Product Requirements Research Articles

Study on the Performance Mechanism of Polyformaldehyde Glycol Ether Polymer for Crude Oil Recovery Enhancement.

The demand for energy continues to increase as the global economy continues to grow. The role of oilfield chemicals in the process of oil and gas exploration, development, and production is becoming more and more important, and the demand is rising year by year. The support of national policies and the formulation of environmental protection regulations have put forward higher requirements for oilfield chemical products, which has promoted the innovative research and development and market application of oilfield chemicals. Polyformaldehyde glycol ether polymer (PGEP) is simple to synthesize, easily biodegradable, green and environmentally friendly, and in line with the development trend of chemicals used in oil and gas development. The interfacial tension performance of PGEP after compounding with different surfactants can reach as low as 0.00034 mN/m, which meets the requirements of the oilfield (interfacial tension ≤ 5 × 10-3 mN/m). The best oil washing efficiency performance of PGEP compounded with different surfactants reached 78.2%, which meets the requirements of the oilfield (oil washing efficiency ≥ 40%). The fracturing fluid drainage efficiency of PGEP after compounding with different surfactants reaches 22%, which meets the requirements of the oilfield (drainage efficiency ≥ 15%). The surface interfacial tension of the system remains constant after the concentration exceeds 0.2% and decreases with lower concentrations. The drainage efficiency increases with increasing concentrations in the range below 0.6%. It was determined that PGEP can be used as a surfactant instead of fatty-alcohol ethoxylates (FAE) in oilfield development.

Diagnostic gap due to missing patch test allergens—status quo and possible scenarios for mitigation

SummaryAccording to European Directive 2001/83/EC, test and therapeutic allergens are medicinal products in all Member States of the European Union. This applies equally to prick test and to patch test (PT) allergens (haptens). All test allergens commercially marketed in Germany are finished medicinal products requiring marketing authorization (MA). Currently, 211 PT substances are authorized in Germany, and an additional 59 are in an ongoing MA process and are marketable under a transitional provision until a decision on MA is made. The regulatory guidance (CMDh/399/2019) of the Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralized Procedures—Human (CMDh), published in July 2020, specifies the regulatory requirements for different allergen products. Due to differences in origin and exposure, use, mode of action, and safety risks, the guideline clearly differentiates between products with active ingredients of biological origin (allergen extracts from natural source materials) and products with active ingredients of non-biological origin (hapten-based PT substances). Currently, guideline-compliant patch testing is hampered by the lack of numerous commercial PT allergens from the standard and special test series. Background and possible scenarios for mitigation are presented here.

The effect of ε-aminocaproic acid on blood product requirement, outcome and thromboelastography parameters in severely thrombocytopenic dogs.

No treatment other than platelet administration is known to protect against spontaneous hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic dogs. Primary: determine if treatment with ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) decreases the requirement for blood transfusions and improves outcome in dogs with severe thrombocytopenia. Secondary: find evidence of hyperfibrinolysis and determine the effect EACA administration on rapid (rTEG) and tissue plasminogen activator-spiked (tPA-rTEG) thromboelastography parameters. Twenty-seven dogs with severe thrombocytopenia were treated with EACA, and data from an additional 33 were obtained from the hospital database as historical control (HC) cohort. Single arm clinical trial with HCs. The EACA group dogs received EACA (100 mg/kg IV followed by a constant-rate infusion [CRI] of 400 mg/kg/24 hours). Thromboelastography before and during EACA infusion, hospitalization days, number of transfusions, and mortality were compared. No difference was found in number of transfusions per dog (median, interquartile range; 1, 0-2.5 vs 0.9, 0-2; P = .5) and hospitalization days (4, 4-6 vs 4.5, 3.75-6; P = .83) between HC and EACA groups, respectively, and no difference in survival was identified by log-rank analysis (P = .15). Maximum amplitude on both rTEG and tPA-rTEG increased after EACA administration (rTEG baseline: 23.6, 9.6-38.9; post-EACA: 27.3, 19.8-43.2; P < .001; tPA-rTEG baseline: 23, 10.9-37.2; post-EACA: 24.7, 16.7-44.8; P < .002). Although EACA increased clot strength, there was no effect on outcome. Treatment with EACA at this dosage cannot be recommended as a routine treatment but may be considered for dogs with severe ongoing hemorrhage.

