Rational Requirements Research Articles

LATENT ETHNO-CULTURAL TRENDS AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS IN UDMURT AND KOMI-PERMIAN FAMILIES

The paper discusses the problem of studying intergenerational transmission among peoples who have not lost their cultural values in the era of transitivity and seek to self-determine in a new ethno-cultural reality. The study was carried out from the standpoint of modern ethno-cultural anthropology, ethnology, synergetic historicism, which meet the modern requirements of post-nonclassical rationality. The possibilities of mathematical modeling were used in order to identify the latent tendencies of the studied processes. The study (late 2019 - early 2020) involved modern Finno-Ugric families (Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks) in comparison with relevant samples of Tatars and Russians who live in the Kama region (total of 138 mothers, 186 adolescents). The latent ethno-cultural tendencies of the modern intergenerational transmission in the Finno-Ugric families of the Kama region were revealed as a result of the use of surveys and methods for measuring cultural values (Sh. Schwartz), the peculiarities of intergenerational interaction in a family (I.M. Markovskaya), as well as the methods of mathematical statistics and Structural Equation Modeling. It was found that the relationship between generations is influenced in a synergistic effect by both group values of preserving traditions and individual values of independence of views and actions. Based on the data obtained, we can draw a conclusion about the potential resource readiness of the younger generation both for social changes and for maintaining the status quo in modern sociocultural society.

Why Be Rational?

The question ‘Why be rational?’ could be calling into question a commitment to respond to the requirements of subjective rationality, or could be calling into question a commitment to respond to objective reasons. I examine the question in this second sense, placing it in the mouth of the arationalist — an individual who has not ruled out the possibility of not acting or believing on the basis of objective reasons. In evaluating responses to the arationalist’s question, I consider the replies of three philosophers, where these exemplify a shared conceptual strategy: to claim that reasons-responsiveness is self-justifying. I argue that each reply fails, and that the overall strategy is not only dialectically ineffective against the arationalist but is also ineffective even for the goal of reassuring those already committed to reasons-responsiveness. The question ‘Why be rational?’ is yet to be answered, and so a commitment to respond to objective reasons is ungrounded.

Bi-level optimization based two-stage market clearing model considering guaranteed accommodation of renewable energy generation

The existing electricity market mechanisms designed to promote the consumption of renewable energy generation complicate network participation in market transactions owing to an unfair market competition environment, where the low cost renewable energy generation is not reflected in the high bidding price of high cost conventional energy generation. This study addresses this issue by proposing a bi-level optimization based two-stage market clearing model that considers the bidding strategies of market players, and guarantees the accommodation of renewable energy generation. The first stage implements a dual-market clearing mechanism that includes a unified market for trading the power generations of both renewable energy and conventional energy units, and a subsidy market reserved exclusively for conventional generation units. A re-adjustment clearing mechanism is then proposed in the second stage to accommodate the power generation of remaining renewable energy units after first stage energy allocations. Each stage of the proposed model is further described as a bi-level market equilibrium problem and is solved using a co-evolutionary algorithm. Finally, numerical results involving an improved IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate that the proposed two-stage model meets the basic requirements of incentive compatibility and individual rationality. It can facilitate the rational allocation of resources, promote the economical operation of electric power grids, and enhance social welfare.

Imperfection, Accuracy, and Structural Rationality

Structural requirements of rationality prohibit various things, like having inconsistent combinations of attitudes, having means-end incoherent combinations of attitudes, and so on. But what is the distinctive feature of structural requirements of rationality? And do we fall under an obligation to be structurally rational? These issues have been at the heart of significant debates over the past fifteen years. Some philosophers have recently argued that we can unify the structural requirements of rationality by analyzing what is constitutive of our attitudes (Lee, 2020; Worsnip, 2018a). It has also been suggested that, in the course of good first-personal deliberation, agents should treat structurally irrational combinations of attitudes as off-limits (Worsnip, 2021). In this paper, I raise a worry for these two theses concerning structural rationality. Roughly, I argue that some imperfect epistemic agents (like us) can be disposed to have structurally irrational combinations of attitudes. Also, when these imperfect agents deliberate, they should not treat structurally irrational combinations of attitudes as off-limits. Given our imperfections, being structurally irrational can very well be the best option we have. More generally, these observations reveal that structural rationality should not always be theorized independently from more “substantive” norms, like responsiveness to reasons or expected value optimization.

