Safety Requirements Research Articles

Evaluating the interaction between human and paediatric robotic lower-limb exoskeleton: a model-based method

Abstract Lower-limb exoskeletons (LLEs) have shown potential in improving motor function in patients for both clinical rehabilitation and daily life. Despite this, the development and control of pediatric exoskeletons remain notably underserved. This study focuses on a unique pediatric robotic lower limb exoskeleton (PRLLE), tailored particularly for children aged 8–12. Each leg of the robot has 5 Degrees of Freedom (DOFs)—three at the hip and one each at the knee and ankle. The interaction between the child user and the PRLLE is intricate, necessitating adherence to essential requirements of comfort, safety, and adaptability. Testing numerous prototype variations against diverse user profiles, particularly for children with neurological disorders where each child differs, is impractical. Model-based methods offer a virtual testbed that is useful in the design stage. This study uses MATLAB® to simulate and evaluate the interaction between users and PRLLE after deriving the nonlinear dynamic model of the PRLLE, which is simplified through multiple layers. To verify the accuracy of the derived dynamic model, a Computed Torque Control method is employed. The study provides detailed outcomes for children aged 8, 10, and 12 years, for passive and active users along with variations in PRLLE assistance levels. The study shows significant reductions in human joint torques, up to 56%, alongside substantial actuator powers, reaching up to 98W, for a 10-year-old child user. Furthermore, examining 8 and 12-year-old child users revealed variations in interaction forces, with changes up to 29.5%. Consequently, meticulous consideration of the human user’s limitations is crucial during the PRLLE’s design and conceptualization phases, particularly for PRLLEs.

System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecasting

In learning-enabled autonomous systems, safety monitoring of learned components is crucial to ensure their outputs do not lead to system safety violations, given the operational context of the system. However, developing a safety monitor for practical deployment in real-world applications is challenging. This is due to limited access to internal workings and training data of the learned component. Furthermore, safety monitors should predict safety violations with low latency, while consuming a reasonable computation resource amount. To address the challenges, we propose a safety monitoring method based on probabilistic time series forecasting. Given the learned component outputs and an operational context, we empirically investigate different Deep Learning (DL)-based probabilistic forecasting to predict the objective measure capturing the satisfaction or violation of a safety requirement ( safety metric ). We empirically evaluate safety metric and violation prediction accuracy, and inference latency and resource usage of four state-of-the-art models, with varying horizons, using autonomous aviation and autonomous driving case studies. Our results suggest that probabilistic forecasting of safety metrics, given learned component outputs and scenarios, is effective for safety monitoring. Furthermore, for both case studies, the Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) was the most accurate model for predicting imminent safety violations, with acceptable latency and resource consumption.

Designing an effective educational toy: incorporating design-thinking in the design classroom

“Designing an effective educational toy” is a research project that emerged from a teaching and learning course designed to facilitate creative engagement both inside and outside the classroom at Wenzhou-Kean University in China. This research study examines the incorporation of design thinking concepts in the development of an educational toy by graphic design students. Utilising the ‘Double Diamond Model of Design’, the research methodically progresses through the stages of observation, generation, prototyping, and testing to create a 3D letter-building set with the goal of improving children's educational experiences. The approach prioritises the integration of ideas through iterative design, taking safety into account, involving users, and focusing on instructional value. The key findings emphasise the effective implementation of design principles in developing a product that not only fulfils safety and educational requirements but also provides novel learning experiences. The essay continues by recommending the wider implementation of these concepts in the creation of educational toys to encourage improved learning outcomes and the development of skills in children.

Factors Influencing the Bond Strength between FRP Bars and Concrete and the Calculation Methods for Anchorage Length

Since the 21st century, developed countries such as Japan, the United States, and Europe have designated Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) as a key industry for development. Currently, FRP sheets, represented by carbon fiber fabric, have become an important material for structural reinforcement and are widely used in the renovation and reinforcement of various civil and industrial buildings. For example, in the early 1960s, the American company Marshall-Vega produced Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars to address the issue of salt corrosion in reinforced concrete structures in coastal and cold regions. In the design of the ArtScience Museum in Singapore, to ensure the integrity and smoothness of the architectural form, facilitate prefabrication and assembly of components, and meet structural, fire safety, and security requirements, the designers evaluated various materials and ultimately selected polyethylene resin-based GFRP panels. This paper employs a literature review methodology, first analyzing the factors that affect the bond strength between FRP bars and concrete, then reviewing standards to understand the calculation methods for anchorage length in different countries, collecting relevant experimental data, and finally analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of various anchorage length calculation methods.