Multi-modal online review driven product improvement design based on scientific effects knowledge graph

Online reviews serve as significant channels for users to express their preferences, constituting an essential data source for enterprises to identify product requirements. However, with the widespread adoption of smartphones, the act of capturing spontaneous photographs has become a habitual practice for the majority, resulting in the increasing prevalence of supplementary visual expressions within online reviews. Therefore, an important research question emerges: How can product requirements be effectively extracted from multimodal online reviews and subsequently translated into product design proposals? In this paper, we establish a framework, seamlessly integrating aspect-based sentiment analysis, product requirement identification, and requirement mapping based on a scientific effect knowledge graph. Firstly, we conduct aspect term extraction on the online reviews, followed by aspect sentiment classification. Subsequently, we delve deeper into the analyzed results obtained from aspect-based sentiment analysis to identify preferences in product requirements. Finally, we employ requirement mapping based on a scientific effect knowledge graph to generate proposals for product design improvements. To validate the efficacy of our approach, we conducted experiments and the results demonstrate that our method outperforms alternative approaches, while the requirement mapping based on a scientific effect knowledge graph efficiently facilitates the realisation of product design improvements.

Aggregate IND Safety Reporting for Smaller Companies and Programs.

The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Investigational New Drug (IND) Final Rule (US FDA, Final rule: Investigational new drug safety reporting requirements for human drug and biological products and safety reporting requirements for bioavailability and bioequivalence studies in humans, 2010) applies to all human drugs and biological products being studied under an IND. The Final Rule specifies that a sponsor must file an IND safety report for any Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction (SUSAR) of a medicinal product being investigated. To make a proper SUSAR classification, sponsors need to go beyond conventional Data Monitoring Committees (DMCs) with an interdisciplinary effort, using all relevant data (including data outside clinical trials), to make judgments on the possibility of serious adverse events being caused by the study drug-rather than the underlying condition of the patient or a concomitant therapy. Ball et al. (Ball et al. in Ther Innov Regul Sci 55:705-716, 2021) have reported on how the Final Rule has been implemented by large pharmaceutical companies. This paper explores the experiences of small sponsor companies regarding the Final Rule, to understand the current challenges that they have been facing to meet aggregate IND safety reporting requirements.

Method for Measuring the Mass Fraction of Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor: Features of Development and Certification

Modern industrialization increases the requirements for the accuracy of identifying allergens, especially those that have a negative impact – soy trypsin inhibitor (STI). Correct determination of the presence of STI in food products containing soybeans is key for product safety control and labeling. The authors set a goal to develop and certify a method for measuring the mass fraction of STI using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay – a technique that may increase the specificity of the method and avoid false-negative results. The object of research was a method for analyzing food allergens – an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay carried out with a set of reagents produced by XEMA LLC. In the process of developing the measurement method, the main methodological factors influencing the accuracy of the measurement results were optimized: sample weight, time of its extraction, time and speed of sample centrifugation, ratio of supernatant liquid to ELISA buffer, incubation temperature, interaction time of the allergen-antibody complex with the coloring agent, the wavelength for measuring absorbance, and the maximum time for measuring absorbance after introduction of the stop reagent. The developed method was tested during an interlaboratory experiment with the participation of 5 laboratories. Metrological characteristics were established in accordance with RMG 61–2010. The proposed method was certified in accordance with the requirements of GOST R8.563-2009, No. 102–FZ. The method has a wide range of quantitative determination of the mass fraction of STI from 0.5 to 25.0 μg/kg (ppb) with a detection limit of 0.1 μg/kg (ppb) and a relative error of 40 %. Based on the results of the research, the Federal Information Fund for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements (FIF) registered a certified method for identifying and quantifying the content of non-infectious food allergens of plant protein origin in samples of all types of food products and objects related to the requirements for food products, swabs taken from working surfaces during production control using reagent kits for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay produced by XEMA LLC No. FR.1.31.2022.43884. The method is intended for use in testing laboratories involved in monitoring the quality and safety of manufactured products; it can be used to confirm product compliance with the mandatory requirements established in the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union TR CU022/2012.

