Support System Requirements Research Articles

Option for evaluation of development of decision support system requirements

The quality of the decision support system (DSS) is influenced by the process of creating this system. An important part of the DSS creation process is occupied by events that discuss issues related to the definition of system requirements. Both representatives of the customer and representatives of the executor take part in these actions. The difference between the participants creates uncertainty. It is important to understand the weaknesses in measures to address system requirements in the early iterations of system development. This will allow appropriate measures to be taken to improve the quality of measures to address system requirements. This paper proposes the use of Bayesian methods to evaluate the development of requirements for the creation of a decision support system. A model is proposed in which the participants of the events evaluate the measures in terms of addressing all issues and uncertainties. After the implementation of the requirements discussed at the events, the results of testing are evaluated for these activities. The analysis of the assessments provided by the participants of the activities and evaluations, based on the test results, provides an opportunity to draw appropriate conclusions and take appropriate measures. During the evaluation process, type I errors occur — the activities were evaluated by the participants on «3», which meant that not all issues were resolved and problems exist, and as a result no errors were made in implementing the precedents worked on at these events. Type II error — the measures were evaluated by the participants on «5», which meant that all issues were resolved and there were no unresolved issues, and as a result errors were obtained in the implementation of precedents, which were worked out at these events. The article processes the initial data. The historical representation is determined: P(T|D) = P(D,T)/P(D). The posterior representation is determined: P(D|T) = P(D,T)/P(T). Using this mathematical model, we can assess the quality of processing the requirements for the creation of DSS. In the case of obtaining low values of P(D1|T1), P(D2|T2), P(D3|T3) it can be concluded that the measures to process the requirements are not carried out at the appropriate level and may need to be carried out differently. In the case of obtaining low values of P(D3|T1), P(D1|T3) it can be concluded that the measures to process the requirements are carried out at the appropriate level and the probability of errors of I and II kind is quite low. Based on the results of the work on the creation of the first and second stages of DSS, it is possible to draw conclusions and make organizational decisions, and as a result, other stages of the creation of DSS will be better than the first and second stages. More and more activities are moving to the electronic form, the implementation of the function of estimating the processing of the requirement is becoming easier, so research in this area has prospects.

Option for evaluation of development of decision support system requirements

Material relating to the creation of real projects is very rare. To solve this and other problems, the use of end-to-end projects of the semester or course scale was introduced into the process of preparing students. During the project, issues of iterative development of information systems are worked out, where the number of classes and structures is considered to be dozens and design patterns are used. All of them must be coordinated and take their place and role. After each iteration, students have a workable software module. The experience gained gives the student a sense of self-confidence, because he takes part, perhaps for the first time, in the creation of a significant application. Prepared students bring interesting solutions to the project and the role of the teacher is to extend the experience gained to the next year (semester), thereby reducing dependence on experienced professionals. More and more activities are moving to the electronic form, the implementation of the function of estimating the processing of the requirement is becoming easier, so research in this area has prospects. The purpose of the study: the creation of a methodological development for the preparation of students in the field of software engineering. Task: describe ways to ensure the quality of practical classes and the introduction of project technologies in pedagogical activities. Within the framework of the innovative content of education in the disciplines of Object-Oriented Programming, Software Modeling and Design, project technology has been introduced into the educational process. At this time, a unified approach to software development has become very popular. Within the framework of practical classes in each of the disciplines, a separate cross-cutting project is determined, which must be worked out. One or two practical sessions are an iteration of a cross-cutting project that creates new functionality or improves existing one. At the same time, a new construction of the studied programming or a new diagram (document) is being implemented in the project, which is being worked out as a result of the design. In order to improve the quality of training at the end of certain iterations, video recording of the development of the developed part of the project is carried out. Students are divided into groups. The most prepared student leads the development. He fully understands the process and is ready to provide effective assistance in the development of artifacts - one or another diagram (document), or one or another software module. Students work on a chart of artifacts and find out what exactly their group will do, on which artifacts their artifact depends. This affects the time the artifact is first developed. The artifact is proposed for development after a certain readiness of artifacts, on the basis of which the necessary artifact is developed. At the initial iterations it is necessary to make a Development Plan, which records the order of development of artifacts. Software development during video capture is carried out vertically. When building, it is desirable not to change the students during the initial iterations, so that they clearly fix their place of work in the architecture of the project and feel the variable part of their work and the constant part of their work. Implementing end-to-end semester or course projects and using a cloud environment provides significant hands-on experience and a portfolio that students can rely on when looking for work. Suggestions: Involve software companies in the development of the material taught. This can be a project that is created over approximately 18 (9) iterations, with continuous functionality and quality improvements. A project can have an interesting interface, use several programming languages (programming technologies), consist of several parts and have the means of compatibility between its parts and other projects.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Clinical Decision Support for COVID-19-Where Art Thou?

