forensic examination

The right to information in the context of digitalization

Using a complex system analysis, the authors investigate the right to information in the context of digitalization. The object of the study is social relations concerning the search, acquisition, transfer, production and distribution of digital information in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The study’s subject includes Ukraine’s legal norms, regulatory provisions of international treaties and legal acts of the European Union, and theoretical scientific works on legal regulation of digital information. The research uses a dialectical, interpretive, historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic- structural method. It is indicated that the right to access information includes and ensures the realization of a set of rights that allow searching, receiving, transferring, producing and distributing digital information in information systems through existing rules and requirements of current legislation. The expansion of production, use, processing, storage, retrieval and transmission in digital form has influenced the further development of the right to information. In the case of digitalization, the right to information acquires a private-public expression, which is connected with the satisfaction of individual needs and the realization of national interests. Public interests are protected by the mechanisms of information bans and restrictions depending on the content of the information. It is noted that the digital form of information directly affects the change in the essence of individual legal relations and institutions in information law and other branches of law. Digitalization is not a systemic, sequential or structurally homogeneous phenomenon but provides significant sectoral coverage. The possibilities of free search, acquisition, transmission, production and distribution of information determined not only the emergence of remote communication but also the development of the informational component of the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen for their implementation in a virtual environment, which made it possible to virtualize social processes. Further study of the right to information in the conditions of digitalization is connected with the study of the influence of the Internet on access to information.

Emergency care for psychogenic paranoids in modern environment

The work presents data on the main modern variants of reactive paranoids. Clinical manifestations, differential diagnostic criteria, features of the dynamics, modern approaches to treatment of this pathology are described. The possibility of distinguishing modern variants of psychogenic paranoids is emphasized, taking into account the existing pathomorphosis of manifestations of this pathology. Currently, the most common forms are paranoids of attitude, persecution, litigious, somatogenic-reactive, induced, deprivation variants of psychogenic delusions. The patterns for the development of delusional psychogenic disorders are presented. The manifestations of attitude and persecution paranoid are described, with emphasis on the reflection of psychotraumatic experiences in patients’ statements and behavior. When considering litigious reactive psychosis, the importance of paranoid personality traits is emphasized, which contribute to the formation of a “struggle for justice” with a psychotic interpretation of real events. Information is given about the emergence of a relatively new variant of somatogenic-reactive paranoid in patients with combat injuries. Psychogenic deprivation hallucinosis with paranoid interpretation of experiences in premorbidly healthy individuals is described. Differential diagnosis of reactive paranoids and similar pathology is carried out. A special place is given to emergency care for psychomotor agitation of patients with the need to comply with the requirements of current legislation in psychiatry. Recommendations are given for further treatment of patients after relief of acute conditions, with the need to add psychocorrective measures to restore mental health.

Behavioral supervision of the Bank of Russia over the activities of microfinance organizations providing loans

The article discusses issues related to the implementation of behavioral supervision of the Bank of Russia over the activities of microfinance organizations, including the provision of loans. The main purpose of the study is to identify changes in approaches to supervision in the microfinance market since the transition to mega-regulation, identify the reasons for the emergence of a new type of supervision aimed at protecting the rights of consumers of financial services, and analyze the work of the mega-regulator in this area. The study examines in detail the issues of legal regulation of the implementation of behavioral supervision in this area and the consolidation of relevant provisions at the level of normative legal acts. Special attention is paid to the results of this supervisory activity of the Bank of Russia, in particular, their reflection at the level of the relevant acts of the mega-regulator. The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific method of analysis, private scientific methods of formal legal analysis and interpretation. The results of the application of behavioral supervision by the Bank of Russia are analyzed and it is shown that this type of supervision is an effective tool for supervisory activities, allowing not only to monitor compliance with the requirements of current legislation, but also to combat unfair practices on the part of supervised organizations. The importance of the preventive component of behavioral supervision is separately noted. Problematic aspects in legal regulation are considered, including the lack of a legal definition of the relevant term and special norms at the level of normative legal acts, and, as a result, the need to improve the legal regulation of behavioral supervision. The novelty of the study lies in the proposed concept of behavioral supervision of the Bank of Russia over the activities of microfinance organizations, as well as in the analysis of the use of a new type of supervision by the mega-regulator in relation to specific subjects of the financial market.