Research on the Logistics Management of Fresh Produce from the Perspective of Green Supply Chain

With the continuous development and change of the times, people have a higher pursuit of quality of life, and the demand and quality requirements of fresh products are increasing, requiring a more refined and suitable logistics management for the context of the times. The existing literature today is mainly from the perspective of traditional supply chain, and the research from the perspective of green supply chain is relatively missing. In this paper, I analyze the current situation of fresh produce logistics system in the context of a green supply chain to analyze the imperfections in this field according to the questionnaire survey and collection, then propose improvement suggestions and measures. The research in this paper will play an effective role in promoting the implementation of green supply chain. At the same time for the environmental awareness supply chain in the construction of society to play a role in calling for, and jointly help the development of green production and life.

Integral Valorization of Posidonia oceanica Balls: An Abundant and Potential Biomass.

Posidonia oceanica balls (POB), a kind of seagrass, are a significant environmental issue since they are annually discharged onto beaches. Their current usefulness limits interest in their management and enhances the environmental problem. Therefore, in this research, the potential of this lignocellulosic biomass was studied from a holistic biorefinery point of view. To this end, an in-depth study was carried out to select the best pathway for the integral valorization of POBs. First, an autohydrolysis process was studied for the recovery of oligosaccharides. Then, a delignification stage was applied, where, in addition to studying different delignification methods, the influence of the autohydrolysis pre-treatment was also investigated. Finally, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were obtained through a chemo-mechanical treatment. The results showed that autohydrolysis not only improved the delignification process and its products, but also allowed the hemicelluloses to be valorized. Acetoformosolv delignification proved to be the most successful in terms of lignin and cellulose properties. However, alkaline delignification was able to extract the highest amount of lignin with low purity. CNFs were also successfully produced from bleached solids. Therefore, the potential of POB as a feedstock for a biorefinery was confirmed, and the pathway should be chosen according to the requirements of the desired end products.

A scenario‐based requirement analysis of R&amp;D projects from the cross‐efficiency perspective

AbstractResearch and development (R&amp;D) project requirements have relationships with scenarios, scenario‐based events and other factors, while traditional research does not always include quantitative analysis. Our research proposes a new method for prioritising scenario‐based requirements within R&amp;D projects based on scenario analysis and cross‐efficiency. First, we decompose the scenarios and apply the design structure matrix to demonstrate the inside dependencies. Second, the multi‐domain matrix (MDM) is used to establish a model for the dependencies between scenario‐based requirements based on scenarios and scenario‐based events and the complex network is used to measure the degree centrality between the scenario‐based requirements. Third, the data envelopment analysis is utilised in the integrated cross‐efficiency model, including self‐efficiency and peer efficiency, to evaluate scenario‐based requirements' economic benefits and resource utilisation. Finally, dependencies among scenario‐based requirements for product R&amp;D projects within company A are derived and ranked, indicating the model's validity.

Progress in materials for 3D printing

The realm of 3D printing is rapidly evolving, offering a wide range of options from typical thermoplastics to advanced graphene-based composites. This technology improves production efficiency and gives consumers more control over customizing products and specifications. However, alongside its transformative potential, 3D printing also presents challenges, such as potential impacts on manufacturing jobs and security issues. Since its modest beginnings in developing visualization models, 3D printing has evolved to transform the manufacturing of distinct devices, implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery systems. This paper explores the most recent progress in 3D printing materials, including smart materials, ceramics, electronics, biomaterials, and composites, emphasizing the significance of adapting to changing materials and product requirements. It delves into the complex connection between printing parameters and the characteristics of printed composite parts, providing new opportunities to improve the strength and functionality of 3D-printed components. This review highlights how 3D printing can be utilized in various industries, such as medical devices and explosives research, using materials such as titanium, aluminum, carbon fiber, and thermoplastic polyurethanes. With the continuous growth of the 3D printing field, it is essential to adopt new methods and materials to fully realize its impact on the future of manufacturing and product development.