The COVID‐19 crisis has brought about new clinical questions, new workflows, and accelerated distributed healthcare needs. Although artificial intelligence (AI)‐based clinical decision support seemed to have matured, the application of AI‐based tools for COVID‐19 has been limited to date. In this perspective piece, the opportunities and requirements for AI‐based clinical decision support systems are identified and challenges that impact “AI readiness” for rapidly emergent healthcare challenges are highlighted.

Требования к системам поддержки принятия решений и их реализация

Требования к системам поддержки принятия решений и их реализация

О ВОПРОСАХ ПРИМЕНИМОСТИ СИСТЕМ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ В АВИАЦИОННОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

The article deals with the application of decision support systems in the aviation industry. A number of problems that led to significant errors in the preparation of medium and long-term forecasts, which the management faces, are presented. The article shows that the introduction of management decision support systems is not only a tribute to digitalization, but also an urgent need, while taking into account a large amount of data does not in itself guarantee an improvement in the quality of management decisions. Recommendations are given to take into account the specifics of the aviation industry when drawing up requirements for decision support systems.

Research on Electricity Market Transaction Model under the Background of Big Data

With the advancement of electricity market reform and the influence of new entities, electricity market transactions have formed a diversified development trend, which puts forward higher requirements for transaction technology support systems. In the trading market a few days ago, power producers participated in the bidding of electricity generation. The trading center gave the optimal trading plan and settlement price under the condition of satisfying the safety constraints of the power grid according to the published competitive load curve and the declared data of power generation companies. The commodities traded in the electricity market are electric energy and various services necessary for the realization of electric energy trading, so the trading in the electricity market is very different from the traditional generation plan. Only by establishing the bidding trading plan model of the trading center can the trading plan be carried out, thus forming the power purchase plan for the power generation company. This paper analyzes the basic sources and characteristics of big data in the power market, obtains the characteristic values of big data attributes of mutual benefit and win-win of both parties through the model, and realizes the visualization of transaction price.

Urban Slums in a Datafying Milieu: Challenges for Data-Driven Research Practice

With the ongoing trend of urban datafication and growing use of data/evidence to shape developmental initiatives by state as well as non-state actors, this exploratory case study engages with the complex and often contested domains of data use. This study uses on-the-ground experience of working with informal settlements in Indian cities to examine how information value chains work in practice and the contours of their power to intervene in building an agenda of social justice into governance regimes. Using illustrative examples from ongoing action-oriented projects of Mahila Housing Trust in India such as the Energy Audit Project, Slum Mapping Exercise and women-led climate resilience building under the Global Resilience Partnership, it raises questions about challenges of making effective linkages between data, knowledge and action in and for slum communities in the global South by focussing on two issues. First, it reveals dilemmas of achieving data accuracy when working with slum communities in developing cities where populations are dynamically changing, and where digitisation and use of ICT has limited operational currency. The second issue focuses on data ownership. It foregrounds the need for complementary inputs and the heavy requirement for support systems in informal settlements in order to translate data-driven knowledge into actionable forms. Absence of these will blunt the edge of data-driven community participation in local politics. Through these intersecting streams, the study attempts to address how entanglements between southern urbanism, datafication, governance and social justice diversify the discourse on data justice. It highlights existing hurdles and structural hierarchies within a data-heavy developmental register emergent across multiple cities in the global South where data-driven governmental regimes interact with convoluted urban forms and realities.