Verification of Vulnerable Road User Pre-Crash Scenarios in Vision-Based Safety Applications

<div>Verifying training datasets in vision-based vehicle safety applications is crucial to understanding the potential limitations of detection capabilities that may result in a higher safety risk. Vision-based pedestrian safety applications with crash avoidance technologies rely on prompt detection to avoid a crash. This research aims to develop a verification process for vulnerable road user safety applications with vision-based detection functionalities. It consists of reviewing the application’s safety requirements, identifying the target objects of detection in the operational design domain and pre-crash scenarios, and evaluating the safety risks qualitatively by examining the training dataset based on the results of pre-crash scenarios classification. As a demonstration, the process is implemented using open-source pedestrian tracking software, and the pre-crash scenarios are classified based on the trajectories of pedestrians in an example training dataset used in a pedestrian automatic emergency braking system. The dataset provides abundant vulnerable road users under various operating conditions. Results show that the dataset does not cover snowy weather, fog, smoke, smog, and dust/dirt of particulate matter conditions. Crossing, cut-in, and front pre-crash scenarios are less well-represented in the dataset than pedestrians on the sidewalk. Very few pedestrians were found in the front-near zone, which suggests the dataset lacks sufficient imminent pre-crash scenarios that pose the greatest safety risk. The performance of the pedestrian tracking software is evaluated and future research for improving the proposed mechanism is discussed.</div>

Analysis of income and risk of Porang farming

This research data analyzed quantitatively to find the amount of income and risk of farming. The research was conducted in Mundeh Kauh Village, West Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency and Depeha Village, Kubu Additional District, Buleleng Regency. The samples were taken from 19 Porang farmers from members of the Maju Bersama farmer group using the saturated sampling method and 11 Porang farmers from the Bali Porang Farmers Association (P3B) using the accidental sampling method. Farming income is the difference between the farming income obtained and the total farming expenditure. Farming risk is analyzed using the coefficient of variation. The research results reveal the following. The average income of Porang farming in Bali is IDR 2,130,493.46 per production cycle with an average plant population of 2,155 plants. The risk of Porang farming is classified as a large risk as indicated by the coefficient of variation (CV) value of Porang farming income of 1.96 (>0.5). The source of risk in Porang farming is the high variation in production due to exposure to tuber caterpillar attacks and falling prices due to the closure of Indonesian Porang exports due to non-fulfillment of food safety requirements in importing countries.

Immobilization of laccase on sodium alginate/soluble starch microcapsules to develop a time-temperature indicator for freshness monitoring of Agaricus bisporus

To monitor temperature fluctuation in the process of food storage and transportation and to meet the consumers' requirements for product quality and safety, a time-temperature indicator (TTI) gel was developed for monitoring the freshness of Agaricus bisporus by immobilizing laccase on sodium alginate (SA)/soluble starch microcapsules with laccase microspheres as reactant, guaiacol as substrate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as the base material. The prepared microcapsules have 50–90 nm pores, which can effectively make the enzyme and the reaction substrate enter into them, and the immobilization rate of laccase is over 90 %, and the specific activity of immobilized laccase is about 82 % of that of free laccase. 11 TTIs were selected for kinetic analysis and the activation energy of the TTIs was calculated to be from 27.32 to 61.13 kJ/mol which was similar to that of meat, milk and mushroom. Meanwhile, the kinetic analysis was fitted with the brightness value L⁎ of Agaricus bisporus and four TTIs closest to the activation energy of Agaricus bisporus were re-prepared, and verified at 4 °C,15 °C, 25 °C and variable temperature. The results showed that TTI#1 could successfully monitor the freshness of Agaricus bisporus.

Risk management in the environmental management system of an oil refinery

Slavneft-YANOS was one of the first in Russia to obtain the ISO 14001 compliance certificate for the Environmental Management System (EMS). This quality standard has the highest requirements for environmental management, environmental protection, and environmental safety. The paper presents the industry-specific features of the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to the EMS of oil refineries. It also uses fuzzy logic to describe analysis mechanisms and methods for assessing the risks of failure to meet the performance indicators of the EMS. The main advantage of fuzzy control in EMS is that it provides an effective means of mapping uncertainties and inaccuracies because the fuzzy logic on which control is based is identical to human thinking as opposed to traditional logical systems. Fuzzy control proves most useful as part of EMS performance analysis when processes become difficult to evaluate using common quantitative methods or when available information sources are interpreted inaccurately and uncertainly.