A product requirement influence analysis method based on multilayer dynamic heterogeneous networks

With the promotion of emerging technologies in the era of big data, there has been a diversification in user participation in product requirement development. This has resulted in many complex, diverse, and rapidly iterated user requirements, greatly reducing the applicability of traditional requirement development methods. In this paper, to address the complex and ever-changing relationships among users, requirements, products, and requirement development teams in the product development process, a multilayer dynamic heterogeneous network node influence analysis method is constructed for product requirement development. This method establishes a product requirement development framework based on a multilayer dynamic heterogeneous network consisting of a user layer, requirement layer, component layer, and expert layer in terms of three dimensions: requirement development, requirement evaluation, and time. Based on this framework, indicators such as comprehensive node significance, layer significance, and node influence are designed. To address the issues encountered in small sample data testing, three measurement models are further designed in this paper, effectively improving the sampling efficiency of the multilayer dynamic heterogeneous network. Additionally, calculation models for the comprehensive node influence and comprehensive node influence variation rate are improved and constructed, and corresponding algorithms are designed. This method is applied in an experimental study of product requirement development for new energy vehicles, providing high-quality recommendations for new energy vehicle requirement developers, including functional requirements and product components that need close and timely attention. Moreover, accuracy tests show that the proposed algorithm achieves an average accuracy rate of 0.8611, which is significantly higher than those of other network node centrality measurement methods. This demonstrates the advanced nature and applicability of the proposed method in the field of product requirement development, providing a new way for requirement developers to improve work efficiency.

Моделі ціноутворення кредитних деривативів

Derivatives play an important role in the processes that take place in the global economy and economic growth. They are critical for hedging risks in the banking sector, managing the interest rate in the activities of pension funds, satisfying insurance claims for insurers and other market participants, i. e. reducing uncertainty arising from fluctuations in prices, credit rates, currency fluctuations, interest rates, etc. Today, they are actively used in the world practice of all industry sectors. The aim of the article is to develop pricing models for credit derivatives, taking into account the relationship between credit derivatives (CD) and structured credit products (SCP), as well as on the basis of identifying differences in the results of credit correlation of defaults, analyzing the evolutionary and essential characteristics of the CD and SCP markets. The authors systematized and classified them; their structural characteristics are provided; the main trends characteristic of the CD and SCP markets in the context of the markets of traditional derivatives are studied; the method of their design with the help of clinical documentation is determined; the major aspects of their modeling and pricing are considered, also an own credit product is designed and the spread is calculated using the pricing model. The article considers the problem of choosing an approach for assessing and calculating the correlation of defaults, which is an integral part of the pricing models of credit derivatives. On the basis of the given methodology for designing the SCP with the help of CD and the key aspects of modeling and pricing of CD and SCP, a basket credit default swap was designed on the basis of three corporate names. The designed product meets all the basic requirements for standard basket products in terms of content. The calculations were made based on the use of two different copulas to assess the correlation of defaults. The results can be used to design and evaluate a derivative on the correlation risk of issuers.

Оцінка програмних продуктів для потреб аналізу та аудиту діяльності суб’єкта господарювання

The article carries out a critical evaluation of the characteristics of the main software products for the needs of analysis and audit of the activities of economic entities. Taking into account the identified specific features will allow responsible employees to quickly monitor the programs available on the market for their compliance with the needs of the economic entity and its management system. It is proved that taking into account the user’s requests will allow promptly, objectively, quickly and instantly respond to the existing challenges of the market environment with the help of correctly selected software. The scheme of interrelations of the components of the modernized system of managerial decision-making with the use of software products is generalized and the expediency of their use in the management process is substantiated. The proposed system of managerial decision-making with the use of software products determines new vectors of development of audit and analytical activities of the economic entity. It is noted that the purpose of software products of analysis and audit is the automation of complex and labor-consuming technical processes, which are important in the process of evaluating the activities of the economic entity. It is proved that the use of computer software in the process of activity will allow to effectively conduct analysis and audit and determine the directions of development of economic entities, taking into account modern challenges and objectives of economic management. An approach to the selection of the most adapted to the requirements of a particular economic entity software product for analysis and audit on the basis of taking into account the proposed standard criteria has been elaborated. This will enable the prompt selection of the software product in accordance with the needs of the management. Prospect for further research will be the study of potential risks in the use of software products in the economic activity of the economic entity and the identification of the principles and objectives of the development of software products that would take into account external factors of influence in the process of evaluating the activities of the economic entity, which will allow more accurate development of strategic plans of activity and effective functioning in the long run.

