Requirement For Postoperative Ventilation Research Articles

Transoral Laser Microlaryngeal Surgery with MLT Tubes: A Retrospective Case Series.

To evaluate effectiveness of using MLT tubes for transoral laser MLS in terms of surgical visualization, complete excision of vocal cord lesions, maintenance of adequate oxygenation and ventilation and the occurrence of any airway related complications. In a retrospective case series study, review of electronic medical records was conducted for 64 patients who underwent transoral laser MLS over an 18-month period. The collected data included vital parameters, mode of ventilation, ET tube details, surgical field of vision, perioperative adverse events and postoperative ventilation requirements. Among the 64 patients, 82.8% of the time, 5 size MLT tubes were used, fixed at meanlengths of21.6cm in females and 23.07cm in males respectively. A good surgical field of exposure was achieved in 92.2% of patients, with an average FiO2 of 0.29 during laser useand pressure control ventilation mode being the majority choice. 98.4% were extubated on table. The incidence of cuff rupture and bronchospasm was 4.7% and 1.6% respectively with no instances attributable to laser relatedevents. Even though Laser resistant tubes are considered gold standard, MLT tubes can be used by taking adequate precautions to reduce Laser related complications when there is limited availability of laser tubes. Level of evidence Case series.

The use of diagnostic complex robotic-assisted segmentectomy in the management of incidental and screen-detected pulmonary nodules.

Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) facilitates complex pulmonary segmentectomy which offers one-stage diagnostic and therapeutic management of small pulmonary nodules. We aimed to explore the potential advantages of a faster, simplified pathway and earlier diagnosis against the disadvantages of unnecessary morbidity in benign cases. In an observational study, patients with small, solitary pulmonary nodules deemed suspicious of malignancy by a multidisciplinary team were offered surgery without a pre or intraoperative biopsy. We report our initial experience with RATS complex segmentectomy (using >1 parenchymal staple line) to preserve as much functioning lung tissue as possible. Over a 4-year period, 245 RATS complex segmentectomies were performed; 140 right: 105 left. A median of 2 (1-4) segments was removed. There was no in-hospital mortality and no requirement for postoperative ventilation. Complications were reported in 63 (25.7%) cases, of which 36 (57.1%) were hospital-acquired pneumonia. A malignant diagnosis was found in 198 (81%) patients and a benign diagnosis in 47 (19%). The malignant diagnoses included: adenocarcinoma in 136, squamous carcinoma in 31 and carcinoid tumour in 15. The most frequent benign diagnosis was granulomatous inflammation in 18 cases. RATS complex segmentectomy offers a precise, safe and effective one-stop therapeutic biopsy in incidental and screen-detected pulmonary nodules.

Comparison of Perioperative Anesthetic Concerns in Simple and Complex Craniosynostosis Cases: A Retrospective Study

Abstract Background We compared intraoperative and postoperative anesthetic parameters between simple (S-single suture) and complex (C-more than one suture) craniosynostosis cases. Materials and Methods Data was collected from a retrospective review of anesthetic and postoperative records of patients who underwent craniosynostosis correction surgery between April 2014 and August 2019. Pearson’s chi-square and independent sample t-tests were used for analysis. Results We analyzed data of 98 patients (S-simple craniosynostosis: 40 and C-complex craniosynostosis: 58). Statistically significant differences between simple and complex cases were seen only in the incidence of difficult airway, failed extubation, and requirement of postoperative ventilation. Massive blood loss (S: 23.21 mL/kg; C: 22.71 mL/kg) and difficult airway (S: 2.04%; C: 19.39%) were the most common intraoperative adverse events encountered. Metabolic abnormalities, hemodynamic instability, and hypothermia occurred in few patients. The most common postoperative issue was pyrexia (S: 15.31%; C: 17.35%). Anemia and coagulopathy needing transfusion of blood products and vitamin K injection were seen in a significant number of cases. Three nonsyndromic patients developed seizures. Conclusion The incidence of difficult airway and failed extubation with postoperative ventilation is more frequent following surgery for complex craniosynostosis than simple craniosynostosis. Complications secondary to blood loss and airway issues were the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. A staged approach to surgical management resulted in decreased surgical blood loss among the children with complex craniosynostosis.