Multi-layer shielding optimization of a high activity 241Am-Be mixed field irradiation facility.

Neutron and gamma-ray shielding design for a 30Ci (1.11TBq) 241Am-Be irradiation facility is studied using MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulation code. The study focuses on the optimization of the shielding layers of the previously planned neutron irradiation facility. The shielding design aims at reducing the effective dose rate down to 10μSv/h for occupationally exposed workers as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (20mSv per year for workers). The dose rate calculations consider not only 241Am-Be produced neutrons but also gamma rays from the 241Am decay, 12C∗ de-excitation, and neutron interaction with source and facility materials. Different materials (paraffin, borated-paraffin, beryllium, copper, tantalum, tungsten, zinc, bismuth, and lead) have been investigated as neutron and gamma shields. The choice of the shielding materials is based on their effectiveness (the total weight of the facility and the cost). Among several configurations, shielding layers consisting of 10cm paraffin wax, 2.5cm lead, and 31.5cm borated-paraffin wax are found sufficient to meet the safety requirements, leading to a cubic facility of 104.2cm overall length. Some irradiation parameters are estimated for the final design; namely neutron and gamma spectra as well as flux and absorbed dose components. In addition, the occupational exposure is assessed considering ICRP exposure conditions to calculate the effective dose rate along with the isodose distribution.

Analysis of the critical current and electromagnetic forces of HTS segments in multiple pairs of current leads used in the current lead box of a fusion reactor

The high-temperature superconducting current leads (HTS CLs) used in fusion reactors require multiple HTS CLs to be placed inside the current lead box (CLB) of specified dimensions. Each HTS CL not only carries a large current but also has very high safety requirements. This study, based on the first generation HTS tapes (Bi-2223/Ag-Au), analyzed the critical current distribution of a 60 kA HTS CL and evaluated optimal power supply configurations for eight HTS CLs within the CLB. It also determined the optimal distance of each lead from the center of the CLB. Through ANSYS APDL calculations, we first obtained the critical current distribution of each panel of a single CL. The analysis results indicated that the HTS segment has a current carrying capacity of 78 kA at 65 K. Secondly, the optimal power supply option adopted a positive–negative alternating approach. When the distance is 1200 mm, the total current carrying capacity of the eight CLs is 605 kA, with relatively minor differences among the minimum panels of each lead, and the electromagnetic forces for each current lead were all below 1000 N. In addition, the relationships of the critical currents, surface areas of the CLB and electromagnetic forces of eight CLs with distance were obtained. Based on the above analysis, the distance of each lead from the center of the CLB was determined to be at least 800 mm.

Disparities in telehealth utilization between US rural and urban areas during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth services were expanded across the United States to meet the increased demand and safety requirements of care. This observational study aims to understand rural-urban differences in telehealth utilization during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual-level data from the National Health Interview Survey 2020-2021 (age ≥18) were analyzed for this study. The Propensity Score Matching method with multivariable Ordinary Least Square was used to analyze 2 outcome variables-(1) having a medical appointment by video or phone in the past 12 months and (2) having a virtual one for reasons related to the pandemic. Event study models were analyzed to understand the trend of telehealth utilization throughout 6 quarters of the pandemic. Subgroup analysis by health insurance, age, sex, race, citizenship, and disability status was performed to identify underlying disparities between rural and urban residents. Analysis reveals that rural respondents (N = 6,984) were 8.7 percentage points (P<.001) less likely than urban respondents (N = 40,207) to have a medical appointment by video or phone. Rural residents were 8.1 percentage points (P<.001) less likely to have had a virtual medical appointment because of reasons related to the COVID-19 pandemic than urban users. The event study showed that rural-urban telehealth utilization disparities persisted throughout the pandemic. Subgroup analysis revealed significant rural-urban disparities in telehealth utilization by demographic characteristics. Results demonstrate that rural residents were less likely than urban residents to utilize telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting concerns about access to care for rural residents.