Reverse Engineering Program Using MBSE to Support Development of I&C System Experimental Power Reactor from PLC to FPGA.

Indonesian Experimental Power Reactor (RDE) basic design is designed by refer to the High Temperature Gas-cooled reactor-test Module (HTR-10) type which developed by Tsinghua University in China since 1995 and receiving the first critically on December 2000. Currently, the market for a control system in nuclear power plant (NPP) industry is using micro-controller and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Since the computer-based technologies are vulnerable to cyber-attack possibility, software common cause failure (CCF) and system complexity, however, development of RDE designs should be thought of by the latest technologies in accordance with the development of Instrumentation and Control (I&C) system which play an important role in maintaining the safety aspect for NPP. This study deals with the reverse engineering program for I&C with the PLC-based system, to obtain the design specification from the previous design in order to improve its reliability by considering systems hardware using Field-programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as an alternative platform. Before developing reverse engineering should analyze why FPGA become an alternative system to change the PLC-based system. Reverse engineering process will cover by model-based system engineering (MBSE), which is the formal modeling application to support systems requirements, design, analysis, verification and validation (V&V) activities. The process starting with the conceptual design, requirement analysis, continuing throughout development and later life cycle phases which is recommended using V model. It is hoped that by doing this reverse engineering program, there is an analysis function related I&C system so that the more reliable design with the use of FPGA-based platform can be made. Reverse engineering can also help to track back the original development with I&C platform from the licensing requirement so that to develop re-engineering program for the new FPGA-based I&C system can meet the design criteria and accepted by the regulatory commission. The requirement, selection of lifecycle model, and verification methodology will be will be explained clearly in order to become a reference in the development plan of RDE in Indonesia.

Walk to work systems as an enabler of reduced maintenance and manning

Recent technological advances in the areas of personnel transfers and remote operations have opened opportunities for new and existing facilities to move towards minimum manning operating philosophies. This paper will discuss the benefits and challenges of moving from a permanently manned model with helicopter transfers to an unmanned or minimally manned facility with vessel-based support and walk to work transfers. Potential impact on manning and accommodation philosophy will be addressed, focusing on an operator’s typical decision criteria, including: workability of transfer operations; emergency response capability; maintenance workload; health, safety and environment risk; marine support vessel requirements; and compliance with safety regulations. While assessments can be made of each operating philosophy change in isolation – reduced manning, remote operations and personnel transfer method – this paper will seek to address a holistic approach potentially providing greater impact than the sum of each change. This is possible through the interdependence of manning, life support system requirements and maintenance workload; reduced manning allows reduced number and complexity of systems, which reduces maintenance workload and, in turn, further reduces manning requirements, potentially allowing a step change in operating and manning philosophy to one of a not normally manned with vessel-based accommodation.

Development of Design Requirements for a Cognitive Assistant in Space Missions Beyond Low Earth Orbit

This study describes the development of requirements for a cognitive assistant (CA) for use onboard a space vehicle/station. For missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), delayed communication will limit mission control’s ability to support the space crew in real time. During off-nominal situations, where no procedures have been developed prior to missions, crews must develop responses in real time and may increasingly rely on automation. A systematic approach was used to model the domain knowledge of the collaborative decision-making process of current space operations, extrapolate to missions beyond LEO, and develop the design requirements for a CA. Document analysis and interviews were conducted to create an abstraction hierarchy and a decision-action diagram of the cognitive functions currently performed by space crew, mission control, and onboard automation. These domain models were extrapolated to missions beyond LEO by identifying the breakpoints where current decision-making processes would break down due to increased communication delay between mission control and the space crew. Design requirements were identified for future CA systems that offer real-time decision-making support to mitigate the negative effect of limited support in off-nominal situations. The approach developed for this research can be generalized to identify the design requirements for future support systems in domains beyond space operations.