Pricing the deep peak regulation service of coal-fired power plants to promote renewable energy integration

At present, the decarbonization of China’s power system depends on the large-scale integration of renewable energy. Motivating coal-fired power plants to provide deep peak regulation (DPR) service is the most important means of avoiding renewable energy curtailment. This research proposes a pricing mechanism for DPR and proves that this mechanism meets the requirements of incentive compatibility and individual rationality. By determining the unit price of DPR service according to the value created for the power system by the service provider, this mechanism can effectively promote renewable energy integration at minimum cost. A unit commitment case based on the actual generation structure and load curves of a southern province in China is constructed to quantitatively study the mechanism. Our results show that the unit price of DPR service will rise as the renewable energy installed capacity increases and will drop as carbon or coal price increases. The unit price varies between 50 and 500 yuan / MWh and exceed the generation income, which indicates that the mechanism can encourage coal-fired power plants to promote integration of renewable energy.

A new data augmentation method for EEG features based on the hybrid model of broad-deep networks

Decades after data augmentation was first proposed in brain-computer interface (BCI), the authenticity and performance still do not meet rational requirements, which is directly related to the fact that the augmentation methods do not provide real electroencephalograph (EEG) trials. Here we show how to generate a numerous authentic EEG from the original calibrated EEG by using a novel hybrid model of broad-deep networks, which eliminates the lack of authenticity of data generated by GAN and other methods. First, we design an EEG evoked experiment with a complex boundary avoidance task to collect the EEG of different subjects. This experiment can effectively highlight the differences of EEG features of different subjects that makes the results more reliable when using our novel hybrid model to measure the similarity. A new hybrid model of broad-deep networks is proposed to measure the similarity of different subjects in this study. And the EEG features of the two subjects with the highest similarity are combined to generate an augmented feature set. On the condition of satisfying the authenticity of EEG, the augmented feature set is significantly better than the original feature set in data dimension and quality. Finally, we verify the classification effect of the augmented feature set, and the results show that the proposed method can effectively generate real EEG data and improve the classification performance to a high reliability level for complex boundary avoidance tasks under limited EEG conditions. In addition, we observe the obvious advantages of this model over traditional deep learning methods in terms of training time and memory overhead.

Credal accuracy and knowledge

Traditional epistemologists assumed that the most important doxastic norms were rational requirements on belief. This orthodoxy has recently been challenged by the work of revolutionary epistemologists on the rational requirements on credences. Revolutionary epistemology takes it that such contemporary work is important precisely because traditional epistemologists are mistaken—credal norms are more fundamental than, and determinative of, belief norms. To make sense of their innovative project, many revolutionary epistemologists have also adopted another commitment, that norms on credences are governed by a fundamental accuracy norm. Unfortunately for the revolutionary epistemologist, it has been difficult to define a measure of accuracy while maintaining that credal norms are more basic than belief norms. In this paper, I criticize one such proposal for measuring accuracy, that the accuracy of our credences should be assessed in terms of what we know, arguing that this picture ultimately cannot vindicate the revolutionary approach.

Accuracy Across Doxastic Attitudes: Recent Work on the Accuracy of Belief

AbstractJames Joyce's article “A Nonpragmatic Vindication of Probabilism” introduced an approach to arguing for credal norms by appealing to the epistemic value of accuracy. The central thought was that credences ought to accurately represent the world, a guiding thought that has gone on to generate an entire research paradigm on the rationality of credences. Recently, a number of epistemologists have begun to apply this same thought to full beliefs, attempting to explain and argue for norms of belief in terms of epistemic value. This paper examines these recent attempts, showing how they interact with work on the accuracy of credences. It then examines how differing judgments about epistemic value give rise to distinct rational requirements for belief, concluding by considering some of the fundamental questions and issues yet to be fully explored.

A novel method for generation of particle packing model used in numerical simulation for the mechanical behavior of multi-component material

This study presents a novel algorithm to establish a numerical model for the study of mechanical behavior of multi-component material such as particle reinforced metal matrix composites, concrete, particle filled polymers, etc. The algorithm consists of two steps, one is to divide the given region into sub-regions of a specified size distribution, and the other is to fill each sub-region with particles of specified shapes. During the filling process, the contact states between particles can be controlled by the number and positions of reference points. Taking the quasi-static uniaxial tensile simulation of concrete as a verification example, two concrete models with the same particle size distribution but different shapes have been established. Through the comparison of elastoplastic responses of different aggregate shape models in different tensile directions, it is concluded that the models meet the requirements of macroscopic uniformity, meso-scale randomness and statistical rationality. This verifies the feasibility of modeling method and its advantages in precise control of particle shape, distribution and other parameters.