Sustainable behavioral design of energy consuming products: Science-humanities synthesis

In the context of numerous research studies on tools for reducing environmental impact and saving energy, insufficient attention has been paid to the study of the energy consumption of energy-consuming equipment and devices in households and organizations. As a preventive approach developed to optimize the environmental performance of energy consuming products while maintaining their functional qualities, sustainable behavioral design offers new opportunities for producers, consumers and society as a whole. The goal of the research is to adapt existing environmental and energy conservation practices abroad through behavioral design. Designers act at the intersection of different disciplines to solve complex problems of the modern world. European countries have created a framework (structure, legal framework, self-regulation) to establish eco-design requirements for energy-consuming products entering the market in order to improve their energy efficiency, reduce the use of hazardous substances and improve environmental friendliness. Within the framework of sustainable consumer behavior design, the following strategies are identified for its application to the design of energy-using products: eco-information and eco-education, eco-choice, eco-feedback, eco-induction, eco-guidance, eco-technical intervention and smart design. The methodology of energy-using product design selection is proposed to be based on the theory of solving the inventive objectives.

СОПРОВОЖДЕНИЕ ВЫВОДА ИЗ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ЯДЕРНЫХ УСТАНОВОК С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЦИФРОВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ

The article discusses the development of a digital product for the decommissioning of nuclear and radiationhazardous facilities at the conceptual level. The need for such development is conditioned by the fulfillment of the requirements for import substitution of software in strategically important sectors of the Russian Federation, the importance of ensuring information security (data in the project is often marked «For official use») and the availability of additional functionality for specific projects that is not provided in other applications. The authors describe the features of nuclear decommissioning projects and form functional requirements for the digital product, proposing architectural patterns. In particular, the clientserver architecture with microservices was chosen for the development of this digital product. Main technologies and methodologies for the clientside application (frontend) include HTML, CSS, React, and FeatureSliced Design. JavaScript and TypeScript languages used to create the frontend of the application. To organize the backend, it is recommended to use Docker, Nest.js, and Node.js. Data storage is handled using the PostgreSQL database and S3 cloud storage. Using the example of one of the modules (Gantt Chart) of the digital product, the methods and libraries used are described in detail. Overall, the combination of these technologies ensures that the digital product is importindependent and meets all the requirements for successful development.

THE USE OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) AND THE KANO MODEL IN IMPROVING PRODUCT QUALITY / AN APPLIED STUDY IN THE GENERAL COMPANY FOR BATTERY INDUSTRIES - IRAQ

The purpose of the research is the possibility of applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Kano model in determining the customer's requirements for the product of the General Company for Batteries Industry / Iraq in order to improve the quality of the product. The General Company for Batteries Industry / Iraq produces all types of car batteries. Data was collected by designing two forms the first questionnaire on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the second related to the Kano model. The questionnaires were distributed to all (80) distributors of the General Company for Batteries Industry / Iraq. The results concluded that the customer's requirements that were determined based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process included (efficiency, battery life, Amperometry, price, Maintenance of Car Batteries AGM, resistance to weather conditions/ease of obtaining the product). While the Kano model classified (efficiency, battery life) requirements as Must – Be Attributes, (Amperometry, ease of obtaining the product) requirements as One-Dimensional Attributes, (price, Maintenance of Car Batteries AGM) requirements as Indifferent Attributes, and (resistance to weather conditions) Attractive Attributes are requirements. The General Company for Batteries Industry / Iraq should provide the battery product that meets the customer's requirements for the purpose of being able to compete and increase its market share.