Features of the actors ensuring national security of Ukraine

The article aims to elucidate the key features of the actors ensuring the national security of Ukraine. Methodology. The methodological basis for the research is a set of modern general and specific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge, such as logical and semantic, dogmatic, analytical, documentary analysis, classification and systematization, modeling and forecasting methods. Research results. It was stated that these actors possess a specific set of minimal characteristics, which qualifies them as integral components within the structure of entities responsible for ensuring national security. In their activities, they pursue specific goals, thus implementing the function of ensuring national security. Thus, the corresponding circle of actors perform actions that are characterized by a special content, which is based on the rules of current legislation. Practical implementation. A notable feature of the entities under consideration is the performance of an important public meta function – the function of ensuring national security. This function is realized through the implementation of a set of target functions aimed at ensuring the conditions of national security. These target functions include law-making, protective, security, defense, control, coordination, ideological, and educational functions. It is also important to keep in mind that the studied actors are engaged in activities consistent with the principles of ensuring national security and comply with the requirements of current legislation. Value/originality. It is concluded that under current national security doctrine of Ukraine the actors ensuring it appear as subjects of administrative law, which are characterized by certain key features.

On the technique of drafting administrative and legal documents

The article is devoted to the study of the key aspects of administrative and legal document drafting techniques, since the creation of administrative and legal documents is an integral part of the activities of state bodies and institutions, and the quality of document execution, legal effectiveness, and content of the document depend on the document drafting technique. The author examines the technique of creating administrative and legal documents, their structure, style, and rules for using terminology and official language.
 Attention is focused on a detailed description of the structure of administrative and legal documents and the requirements for each part of the document.
 The peculiarities of formulating headings to the text of the document; construction of the preamble and its components; design of the main and final parts of the document; style of writing administrative and legal documents are considered.
 The author analyzes the use of terminology in administrative and legal documents; the terms should be defined accurately and unambiguously, meet the requirements of current legislation and leave no room for interpretation.
 The author offers recommendations for eliminating errors in the drafting of administrative and legal documents: the use of the official language (language terms, means and phrases) when writing the text of the document, which directly affect the conciseness and understanding of the text of the document, the correct use of terms and phrases, makes it possible to avoid stylistic and grammatical errors in the drafting of administrative and legal documents. Compliance with the standards of document execution will ensure that the content of the document is understood and has legal effect, such standards include maintaining the appropriate structure of the document, using defined and commonly used terms, following the rules of punctuation, etc. Checking spelling and grammar before starting the process of sending the document is mandatory, as errors in the document can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretation of the text of the document and even legal consequences, the document must comply with the requirements of the law and legal regulations, some administrative and legal documents may contain confidential information that should not be available to everyone, it is important to ensure the right conditions for maintaining the confidentiality of information and proper protection of documents.

State control in the field of energy in Ukraine: concepts and features

The article, based on the analysis of doctrinal sources, definesthe concept and outlines thefeatures of state control in the field of energy in Ukraine. It was emphasized that the energy security of the state in the conditions of unprovoked aggression by the Russian Federation has become one of the key challenges faced by our state. It is not only a matter of systematic and brutal shelling of energy infrastructure facilities carried out by an enemy state, but also of violations of energy legislation by energy market participants (both consumers and service providers). A significant change in external risk factors, internal destabilization, and attempts to destroy the energy potential of the state lead to the actualization of research on the legal basis of state control in the field of energy, the study of both the theoretical foundations of this issue, and the peculiarities of control activities in this field.
 The signs of state control are formulated, in particular: it is a function of public administration, the purpose of which is to influence controlled objects; has a purposeful influence - compliance and fulfillment by control objects of the requirements of current legislation, avoidance of offenses, prevention, provision of organizational support, etc.; carried out exclusively in the manner specified by law by specially authorized relevant entities; has the nature of planned and unplanned impact, applied with a certain periodicity; is applied within the term clearly defined by law; may provide for operational intervention in the activity of the controlled object, by applying measures including administrative warning or administrative suspension.
 It is summarized that state control in the field of energy in Ukraine is a function of public administration, which involves a targeted influence on the energy field as a set of economic sectors that study and use energy resources for the purpose of energy production, transformation, transmission and distribution, which is applied by a specially authorized sub object in certain forms and methods, taking into account the specifics of control activity, defined by a special law, has a direct goal, functions and tasks, the list of which is determined by the scope of application of state control.