Formulation and Evaluation of Red Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaf Antidiabetic Capsules

Red sweet potato, or Ipomoea batatas L (IBL), has the potential to be developed as a herbal medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. Capsules were chosen for the formulation of IBL. The finished products are required to undergo a series of test in accordance with compendial standards and regulatory requirements for single-dose capsule products. To meet the quality and safety requirements of traditional medicines, efforts are needed to obtain an optimal capsule formula that ensures quality and safety. Mg stearate as a lubricant can be used to improve the flow properties of granules. The aims of this study are to formulate IBL into capsule dosage form and determine the influence of mg stearate in the formulation of IBL capsules. Two formulations were made using dry extract of IBL leaf (F1) and dry extract of IBL leaves with the addition of magnesium stearate (F2). The next stage was to evaluate the capsules with flowability parameters, including compressibility, weight uniformity and disintegration time. The next stage was to evaluate the capsules with several parameters, namely weight uniformity and disintegration time. The results obtained show that the F1and F2 capsule have met the quality and safety requirements set for traditional medicine preparations according to the quality and safety requirements of traditional medicine Compared to the formula without magnesium stearate (F1), the formula with magnesium stearate (F2) had a better compressibility index, which improved flowability, more uniformity of weight, and a longer disintegration time. However, there was no significant difference between the two formulas.

PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP SEDIAAN FARMASI YANG TIDAK MEMILIKI IZIN EDAR

Article 143 of Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health stipulates that: (1) Any individual who produces and/or distributes pharmaceutical preparations, medical devices, and household health supplies (PKRT) must obtain business permits from the Central or Regional Government in accordance with their authority, based on norms, standards, procedures, and criteria as stipulated by applicable laws and regulations. (2) Any individual who produces and/or distributes pharmaceutical preparations, medical devices, and PKRT that have obtained business permits but are proven to not meet safety, efficacy, and quality requirements shall be subject to administrative sanctions in accordance with laws and regulations in the field of business licensing. (3) Business permits as referred to in paragraph (1) do not apply to traditional herbal medicine (jamu) sellers, herbal medicine makers, and facilities for the production of specially used drugs. (4) Business licensing related to pharmaceutical preparations, medical devices, and PKRT as referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be carried out in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. The research method used is sociological legal research. Based on the research results in Pekanbaru, it was found that the regulation has not been implemented as expected. This is evident from the widespread presence of pharmaceutical products, including cosmetics and drugs, that do not have the required permits in the city. In the context of law enforcement against unlicensed pharmaceutical preparations, although the law provides a clear legal framework to regulate and supervise the circulation of drugs and cosmetics, significant challenges remain in effective monitoring and enforcement on the ground. Many drugs and cosmetics are circulated without distribution permits, posing potential risks to public health. Legal action against perpetrators who market illegal drugs or cosmetics must be carried out firmly and consistently, with appropriate penalties to create a deterrent effect and prevent the circulation of harmful illegal goods.

Ceramics as alternative solutions for the geological disposal of high‐level radioactive waste: Andra's R&amp;D program

AbstractThe concept of a safe geological disposal facility designed to manage radioactive waste is on the basis of the multibarrier system comprising both the host rock and various engineered barriers. The robustness of the latter depends directly on the building materials used. With specific regard to high‐level waste, Andra's Cigéo project includes, among others, two barriers, i.e., the disposal container and the microtunnel liner. A scenario was built and shows that safety requirements are satisfied using of low carbon steel for these two components. However, to further increase safety margins and simplify the operation of the facility, Andra decided to study other materials less prone to corrosion. Consequently, Andra launched an R&amp;D program to assess the technical feasibility of a high‐level waste container and a microtunnel liner made from ceramics, with the technical characteristics needed to meet safety requirements. This document describes the current situation for these activities and suggests ways this objective can be met.

Fatigue Experiment and Failure Mechanism Analysis of Aircraft Titanium Alloy Wing-Body Connection Joint.