Experimental evaluation of mechanical heart support system based on viscous friction disc pump

Aim. Experimental evaluation of the viscous friction disk pump efficiency, studying the relationship between inter-disk clearance and sizes of input and output ports and pump performance parameters.Materials and methods. To assess the characteristics and to optimize the disk friction pump design the pump model and experimental stand were created. Pump dimensions were set on the basis of medical and biological requirements for mechanical heart support systems and with due consideration of the experimental studies of our colleagues from Pennsylvania. Flow volume of the working fluid was measured by float rotameter Krohne VA-40 with measurement error of not more than 1%. The pressure values in the hydrodynamic circuit were measured using a monitor manufactured by Biosoft-M. Expansion device allowed changing the flow resistance of the system simulating the total peripheral resistance of the circulatory system.Results. Linear direct correlation between the pump performance and the pressure drop of liquid being created at the inlet and outlet of the pump was obtained. The required flow rate (5–7 l/min) and pressure (90–100 mmHg) were reached when the rotor speed was in the range of 2500–3000 rev/min. It has been shown that the increase of the inlet diameter to 15 mm has not resulted in a significant increase in the pump performance, and that the highest efficiency values can be obtained for the magnitude of inter-disk gap of 0.4–0.5 mm.Conclusion. Designed and manufactured experimental disc pump model for pumping fluid has showed the fundamental possibility to use this model as a system for mechanical support of the heart.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerima Beasiswa Dengan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (Studi Kasus di Fakultas Teknologi Informasi U.K. Maranatha)

Currently, the process of determining a scholarship at the Faculty of Information Technology Maranatha Christian University is still done manually. The existence of several types of scholarships offered, the number of defined criteria for each scholarship and the increasing number of students who enroll in order to receive the scholarship, causing the process of determining admission scholarship lasts longer and not objective. Based on the reasons above, this research is conduct using a decision support system that can provide recommendations to scholarship recipients. The assessment criteria of the applicants that much then used algorithms Fuzzy Multiple attribute Decision Making (Fuzzy MADM) with Simple Additive weighting method (SAW). The methodology used in the study consisted of three phases. The first stage is the preparation which includes the identification and formulation process of determining admission scholarship deploying along with the formulation of a decision support system requirements. At the second stage of implementation includes program development, testing, and implementation. While the last stage is the preparation of reports and research outcomes Keywords : achievement, Decision Support System, Maranatha Christian University, scholarship, Simple Additive Weighting

Decision Support System Requirements Definition for Human Extravehicular Activity Based on Cognitive Work Analysis.

The design and adoption of decision support systems within complex work domains is a challenge for cognitive systems engineering (CSE) practitioners, particularly at the onset of project development. This article presents an example of applying CSE techniques to derive design requirements compatible with traditional systems engineering to guide decision support system development. Specifically, it demonstrates the requirements derivation process based on cognitive work analysis for a subset of human spaceflight operations known as extravehicular activity. The results are presented in two phases. First, a work domain analysis revealed a comprehensive set of work functions and constraints that exist in the extravehicular activity work domain. Second, a control task analysis was performed on a subset of the work functions identified by the work domain analysis to articulate the translation of subject matter states of knowledge to high-level decision support system requirements. This work emphasizes an incremental requirements specification process as a critical component of CSE analyses to better situate CSE perspectives within the early phases of traditional systems engineering design.

Model-Based Systems Engineering approach for the development of the science processing and operations center of the NASA OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission

The Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) asteroid sample return mission, which is planned for launch in 2016, will study and return a sample from asteroid Bennu to Earth for further detailed analysis. This mission is unique in that little information about Bennu, including the gravity field, shape model, and thermal environment, is well known at this time. This information will instead be determined via a thorough close-proximity operations phase that will fully characterize and analyze the asteroid prior to retrieving the sample, requiring a complex ground system architecture in order to provide scientists the necessary information to make key decisions regarding sample collection. Importantly, the OSIRIS-REx Science Processing and Operations Center (SPOC) is at the heart of the process to characterize the asteroid and collect the sample, as its high level functions include the data processing necessary to fully analyze the information from the spacecraft and the generation of instrument observation sequences to collect the necessary data. These factors necessitate a strong systems engineering focus across the project. The SPOC team has chosen to tackle this problem by utilizing a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach to facilitate the development of the OSIRIS-REx ground system, and more specifically, the SPOC. MBSE is a relatively new approach that formally applies modeling to support system requirements, design, analysis, and verification and validation activities, and only recently been used in the development of the ground system of a space mission. As such, this approach has been lauded in key mission reviews as a significant strength of the project, especially for its ability to provide a consistent approach for the entire ground systems team. Importantly, the MBSE approach has provided many benefits to the SPOC Systems Engineering team. In particular, the MBSE approach has been utilized to generate a consistent architecture across all ground system elements, to manage all OSIRIS-REx ground system requirements easily in one location, to perform verification and validation of these requirements, and to validate the ground system operations time line. Further, through the use of common tools, project systems׳ engineers can quickly and efficiently generate documentation based on the developed model, including interface, requirements, and verification documentation. Finally, these same tools allow for the potential future re-usability of the development currently being performed for use in future mission architectures.

Supporting cancer patients in illness management: usability evaluation of a mobile app.

BackgroundMobile phones and tablets currently represent a significant presence in people’s everyday lives. They enable access to different information and services independent of current place and time. Such widespread connectivity offers significant potential in different app areas including health care.ObjectiveOur goal was to evaluate the usability of the Connect Mobile app. The mobile app enables mobile access to the Connect system, an online system that supports cancer patients in managing health-related issues. Along with symptom management, the system promotes better patient-provider communication, collaboration, and shared decision making. The Connect Mobile app enables access to the Connect system over both mobile phones and tablets.MethodsThe study consisted of usability tests of a high fidelity prototype with 7 cancer patients where the objectives were to identify existing design and functionality issues and to provide patients with a real look-and-feel of the mobile system. In addition, we conducted semistructured interviews to obtain participants’ feedback about app usefulness, identify the need for new system features and design requirements, and measure the acceptance of the mobile app and its features within everyday health management.ResultsThe study revealed a total of 27 design issues (13 for mobile apps and 14 for tablet apps), which were mapped to source events (ie, errors, requests for help, participants' concurrent feedback, and moderator observation). We also applied usability heuristics to identify violations of usability principles. The majority of violations were related to enabling ease of input, screen readability, and glanceability (15 issues), as well as supporting an appropriate match between systems and the real world (7 issues) and consistent mapping of system functions and interactions (4 issues). Feedback from participants also showed the cancer patients’ requirements for support systems and how these needs are influenced by different context-related factors, such as type of access terminal (eg, desktop computer, tablet, mobile phone) and phases of illness. Based on the observed results, we proposed design and functionality recommendations that can be used for the development of mobile apps for cancer patients to support their health management process.ConclusionsUnderstanding and addressing users’ requirements is one of the main prerequisites for developing useful and effective technology-based health interventions. The results of this study outline different user requirements related to the design of the mobile patient support app for cancer patients. The results will be used in the iterative development of the Connect Mobile app and can also inform other developers and researchers in development, integration, and evaluation of mobile health apps and services that support cancer patients in managing their health-related issues.

Legally protecting and compelling veterinarians in issues of animal abuse and domestic violence

The majority of veterinarians recognise their important role and responsibility to society and animal welfare in the detection and reporting of suspected abuse of animals and humans. In spite of the existing moral, ethical, and legal duties applied to veterinarians, they face substantial barriers that prohibit them from fulfilling their professional role in handling cases of suspected abuse. With increasing public and legal attention on issues of animal welfare, the non-fulfilment of these duties places the profession and its members at considerable risk of public criticism and adverse legal accountability. The issue is raised here that the veterinary profession in New Zealand needs to provide a clear policy statement and take pro-active measures that provide practical enforceable solutions to these existing barriers and legal risks. Such an initiative will assist in ensuring that all registered members consistently fulfil their obligations, and are legally protected while doing so. Veterinary counterparts overseas already provide a legislative immunity for their veterinarians who report suspected abuse as part of a mandated duty to report. Implementation of such a duty has significant benefits for all veterinarians, including the requirement for education and effective support systems. In the absence of such a mandatory duty, intermediary measures can be introduced, demonstrating social responsibility and commitment by the profession to their existing duty of care.