Improving energy efficiency and Indoor Environmental Quality in the School of Mathematics at the Sapienza University campus in Rome

SDG 7 “affordable and clean energy” aims at expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean and more efficient energy in all countries, encouraging socio-economic growth and helping the environment. Its implementation through legislative instruments led to the writing of the Sapienza Energy Plan and the Energy Implementation Program, which define a series of medium-term implementation strategies on buildings inside and outside the Sapienza University campus. Strategies aimed at the energy redevelopment of the building envelope to achieve the minimization of energy needs and the construction of PV systems as well as the technical and regulatory adaptation of existing HVAC systems to improve the environmental comfort conditions. By the requirements of current legislation, the Energy Performance has been quantified through the energy efficiency analysis of the building in its current state and post-interventions, led using a simulation on an energy diagnostic software. After the analyses, the refurbishment interventions have allowed defining the guidelines, in compliance with the contents of the Guidelines for the energy efficiency of cultural heritage and the PES, through a series of strategies aimed at the conservation and improvement of the building envelope and at improving the energy efficiency and the IEQ of the School of Mathematics.

A methodological framework for estimating ambient PM2.5 particulate matter concentrations in the UK

Scientific evidence sustains PM2.5 particles' inhalation may generate harmful impacts on human beings' health; therefore, their monitoring in ambient air is of paramount relevance in terms of public health. Due to the limited number of fixed stations within the air quality monitoring networks, development of methodological frameworks to model ambient air PM2.5 particles is primordial to providing additional information on PM2.5 exposure and its trends. In this sense, this work aims to offer a global easily-applicable tool to estimate ambient air PM2.5 as a function of meteorological conditions using a multivariate analysis. Daily PM2.5 data measured by 84 fixed monitoring stations and meteorological data from ERA5 (ECMWF Reanalysis v5) reanalysis daily based data between 2000 and 2021 across the United Kingdom were attended to develop the suggested approach. Data from January 2017 to December 2020 were employed to build a mathematical expression that related the dependent variable (PM2.5) to predictor ones (sea-level pressure, planetary boundary layer height, temperature, precipitation, wind direction and speed), while 2021 data tested the model. Evaluation indicators evidenced a good performance of model (maximum values of RMSE, MAE and MAPE: 1.80 µg/m3, 3.24 µg/m3, and 20.63%, respectively), compiling the current legislation's requirements for modelling ambient air PM2.5 concentrations. A retrospective analysis of meteorological features allowed estimating ambient air PM2.5 concentrations from 2000 to 2021. The highest PM2.5 concentrations relapsed in the Mid- and Southlands, while Northlands sustained the lowest concentrations.

Hydromorphology of the southern Baltic coastal and transitional waters – New index-based assessment method

The research aimed to develop the complete method for the classification of the hydromorphological status of transitional and coastal water bodies in the southern Baltic region with its adaptation to the current legislation and marine management requirements. The method considers impact and pressure indicators, such as infrastructure and activities carried out in coastal and marine areas, which may affect the change of hydromorphological status and habitat conditions. The methodology covers the change in hydrodynamic conditions, such as the wave regime, sea currents, freshwater inflow, and morphological changes defined by the dominant sediment fraction. The methodology is based on the seven indicators. Administrative, measurement and reanalysis data were used for their classification. The indicators scores were used for the hydromorphological quality index (HQI) calculation. Based on data from 2022, the classification of hydromorphological status showed good status in seven and moderate status in four water bodies.