Taking the titanium alloy wing-body connection joint at the rear beam of a certain type of aircraft as the research object, this study analyzed the failure mechanism and verified the structural safety of the wing-body connection joint under actual flight loads. Firstly, this study verified the validity of the loading system and the measuring system in the test system through the pre-test, and the repeatability of the test was analyzed for error to ensure the accuracy of the experimental data. Then, the test piece was subjected to 400,000 random load tests of flight takeoffs and landings, 100,000 Class A load tests, and ground-air-ground load tests, and the test piece fractured under the ground-air-ground load tests. Lastly, the mechanism analysis and structural safety verification of the fatigue fracture of the joints were carried out by using a stereo microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that fretting fatigue is the main driving force for crack initiation, and the crack shows significant fatigue damage characteristics in the stable growth stage and follows Paris' law. Entering the final fracture region, the joint mainly experienced ductile fracture, with typical plastic deformation features such as dimples and tear ridges before fracture. The fatigue crack growth behavior of the joint was quantitatively analyzed using Paris' law, and the calculated crack growth period life was 207,374 loadings. This result proves that the crack initiation life accounts for 95.19% of the full life cycle, which is much higher than the design requirement of 400,000 landings and takeoffs, indicating that the structural design of this test piece is on the conservative side and meets the requirements of aircraft operational safety. This research is of great significance in improving the safety and reliability of aircraft structures.

Analysis of microbial contamination in different types of meat in the Kostanay region

Background and Aim. Meat is a favourable environment for the growth and viability of pathogenic microorganisms. Bacteria in meat cause spoilage and increase the risk of foodborne toxic infections of various origins during consumption. The importance of monitoring and analysing microbial contamination is increasing due to increased requirements for food safety and public health protection. The aim of the study was to analyse the overall level of microbial contamination of different types of meat sampled from retail outlets in the Kostanay region.Materials and Methods. A total of 30 meat samples, including pork, beef, and horse meat, were collected for analysis. To assess microbial contamination of the meat, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAnM) and their species composition were determined.Results. It was found that 96% of the meat sold at the retail level had elevated QMAFAnM, with coliforms isolated in 30% of the samples. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in the meat tested. Pork meat had the highest microbial contamination compared to beef and horse meat samples.Conclusion. Exceeding the permitted levels of QMAFAnM and the presence of coliform bacteria indicate potential health risks for consumers and more effective measures are required to ensure food safety.

TELEREHABILITATION. CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS OF REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING

In the last five years, against the background of the appearance of COVID-19 in the world, the direction of remote telerehabilitation is intensively developing, which requires the improvement and implementation of new approaches to the patients conditions` synchronous monitoring with the involvement of the latest technical developments. The purpose of the study. To explore the latest publications on the possibilities of remote monitoring of patients during rehabilitation examinations and synchronous telerehabilitation procedures. Research material and methods. Publications of foreign scientists in the fields of clinical, physical and rehabilitation medicine, biometrics, digital technologies on the implementation of synchronous monitoring technologies for the condition of patients with various pathologies The results. Research of modern publications has shown that conducting synchronous sessions of remote examination of patients allows with a high degree of probability to conduct a general examination of the patient, conduct anthropometric and some functional studies. Among the latest –studies of changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, ECG and EEG data. Their results can be transmitted for direct evaluation by a doctor. There are certain problems during synchronous performance of tests with physical load to failure due to the impossibility of observing safety conditions. Technical solutions have been found for the transmission of bimetric signals during the telerehabilitation procedure. Thus, the combination of virtual reality or augmented reality with devices such as robots, sensors and wearables can be used for remote monitoring, assessment and diagnosis. These advanced methods pave the way for the transition from traditional to personalized rehabilitation by identifying the needs of each patient and tailoring the rehabilitation process to their individual characteristics. Conclusions. The development of modern technologies and digital medicine has led to the emergence of the remote provision of services in the rehabilitation system, which on the one hand significantly increases the possibilities of access to the rehabilitation system, and on the other hand significantly increases the requirements for their implementation. First of all, this concerns the safety of telerehabilitation procedures. Adherence to basic safety requirements should be given due attention, which can be achieved, first of all, with the use of remote synchronous monitoring of the patient's condition, when the PhRM doctor can objectify changes in the patient's body under the direct influence of telerehabilitation tools.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION IN DANDELION ROOTS IN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