Altair Lander Life Support: Design Analysis Cycles 1, 2, and 3

Life support systems are a critical part of human exploration beyond low earth orbit. NASA s Altair Lunar Lander team is pursuing efficient solutions to the technical challenges of human spaceflight. Life support design efforts up through Design Analysis Cycle (DAC) 4 focused on finding lightweight and reliable solutions for the Sortie and Outpost missions within the Constellation Program. In DAC-4 and later follow on work, changes were made to add functionality for new requirements accepted by the Altair project, and to update the design as knowledge about certain issues or hardware matured. In DAC-5, the Altair project began to consider mission architectures outside the Constellation baseline. Selecting the optimal life support system design is very sensitive to mission duration. When the mission goals and architecture change several trade studies must be conducted to determine the appropriate design. Finally, several areas of work developed through the Altair project may be applicable to other vehicle concepts for microgravity missions. Maturing the Altair life support system related analysis, design, and requirements can provide important information for developers of a wide range of other human vehicles.

Predictors of Mortality in Hepatic Encephalopathy in Acute and Chronic Liver Disease

Several scoring systems are available to predict the outcome of liver cell failure. Scarce information is available on predictors in hepatic encephalopathy. To study clinical and biochemical variables that would predict the outcome in hepatic encephalopathy. Fifty consecutive patients with hepatic encephalopathy were included in the study. Variables included clinical and biochemical parameters, discriminant function, QTc interval and the need for ventilator support. Child-Pugh's Turcotte score and Mayo Clinic model for end-stage liver disease scores were calculated at admission. Patients were followed up until discharge or death. Logistic regression analysis was computed with the variables that predicted a favorable outcome. Chronic liver disease precipitated hepatic encephalopathy in 39 patients (group 1) and encephalopathy followed acute liver disease in 11 patients (group 2). In group 1, high serum bilirubin (P<0.001), prolonged QTc interval (P<0.05) and requirement for support systems (P<0.003) predicted a poor outcome. In group 2, higher grades of encephalopathy (P<0.04) and native drug therapy (P<0.007), high serum bilirubin (P<0.05), requirement for support systems (P<0.02) predicted a poor outcome. Mayo Clinic model for end-stage liver disease and discriminant function in both groups and Child-Pugh-Turcotte's score in group 1 did not predict the outcome. Logistic regression identified serum bilirubin in group 1 (OR 8.55, P=0.012) and native drug therapy in group 2 (odds ratio 3.85, P=0.05) as independent poor risk factors. High serum bilirubin values in chronic liver disease and native drug therapy in acute liver cell failure are simple parameters that would predict a poor outcome in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

Functional requirements for computer-based design support systems, derived from experimental studies

In this paper, we examine the functions that a computational system for knowledge-based design support may undertake. We present a set of functions that bring together previous approaches and allow us to locate the work that has been developed to enhance these systems concerning those functions. We describe some new proposals, based on experimental research work, for improving some of these functions so that they can be taken into account in the development of design support systems to help the designer or group of designers reach a suitable solution in a more effective way.

Stoichiometric constraints and complete closure of long-term life support systems

High closure of matter recycling is an obvious requirement for long-term life support systems (LSS). Biological species are obligate components of the LSS since physical/chemical components are not able yet to provide food for crew. However including biological species into LSS is difficult due to specific stoichiometric configuration of their inputs and outputs. Formally the problem is to estimate the ability for given set of species to provide complete closure of LSS. Two possible models of metabolism organization can be considered: rigid and flexible ones. Stoichiometric analyses showed that the rigid metabolism case is not typical and takes place with very specific requirements. The flexible metabolic model can be applied to describing wide range of systems. Some formal indications of ability to provide complete closure and stationarity of LSS state are considered in the paper. These indications establish some constraints on the form of mathematical models intended to describe artificial and natural ecological systems.