Requirement of Postoperative Ventilation and analgesics during Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) surgery – A Comparison between Combined High Thoracic Epidural Anaesthesia (HTEA) with GA and GA Alone

Beckground: This is often difficult to achieve optimal pain relief after coronary artery bypass surgery and also great challenge to choice appropriate analgesics with minimize the duration of mechanical ventilation. In the postoperative period inadequate analgesia may increase morbidity by causing adverse haemodynamic, metabolic, immunologic and haemostatic attentions and prolong mechanical ventilation with more ICU stay. High Thoracic Epidural Anaesthesia (HTEA) as an adjunct to general anaesthesia has been shown to be potentially beneficial in postoperative pain relief and the requirement of mechanical ventilationin patients with off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). HTEA provides good protection from stress response, ensures hemodynamic stability, improves distribution of coronary blood flow with reducing demand of oxygen, less requirement of postoperative analgesia , mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. Objective: This study has been undertaken with a view to compare requirement of postoperative mechanical ventilation and analgesics in OPCAB surgery between HTEA with GA and GA alone. Methods: This prospective, randomized case control comparative study was carried out in sixty patients without having left main coronary artery disease, left ventricular ejection fraction <30% or contraindication of regional anaesthesia scheduled for OPCAB. They were divided into two groups, thirty in each group. Group A received GA alone and group B received high thoracic epidural anaesthesia with GA. Requirement of postoperative analgesics, pain score, consciousness score, sedation score, satisfection level and duration of ventilation with length of stay in intensive care unit were recorded in the post-operative period. Results: Rescue analgesics received and found 16(53.3%) and 6(20.0%) needed analgesia in group A and group B respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Regarding the pain score (VAS) during maintenance with ventilator with awareness at first fourth hour significant (p<0.05) change between two groups. After extubation at rest in different time interval and found significant (p<0.05) change between two groups in all follow-up times. Post-operative pain score (VAS) after extubation at movement in different time interval and found significant (p<0.05) change between two groups. Post-operative pain score (VAS) after extubation at during coughing in different time interval and found significant (p<0.05) change between two groups. Post-operative sedation score at first six hour (hourly) and found significant (p<0.05) change between two groups except 1st hour, which was not significant (p>0.05). The mean extubation hours were 7.4±1.09 hours in group A and 5.3±0.81 hours in group B. The mean ICU stay was 72.9±9.2 hours in group A and 57.1±12.0 hours in group B and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) in unpaired t-test. No postoperative complication was observed in both groups. Conclusion: HTEA with GA appeared to be most reliable postoperative pain relief, shorter mechanical ventilation, ICU stay in OPCAB surgery Bangladesh Heart Journal 2021; 36(2): 74-81

A comparison of high thoracic epidural anaesthesia versus conventional intravenous opioids in pediatric patients undergoing corrective open heart surgery for ventricular septal defect

Background: We compared high thoracic epidural anaesthesia with a combination of morphine and bupivacaine versus IV fentanyl as an alternative for perioperative pain management.Methods: Group-E: Injection Morphine 75-100 mcg/kg and Injection 0.25 % Bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg was given via epidural catheter at insertion, Injection 0.25% Bupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg just before skin incision, and continuous infusion of Injection 0.125% Bupivacaine at 0.2 ml/kg/hr intra-operatively. Post-operative 0.1 ml/kg/hr infusion. Group F- intravenous fentanyl 2-3 mcg/Kg IV bolus given just before skin incision, followed by 1-2 mcg/Kg/hr IV fentanyl started after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass.Results: The mean ScvO2 was comparable between the two groups during induction period but became higher in group E during bypass and post bypass period intraoperatively, and the difference in rise in ScvO2 is statistically significant with a p<0.05. The mean rSo2- C was comparable between the two groups in the first postoperative hour but group F shows higher rSo2-C postoperatively which was statistically significant. The postoperative pain was significantly lower in group E in the postoperative period (except for 4,5,6 and 40 and 48th hour).Conclusions: HTEA to paediatric patients prior to sternotomy for cardiac surgeries resulted in a much better control of haemodynamic parameters. Produces better central venous and regional tissue oxygenation during bypass and post bypass intraoperatively as compared to the patients that received only intravenous fentanyl. There was lower amount of postoperative bleeding in the HTEA group with significant reduction in requirement of post-operative ventilation and time to extubation after surgery, better post-operative pain control and overall outcome.

Tracheotomy in COVID-19 patients: Optimizing patient selection and identifying prognostic indicators.