The aim of the study is to examine accumulation patterns of natural and man-made radioactive isotopes in dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.), harvested in different areas of the Voronezh region. Materials and Methods. Under experiment, the specific activity of the main long-lived artificial radioisotopes (cesium-137, strontium-90) and naturally occurring radionuclides (thorium-232, potassium-40, radium-226) was determined in the samples of top soil and dandelion roots using a MKGB-01 RADEK spectrometer-radiometer. Results. All the studied samples of dandelion roots conform to the existing radiation safety requirements (first group). With the increase in the specific activity of strontium-90, cesium-137, thorium-232, potassium-40, and radium-226 in the soil, their specific activity in plant roots also increased. Correlation analysis of the specific activity of man-made and natural radionuclides in the soil and roots demonstrated a very noticeable correlation, which confirmed the predominant trans-soil root contamination. The calculated accumulation factors of radionuclides in dandelion roots showed fast accumulation of strontium-90 and radium-226 from soils. The specific activity of these radioisotopes in medicinal plant raw materials was significantly higher than that in soil. A detailed analysis of the dependence of the calculated accumulation coefficients of natural and man-made radioisotopes in dandelion roots allowed us to note the tendencies towards their decrease with an increase in the specific activity of the radionuclide in soil. This fact indicates the existence of physiological mechanisms regulating their accumulation in plant roots. The transition patterns of the studied natural and man-made radionuclides are described by mathematical dependencies with the maximum coefficient of approximation reliability.

Аnalysis of modern technical devices for improving working conditions in rehabilitation centers for people with disabilities

Abstract. The article provides an overview of the design features of modern technical devices used to improve working conditions in rehabilitation centers for people with disabilities. The primary focus is on the analysis of ceiling lifts, which are a key element in ensuring the mobility of patients with limited physical abilities. The design features of ceiling lifts are examined, including their modular system, ceiling mounting, control mechanisms, and safety features. The article also covers other rehabilitation devices used in conjunction with ceiling lifts, emphasizing their functionality, ergonomics, and reliability. The advantages of implementing such systems for optimizing the working conditions of medical personnel and improving the quality of patient care are described. Problem. The lack of domestic developments and manufacturers of such rehabilitation equipment is a major obstacle to providing centers with necessary devices. Most high-quality ceiling lifts and other assistive systems are imported from abroad. This increases the costs of purchasing and maintaining the equipment, making it inaccessible for many rehabilitation centers and hospitals, especially in remote regions of the country. Goal The purpose of this work is an analytical review of the designs of ceiling lifts from leading manufacturers to determine the necessary steps for design, calculation, selection of required components, and production of this type of equipment by domestic manufacturers. Methodology. To address the design of a ceiling lift, we will first analyze scientific papers, patents, and technical documentation to understand existing designs and their advantages and disadvantages. Next, we will employ computer modeling to simulate the lift's operation, identifying potential flaws while ensuring safety and efficiency. Computational and analytical methods will aid in selecting materials and calculating critical parameters, including strength and load on the ceiling mounts. Finally, experimental studies will test the equipment in real-world conditions, verifying its reliability and functionality, leading to the development of a ceiling lift that meets all effectiveness, reliability, and safety requirements. Results. In the course of this work, an analytical review of the designs of ceiling lifts from leading global manufacturers was conducted, allowing for the identification of key technological solutions necessary for effective design and production of this equipment in Ukraine. To achieve high quality and competitiveness of the product, it is important to properly define the stages of the design process, which include: determining the functional requirements (load capacity, range of motion, ergonomic and safety requirements); developing the design and kinematic scheme; selecting materials; creating a control system with remote control capabilities that ensures speed regulation during lifting and emergency stopping; designing mechanisms for safe operation; and conducting market research to localize production and assess economic efficiency under limited funding conditions.

IOT SECURITY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Internet of Things has become popular for its function in connecting both real and digital items for the purpose of sharing data. IoT is a rapidly expanding worldwide a current online information trend structures that facilitates the transfer of services and commodities across a network without the need for interaction between humans or computers. It can change actual world collaborations between consumers and organizations. The utilization of IoT might be seen in many domains, including medical care, management of resources, education, data processing, among other things. The actual acknowledgment of IoT is confronted with a slew of safety and data protection that must be addressed in order for IoT to be economically viable on a big scale. This paper examines the safety concerns associated with IoT networks by examining existing observational studies to gain a knowledge of the safety requirements of IoT organizations. The Internet of Things necessitates multi-layered safety measures such as categorization, dependability, and verification administrations. In this article, we discuss various security difficulties, dangers, and protections in the tier of IoT frameworks. The IoT framework design is realized to have physical/sensor, core network, and application layer are the three layers. In order to be thorough and function with comparable methodologies, the security challenges of each layer have been investigated individually, as have the proposed arrangements. Furthermore, the limitations of the IoT, notably vast amounts of knowledge, and the assessment procedures of the IoT the structure and its implications for safety responsibilities have been assessed. The review's findings uncovered that security gambles with one of the most serious and always-increasing difficulties for IoT, and it is critical to address them if this stage is to move considerably.