Interaction of the National Police of Ukraine and civil society institutions: concept and legal framework

In a state governed by the rule of law, the public plays a central role not only as a recipient of public services, but also as a subject involved in the implementation of many functions of state institutions. This involves not only public control over the activities of public authorities, but also the performance of tasks aimed at shaping the security environment in the state, performing law enforcement functions, etc.
 The introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine and the existence of real threats to national security have led to dramatic changes in the usual order of public administration, in particular in the activities of the security and defence sector, law enforcement agencies, local self-government, etc. Some normative changes were aimed at improving the legal relations that arose in the course of civil society institutions’ activities. Under the new conditions, not only the forms of activity have changed, but also its directions have expanded. In today’s realities, civil society institutions play a significant role in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, which is not only about ensuring public order and safety. The above-mentioned issues raise the task of improving the effectiveness of cooperation between the National Police of Ukraine and civil society institutions.
 Based on the results of a multidisciplinary generalisation of the scholars’ achievements in the field of Administrative Law, it has been determined that in a broad sense, interaction between the National Police of Ukraine and civil society institutions should be understood as their joint coordinated activities regulated and carried out in accordance with the requirements of current legislation, which may take various forms and is embodied in a large number of measures whose overall purpose is to ensure the formation of a secure environment in the State. It is emphasised that it is important to establish effective interaction between the above-mentioned entities to comply with the legal framework, to understand and apply it correctly in practice (to ensure its observance in practical activities), since this will guarantee its effectiveness and legitimacy.
 The legal principles of interaction between the National Police of Ukraine and civil society institutions include legality, publicity, openness, transparency and partnership. Given the realities of today, these provisions require further research, taking into account the changes undergone by the legal system of Ukraine.

Numerical and experimental score of the zigzag UHF antenna characteristics of radio relay communication tools for compliance with the requirements of current legislation and international standards

Background. To ensure the integrity, stability of operation and security of the unified telecommunication network of the Russian Federation, as well as to solve the issues of electromagnetic compatibility of radio-relay communication facilities, it is required to use antennas that satisfy both mandatory requirements fixed at the legislative level and requirements of a recommendatory nature of international and regional levels. Aim. To establish compliance of the most frequently used zigzag antennas in radio-relay communication facilities with the requirements of the current legislation and international standards on the basis of numerical and experimental evaluation of their characteristics. Methods. On the basis of numerical methods the characteristics of the considered antennas were calculated, and also measurements of these characteristics were carried out in an anechoic shielded chamber. Results. The results of numerical and experimental estimation of gain, voltage standing wave ratio, antenna patterns, crosspolarization decoupling and complex impedance of the double zigzag antenna with UHF reflector of the radio-relay communication range are presented. It is shown that this antenna provides operation in a wide frequency band, and in the considered section of the range does not fully meet the requirements for antennas of radio-relay communications. Conclusion. On the basis of the analysis of the requirements of the current legislation and international requirements for the antennas of radio-relay communication facilities and the results of numerical and experimental evaluation of the characteristics of the antennas under consideration, it was established that they comply with the requirements of ITU Recommendations ITU-R F.699 in terms of the envelope level of antenna patterns, side and back radiation, except for the beginning of the range section, where there is some excess of the envelope level. The requirements of GOST R 50867-96 for the level of crosspolarization maxima (or the level of crosspolarization radiation in a given spatial sector of angles near the main radiation direction) are not met.

METROLOGICAL PROVISION OF WORKPLACE CERTIFICATION ACCORDING TO WORKING CONDITIONS

The purpose of the study is to determine the requirements for research methods, measurements with the help of FTA of harmful and dangerous production factors, which will allow to ensure a high level of attestation of workplaces according to working conditions. The task of the research includes consideration of issues related to ensuring the unity of measurements in the field of labor safety, compliance of metrological activity in the specified field with the requirements of current legislation in the field of metrology. The task of the research is also to identify problems related to the methodological support of laboratory research in the field of occupational safety, the absence of metrological requirements for laboratory research methods, metrological confirmation of FTAs, which are intended to perform workplace attestation. Currently, there are separate scientific works on the development of standard procedures for measuring dangerous or harmful factors of the production environment, there is an established norm for any harmful parameter, but there is no national order in the methodology of measuring each parameter. Individual measurement methods do not have the status of a normative legal act. Thus, at present, there are no legal acts regulating mandatory methods of measuring the parameters of harmful factors of the production environment and the labor process during workplace attestation. Analyzing regulatory documents, it can be concluded that from the main documents establishing the standardization of some factors of the working environment, the accuracy of measurements was established only for microclimate parameters. It should be concluded that in the field of labor protection, the state of ensuring the unity of measurements cannot be recognized as satisfactory. Summing up, we can come to the disappointing conclusion that for a reliable assessment of working conditions in workplaces, it is necessary to follow the methods of measurement and calculation of measurement uncertainty, which, unfortunately, are not always set out in mandatory documents. Keywords: harmful and dangerous factors, certification of the workplace, uncertainty of measurements, checking, verification.