BackgroundTracheotomy, through its ability to wean patients off ventilation, can shorten ICU length of stay and in doing so increase ICU bed capacity, crucial for saving lives during the COVID‐19 pandemic. To date, there is a paucity of patient selection criteria and prognosticators to facilitate decision making and enhance precious ICU capacity.MethodsProspective study of COVID‐19 patients undergoing tracheotomy (n = 12) over a 4‐week period (March‐April 2020). Association between preoperative and postoperative ventilation requirements and outcomes (ICU stay, time to decannulation, and death) were examined.ResultsPatients who sustained FiO2 ≤ 50% and PEEP ≤ 8 cm H2O in the 24 hours pretracheotomy exhibited a favorable outcome. Those whose requirements remained below these thresholds post‐tracheotomy could be safely stepped down after 48 hours.ConclusionSustained FiO2 ≤ 50% and PEEP ≤ 8 cm H2O in the 48 hours post‐tracheotomy are strong predictive factors for a good outcome, raising the potential for these patients to be stepped down early, thus increasing ICU capacity.

Pulmonary Function Testing Does not Predict Post-operative Ventilation Requirements After Elective Cardiac Surgery Accurately to Guide Individual Patient Resource Allocation

Introduction: Elective cardiac surgery accounts for a significant proportion of intensive care unit workload and resource allocation in Australasia. An increasingly co-morbid population is undergoing increasingly complex cardiac surgery and the efficient and safe distribution of the ICU resource demands informed patient-centred surgical planning. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is often performed in order to risk-stratify elective cardiac surgical patients and predict intensity of post-operative support. Currently, the benefits of this resource intensive practice are unknown.

The Impact of Obesity on Perioperative Resource Utilization after Elective Spine Surgery for Degenerative Disease.

Study Design Retrospective case series. Objective To determine the effect of obesity on the resource utilization and cost in 3270 consecutive patients undergoing elective noninstrumented decompressive surgeries for degenerative spine disease at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2005 and 2012. Methods Groups were assessed for baseline differences (age, gender, and American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] classification, procedure type, and number of operative levels). Outcome variables included the transfusion requirements during surgery, the total anesthesia and surgical times, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, standardized costs, as well as the ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS). Regression analysis was used to evaluate for strength of association between obesity and outcome variables. Results Baseline differences between the groups (nonobese: n = 1,853; obese: n = 1,417) were found with respect to age, ASA class, gender, procedure type, and number of operative levels. After correcting for differences, we found significant associations between obesity and surgical (p < 0.0001) and anesthesia times (p < 0.0001) and hospital LOS (p < 0.0001). Additionally, ICU admission rates (p = 0.02) and requirement for postoperative ventilation (p = 0.048) were significantly higher in obese patients. Finally, mean difference in total cost ($1,632, p < 0.0001) was significantly higher for the obese cohort. Conclusion Obesity is associated with increased resource utilization and cost in patients undergoing a noninstrumented decompressive surgery for degenerative spine disease.

P80 Pre-operative assessment of children undergoing scoliosis surgery

IntroductionHistorically, assessment of operative risk in children prior to scoliosis surgery has been largely based on pre-operative lung function testing. Children having scoliosis surgery suffer from a wide range of...

Surgical outcome in thymic tumors with myasthenia gravis after plasmapheresis - a comparative study

Plasmapheresis has been used widely in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and also in symptomatic thymectomized patients with short-term clinical improvement. But the utility of preoperative plasmapheresis in the outcome has not been widely studied. The authors analyzed its impact in the surgical outcome of thymic tumors with myasthenia gravis. We studied a total of 19 patients, who were operated on in the period from January 2000 to July 2006 for thymic tumors with myasthenia gravis. Of these 19 patients, preoperative plasmapheresis was performed in 10 patients (group B) and the remaining nine patients (group A) had no preoperative plasmapheresis based on risk factors for requirement of postoperative ventilation. Outcome in the form of requirement of ventilation, symptomatic improvement, hospital stay and requirement of drugs were assessed at the end of one year and compared between the two groups. Six out of nine patients (67%) in group A required ventilatory support in the immediate postoperative period, whereas two out of ten patients (20%) in group B required it. Significant and sustained symptomatic improvement was noted in group B as compared with group A (P<0.01). Preoperative plasmapheresis in the patients of thymic tumors with myasthenia gravis is beneficial and can cause a significant difference in the postoperative outcome.