МАКСИМАЛЬНО ДОПУСТИМЫЕ УРОВНИ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ КОКЦИДИОСТАТИКОВ В ЯЙЦЕПРОДУКЦИИ

The article discusses the new safety requirements for products of animal origin, associated with the widespread use of veterinary medicinal products used for the prevention and treatment of animals, and also provides research data on the determination of residual amounts of coccidiostats in dried egg melange using Randox Biochip technology.

From Anatolian Plateau to American Plains: A transcontinental assessment of the EUMETSAT H SAF’s new generation snow water equivalent product over Türkiye and the conterminous U.S.

The main frame of this paper is to present the first validation results of the new generation hemi-spherical daily snow water equivalent (SWE) product of the EUMETSAT H SAF, namely, H65. It utilizes data from passive microwave radiometry sensors to estimate SWE. Operating at a suitable spatial scale, it offers insights into snow accumulation and melting dynamics, advancing satellite-based snow monitoring across diverse regions. The validation period covers the 2021 snow year, from January to March 2021, during which the dry snow conditions prevail. The validation is conducted in two distinct geographic regions, Türkiye, and the conterminous U.S. For Türkiye, the in-situ snow depth measurements provided by the Turkish State Meteorological Service are employed. On the other hand, the 1-km gridded SWE dataset of NOAA National Ice and Snow Data Center is used in the validation over the U.S. The validation results over Türkiye yields an overall RMSE of 39.27 mm, whereas it reads 15.19 mm for the U.S. These results indicate that the H65 SWE product complies with the product requirement thresholds for both flat (40 mm) and mountainous (45 mm) areas.

Conceptual design of a modular Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) formwork for sustainable prefabricated concrete slab

European policymakers emphasize the critical need for a substantial renovation of the current European building stock, stressing the imperative to sustainably integrate energy and structural design. Consistent with the European objectives, industrialized construction and precast/offsite methods offer potential advantages in terms of time, cost, and quality for building renovation; along with the possibility of utilizing secondary raw materials, they enhance the energy performance of building products and advocate for environmentally sustainable solutions. This study presents the initial stage in designing a prefabricated concrete floor system, thermally and structurally high-performing, to be integrated into new and existing buildings. Specifically, the study outlines the design development of a modular element made with expanded polystyrene (EPS) for the construction of insulated floor systems with EPS lost-formwork (ICF - Insulated Concrete Form). This element ensures high and continuous thermal insulation without contributing to the structural resistance of the finished floor system. The process of designing, optimizing, and testing various design iterations is described. Materials and finished product requirements were identified, and numerical analyses and experimental tests were conducted. The main step involved the formwork mould, focusing on the shaping of joints, and evaluating the performance from a mechanical and thermal perspective. Field tests were also conducted, first on virgin EPS formwork and subsequently on a formwork containing a percentage of recycled EPS.

Key challenges in the advancement and industrialization of biobased and biodegradable plastics: a value chain overarching perspective.

At the International Symposium on Biodegradable Polymers (ISBP2022) in Sion, Switzerland, experts from academia and industry underscored the remarkable progress in biobased and biodegradable polymers (BBPs) since their initial commercialization around 50years ago. Despite significant advancements, the technology readiness level (TRL), market adoption, and industrialization of BBPs is not yet competitive to conventional plastics. In this perspective, we summarize the challenges and requirements for advancing the development and industrialization of BBPs, drawing insights from international experts coming from academia and industry, who had participated in the survey and podium discussion during the ISBP2022. In fact, BBPs grapple with persistent and emerging challenges throughout the value chain. These challenges can be grouped into four areas and involve i) the pursuit of sustainable feedstocks together with efficient production and downstream processes as well as recycling technologies and infrastructure; ii) meeting or revisiting product requirements by industry, markets, and consumers; iii) navigating a non-level playing field in their sustainability assessment (LCA) compared to conventional plastics; and iv) struggling with underdeveloped and partially biased policy and financial frameworks as well as lacking clear definitions, terminologies and communication.