Building and environmental acoustics in obsolete residential neighbourhoods: The case of San Pablo, Spain

In order to establish an agreement between the objectives of acoustic quality in the outdoor environment and the acoustic insulation in a building as required in the current legislation in Spain, the acoustic insulation of typical social housing has been studied in the residential neighbourhood of San Pablo in Seville. Field measurements based on acoustic sonometry have been performed in its public areas, together with the consultations to the strategic noise maps prepared by the administration of the city and with data from a questionnaire answered by neighbours on the perception of environmental and domestic noise. These inputs have enabled calculations of airborne and impact noise insulation in a typical dwelling of the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood presents various kinds of obsolescence, as do many residential estates built in Europe in the same period, mainly in terms of its low quality of construction and structural solutions, its energy poverty, and its typology. Results on acoustic insulation indicate that the requirements of current Spanish legislation have not been met, Dnt,A = 49 dBA, L'nT,w = 80 dB. However, thanks not only to the urban layout of the various types of housing blocks in the neighbourhood, but also to the breadth and abundance of green and common areas and to their roads, the existing environmental sound levels remain below the established limit: Ld < 60 dBA. Hence, the calculation for the external noise insulation in façades indicates that the requirements are met, D2m,nT,Atr = 33 dBA. In the acoustic survey, most people consider the environmental acoustic conditions of the neighbourhood to be acceptable or good and believe that they are barely affected by the domestic noise of next-door neighbours. The research found that social heritage neighbourhoods of the 1960s and 1970s, laid out with cul-de-sacs, curved layouts, and small pockets of parking, significantly improve their urban acoustic performance.

Reasonableness of identifying of a priority method of compensation for harm caused to the environment

Civil law knows two ways of compensation for damage. At the same time, in jurisprudence and in the legal literature, natural compensation is often called the priority method of compensation for harm, caused to the environment. Nevertheless, there are doubts that the allocation of a priority method of compensation for harm, which will be presumed, is justified.Choosing from two methods of compensation for harm, the court must establish the objective possibility of restoring the environment, the need for prompt action, their effectiveness for restoring the environment, and the existence of a restoration project developed and approved in compliance with the requirements of current legislation. The imposition of environmental restoration is ineffective and should not be allowed by the courts, including through the use of penalty. In case of failure of remedial measures or refusal of the delinquent to carry them out, the option of monetary compensation for harm is always available, including offsetting the costs of natural compensation for harm. At the same time, the simultaneous use of two methods of compensation for harm is unacceptable.

Agreement on the termination of obligation by transferring indemnity: content and special features

In order to ensure stable law enforcement, it is important to have a correct interpretation of the functions of the institution of indemnity and unified approaches to the implementation of the mechanism for concluding and executing an agreement on the transfer of indemnity. The legal nature of the transfer of indemnity, its special properties and significance in the construction of termination of an obligation by indemnity have been investigated. It has been emphasized that the function of the indemnity agreement is to record the parties’ agreement to terminate the principal obligation in this way, as well as explained the peculiarity of the indemnity agreement as a combination of the features of the law-establishing and law-terminating legal fact, since the agreement both gives rise to additional rights and obligations for the parties and serves to terminate the original obligation as a result of its execution i.e. transfer of the indemnity by the debtor to the creditor.&#x0D; It has been suggested that it is the content of the agreement between the creditor and the debtor on the transfer of the indemnity, which is concluded in compliance with the requirements of current legislation, that allows distinguishing the indemnity from related institutions of law of obligations, and determining the nature of legal relations between the parties in case of disputes. For example, debt forgiveness is a law-terminating legal fact presented in the form of a transaction that does not create an obligation between the creditor and the debtor, and novation, unlike indemnity, does not provide for the termination of the binding relationship between the parties, but rather the preservation of such a relationship in a modified form.&#x0D; Attention has also been drawn to the inadmissibility of entering into an agreement on indemnity by third parties who are not parties to the original obligation. Thus, the mechanism of termination of an obligation by indemnity is based solely on the will of the parties and their mutual agreement on all essential terms of indemnity transfer, which excludes any form of participation of a third party in the decision to terminate the obligation between the creditor and the debtor in this way.