Smithies on Self-Knowledge of Beliefs

In The `Epistemic Role of Consciousness, Declan Smithies develops a systematic, cohesive account of beliefs, phenomenal consciousness, epistemic justification and rationality. The arguments for the various elements of the account are extremely rigorous, and the account is impressively broad in scope. This commentary will focus on Smithies' views about self-knowledge. Specifically, I will examine his case for the striking thesis that rational thinkers will know all their beliefs. I call this the ubiquity of self-knowledge thesis. Smithies' case for this thesis is an important pillar of his larger project, as it bears on the nature of justification and our ability to fulfil the requirements of rationality. §1 outlines Smithies' argument for the ubiquity of self-knowledge. §2 sets the stage for a detailed explication of his view by sketching an initial objection to that argument. §3 and §4 respond to that objection on behalf of Smithies' account, elucidating the distinctive positions on belief and justification that enable this response. §5–7 raise some questions, namely: whether Smithies' views about self-knowledge of beliefs provide a genuine competitor to other philosophers’ views on that issue; whether on his account justification is truly accessible to the thinker; how his account explains self-knowledge; and what his account implies about the situation of actual persons, who are not ideally rational.

Structural Rationality and the Property of Coherence

AbstractWhat is structural rationality? Specifically, what is the distinctive feature of structural requirements of rationality? Some philosophers have argued, roughly, that the distinctive feature of structural requirements is coherence. But what does coherence mean, exactly? Or, at least, what do structuralists about rationality have in mind when they claim that structural rationality is coherence? This issue matters for making progress in various active debates concerning rationality. In this paper, I analyze three strategies for figuring out what coherence means in the debates on structural rationality. I argue that these strategies face problems.

Security Exception Negotiation from the Perspective of Habermas’ Discourse Ethics

Security exception negotiation is conducive to improving the WTO security exception clause and promoting the correct and reasonable use of the clause, so as to balance the conflicts and contradictions between safeguarding national security and realizing free trade in multilateral trade. Habermas's discourse ethics advocates that in an ideal discourse environment, communication subjects with communication qualifications seek understanding and reach consensus through dialogue and negotiation in accordance with rational requirements and preset norms and procedures, in order to solve the multivariate conflict problems of modern society. Based on this theory, the dilemma of security exception negotiation lies in the inability of equal dialogue, the lack of semantic identity and the lack of pragmatic effectiveness. Therefore, we should respect the dominant position of each country, create an ideal discourse environment and realize equal dialogue among countries. Paying attention to the interpretation of WTO security exception clauses will be a desirable way to solve the dilemma of security exception negotiation.

Two‐stage majoritarian choice

We propose a class of decisive collective choice rules that rely on a linear ordering to partition the majority relation into two acyclic relations. The first of these relations is used to pare down the set of the feasible alternatives into a shortlist while the second is used to make a final choice from the shortlist. Rules in this class are characterized by four properties: two classical rationality requirements (Sen's Expansion Consistency and Manzini and Mariotti's Weak WARP); and adaptations of two classical collective choice requirements (Arrow's Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives and Saari and Barney's No Preference Reversal Bias). These rules also satisfy some other desirable properties, including an adaptation of May's Positive Responsiveness.

The Principle of Deliberation as the Most Important Prerequisite for the Interaction of the Welfare State and Civil Society in the Era of Digitalization

The article is devoted to the analysis of the principle of deliberation, which underlies the modern interaction of the welfare state and the emerging civil society in the era of digitalization. In the mainstream of this study, one should consider the features of the development of social relations, which predetermine the specifics of state-power influence in the analyzed sphere and the reaction of public institutions to it. The deliberative principle at the heart of the functioning of the welfare state is no longer just a concept, but a fully developed and studied realistic system of fundamental characteristics. The evolution of public institutions in line with digitalization gives it very optimistic prospects for its existence. In these conditions, a system of measures is gradually being formed to introduce deliberative procedures into Russian legal practice in the social sphere. This dialogical interaction increases the effi ciency of the joint functioning of the welfare state and the emerging civil society, predetermining the prerequisites for the creation of new forms of their coexistence. The result of the introduction of deliberative procedures into Russian legal reality seems appropriate and constructive in the area that is not included in the area of mandatory legal regulation due to the fact that in this case it is impossible to obtain an objective result of the discussion. At the same time, when analyzing the various achievements of the deliberative consensus, one should take into account the circumstances that predetermine how objective and appropriate the requirements of rationality will be the result of state-public dialogical interaction, given that the level of professionalism of not all subjects of discussion will be close to the knowledge of specialists. Nevertheless, despite the presence of problematic moments, there is the potential for new opportunities for interaction between the state and society to achieve the common good.