БАНКІВСЬКИЙ СЕКТОР УКРАЇНИ: АНАЛІЗ ЧИННИКІВ НЕПЛАТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ, БАНКРУТСТВА ТА ЛІКВІДАЦІЇ БАНКІВ

The article examines the trends observed in the Ukrainian banking sector, specifically focusing on changes in the number of banks from 1992 to 2023. The factors contributing to the increase in insolvent and bankrupt banks and subsequent liquidation and revocation of banking licenses are analyzed. The study identifies key factors that arise from both internal bank operations in the banking services market and external factors stemming from macroeconomic and political situations. These factors include a significant decline in GDP, currency devaluation, inflation, and military operations within the country. The article discusses the monitoring of current legislation norms that define the criteria for classifying banks as problematic and insolvent by the National Bank of Ukraine. The regulator associates these criteria primarily with internal issues within the bank, such as liquidity standards violations, non-compliance with current legislation and regulatory requirements, and a decrease in regulatory capital. Voluntary and forced liquidation processes are examined within the framework of the current legislation. Voluntary liquidation by bank shareholders allows the bank to maintain its legal entity status. Banks undergoing compulsory liquidation have the option to reorganize through mergers and acquisitions. During the process of cleaning up the banking sector, system banks received substantial government support in the form of financing through bonds. The article argues that the cleansing of the banking system, which took place between 2014 and 2016 and continued in subsequent years, contributed to the stability and efficiency of the banking sector amid the war in Ukraine. The regulator liquidated banks with Russian capital during the hostilities and declared two banks insolvent due to risky operations and failure to repay debts to borrowers. Furthermore, the study concludes that the significant decrease in the number of banks in Ukraine did not impact the growth trend of total assets in the banking system, indicating the sector’s efficiency. Stress testing in three stages is highlighted as a means for determining the actual state of the banking system during times of conflict.

Hygienic assessment of palm oil content in dairy products as a measure of health protection

Nutrition provides the most important function of the human body, providing it with the energy it needs for an active life and longevity. Experts of the World Health Organization have proven that eating palm oil leads to obesity and the development of chronic diseases on a global scale. The aim of the study was to examine different types of dairy products of brands popular on the modern Ukrainian market for the content of palm oil. Materials and methods. To carry out the research, we purchased the following dairy products: pasteurized milk, pasteurized milk-containing drink, sour cream, milk-containing sour cream product, hard cheese and cheese product, processed cheese and processed cheese product, as well as sweet cream butter and vegetable cream product of popular brands. The research was carried out using the methods described in the educational literature on the hygienic examination of milk and dairy products. The choice of methods was based on ease of implementation and reproducibility at home. Results. As a result of the use of selected research methods, characteristic differences between natural products and those containing palm oil have been established. The conducted research will allow consumers to quickly determine the content of vegetable fats in dairy products under normal conditions and choose natural, healthy and safe products for their nutrition. Conclusion. After analyzing the milk and milk-containing products of the most popular brands for the presence of palm oil in their composition, we found that no vegetable fats were found in dairy products (milk, cheese, butter, and sour cream). The presence of vegetable fat was detected in milk-containing products, which was indicated on the packaging as part of the products. So, as a result of the conducted research, we came to the conclusion that manufacturers comply with the requirements of current legislation and warn consumers about the presence of fats of vegetable origin in milk-containing products