Improvement of Strength and Strain Characteristics of Lightweight Fiber Concrete by Electromagnetic Activation in a Vortex Layer Apparatus

The relevant problem of choosing effective materials for enclosing structures is compliance with the requirements of increased thermal resistance, reduced mass of buildings and structures, and reduced material consumption, labor intensity, and construction costs. These requirements are satisfied by structures made of lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete, which are the subject of attention of many scientists and engineers. One of the most rational requirements for industrial use is the activation of untreated components of the concrete mixture. This article is devoted to studying the influence of the activation of fiber-reinforced concrete elements in the vortex layer apparatus on concrete strength and structural characteristics. The effect of the raw component processing time of the concrete mixture on the strength and deformation characteristics of the lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete was studied. The optimal processing time for the cement–sand mortar in the VLA-75-85s was determined. It was shown that the activation of the vortex layer in the apparatus leads to an increase in strength from 27% to 61% and an improvement in the deformation characteristics of lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete by up to 12%. Furthermore, it was found that the use of activation in VLA leads to an increase in the coefficient of constructive quality for all experimentally determined strength characteristics of lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete by up to 27%.

“Let Me Double‐Check That”: A Challenge forConciliationism

AbstractDouble‐checking one's reasoning is a perfectly normal way of responding to a disagreement between peers. I argue that conciliationist approaches lack the resources to accommodate this phenomenon adequately. On the one hand, conciliationists cannot claim that double‐checking is a rationally impermissible response to disagreement because a compelling case for its permissibility appeals to arguments analogous to those often used by conciliationist in favour of their own view. On the other, they lack the resources to accommodate double‐checking as a rationally permissible response to disagreement. To show this, I draw a distinction betweenstrongandmoderateversions ofconciliationism. Thestrongversion accepts, whereas the moderate version rejects, that the conciliatory obligation exhausts the rational requirements engendered by disagreements. Strong conciliationists cannot explain the motivation for someone to double‐check if they have followed the conciliationists advice.Moderateconciliationists who try to make space for double‐checking are forced to concede that disputants can respond rationally to disagreementwithoutlowering their confidence in the disputed belief.

Misleading Higher-Order Evidence, Conflicting Ideals, and Defeasible Logic

Thinking about misleading higher-order evidence naturally leads to a puzzle about epistemic rationality: If one’s total evidence can be radically misleading regarding itself, then two widely-accepted requirements of rationality come into conflict, suggesting that there are rational dilemmas. This paper focuses on an often misunderstood and underexplored response to this (and similar) puzzles, the so-called conflicting-ideals view. Drawing on work from defeasible logic, I propose understanding this view as a move away from the default meta-epistemological position according to which rationality requirements are strict and governed by a strong, but never explicitly stated logic, toward the more unconventional view, according to which requirements are defeasible and governed by a comparatively weak logic. When understood this way, the response is not committed to dilemmas.

Dutch Books and Logical Form

Dutch Book Arguments (DBAs) have been invoked to support various alleged requirements of rationality. Some alleged requirements, such as probabilistic coherence and conditionalization, are plausible. Others, such as credal transparency and reflection, may be less so. Anna Mahtani has argued for a new understanding of DBAs that, she claims, allows us to keep the DBAs for the plausible requirements while rejecting those for the implausible ones. I argue that Mahtani’s new account fails, as (a) it does not support highly plausible requirements of rational coherence and (b) it does not succeed in undermining the DBAs for credal transparency or reflection.

Reporting of peasant (farm) farms

Intensive development of small businesses in rural areas is one of the priority directions of state policy in the field of sustainable development of the agrarian economy and rural areas. At the same time, the level of professional legal awareness and entrepreneurial thinking among farmers largely determines the effectiveness of small agricultural formations. This level depends on many factors, including the availability of knowledge of taxation issues, the ability to competently maintain accounting records, observing the requirement of rationality, the ability to navigate the regulations governing this organizational form of doing business. The article discusses the procedure for the formation and features of the presentation of reporting forms of activity of peasant (farmer) farms taking into account various factors of activity, since it is this area that underlies the construction of the entire system of accounting and analytical work.

Using cooperative game model of air pollution governance to study the cost sharing in Yangtze River Delta region

To solve the increasingly serious air pollution problem, regional air pollution collaborative governance as an effective way is introduced in this paper. Firstly, this study constructs a game model of regional air pollution collaborative governance, and three classic cost sharing methods are used to allocate the cost of air pollution governance; Then the emission reduction cost of regional cooperative governance is obtained; Finally, the study makes an empirical analysis on the cost sharing of SO2 emission reduction by four local governments of the Yangtze River Delta region in 2017. The results show that: (i) The emission reduction cost of regional cooperative governance is better than that of individual governance, and in 2017 the cost of SO2 cooperative governance in Yangtze River Delta region is reduced by about 1.8% compared with the individual governance; (ii) The Shapley value method is utilized to allocate the benefits of the cooperative SO2 governance of four provinces in the Yangtze River Delta region, which indicates that all local governments can obtain certain profits from this cooperation and the cooperative alliance is stable; (iii) Collaborative governance of regional air pollution can meet the requirements of both collective rationality and individual rationality at the same time.