Combination of diaphragmatic plication with major abdominal surgery in patients with phrenic nerve palsy

The role of simultaneous prophylactic diaphragmatic plication during major abdominal operations is evaluated. In five patients with a history of phrenic nerve injury, postoperative ventilation requirements and hospital stay were significantly reduced when synchronous diaphragmatic plication was performed, compared with corresponding values obtained during previous abdominal operation without diaphragmatic plication. In addition, diaphragmatic plication was associated with postoperative improvement of respiratory mechanics and blood gas exchange.

Is the degree of sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants related to requirements for postoperative ventilation in patients with myasthenia gravis?

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the degree of sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants is related to the requirement for postoperative ventilatory support in patients with myasthenia gravis. Thirty-six patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing trans-sternal thymectomy were monitored by electromyography in order to assess the neuromuscular response to vecuronium. After calibration to 100% of baseline electromyographic response values using an EMG monitor, incremental doses of 5, 10 and 20 microg/kg of vecuronium were administrated to produce 95% neuromuscular blockade and to obtain a cumulative dose-response curve for each patient. A univariable logistic regression with odds ratio was used to examine the predictive variables of prolonged postoperative ventilation. Depending on their postoperative ventilatory needs, patients were divided into an early extubation group and a prolonged ventilatory group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of vecuronium ED95 (prolonged ventilation group: 23.2 +/- 18 microg/kg; early extubation group: 23.2 +/- 18 microg/kg P=0.129) and vecuronium requirement to maintain less than 25% neuromuscular blockade (prolonged ventilation group: 24 +/- 1.7 mg/kg; early extubation group: 3.8 +/- 4.5 mg/kg P=0.249). There were, however, significant differences in the incidence of a history of previous respiratory crises and the presence of bulbar palsy between the early extubation and prolonged ventilation groups. History of previous respiratory crisis (odds ratio (OR), 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-13; P=0.03) and presence of bulbar palsy (OR, 3.7; 95%CI, 0.9-15; P=0.049) were associated with the need for prolonged postoperative ventilation. However, we failed to demonstrate that the degree of sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants was related to an increased requirement for postoperative ventilation in patients with myasthenia gravis.

End-tidal carbon dioxide for monitoring primary closure of gastroschisis

Previous criteria for primary reduction of the herniated viscera in newborn infants with gastroschisis included intraoperative respiratory rate, cardiac indices, degree of visceroabdominal disproportion, size of defect, and lower extremity turgor. From 1976 through 1993, 129 neonates with gastroschisis were treated at Children's Hospital of Oklahoma. Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2) monitoring was standard therapy beginning in 1985. The authors evaluated the effect of abdominal closure on ETCO 2 to determine if there was a particular ETCO 2 level at which closure was not feasible. There was no difference in overall mortality, birth weight, or postoperative ventilation requirements between children who had closure before 1985 (ie, without ETCO 2 monitoring) and those who had repair after 1985. However, more cases in the 1985–1993 group had primary closure, and none of these required conversion to a staged procedure. An ETCO 2 of ≥50 suggests that primary closure may be unsafe. These data suggest that infants with gastroschisis can have primary closure based on intraoperative ETCO 2 monitoring; no additional invasive monitoring would be necessary to assess closure.

Warm blood cardioplegia

Between 1990 and 1992, 346 consecutive patients underwent coronary artery bypass procedures. Ninety-eight patients (group A) from 1990 served as historical controls, and 248 patients (group B) from 1991 to 1992 served as a prospective, consecutive cohort for statistical comparison. The two groups varied in the type of myocardial protection used: intermittent cold crystalloid cardioplegia was used in group A and continuous warm blood cardioplegia in group B. (Two patients in group A received intermittent cold blood cardioplegia, and these 2 patients are grouped with the crystalloid group for the sake of convenience. The presence or absence of these 2 patients did not alter the group A statistics in any noticeable manner.) Class IV high-risk groups demonstrated a 63% reduction in mortality ( p = 0.07), and overall group B experienced a 28% reduction in mortality (4.4% versus 6.1%; p = not significant), an 86% reduction in perioperative myocardial infarction rate (1.6% versus 12.2%; p < 0.05), a 20% reduction in postoperative bleeding (275 versus 345 mL · day −1 · m −2), and a marked reduction in reentry rates ( p = 0.05). Also noted was a 32% reduction in postoperative ventilation requirements (25 versus 37 hours; p = 0.05). Less inotrope was required and intraoperative stroke was not seen in the patients with warm blood cardioplegia. Group B patients were less likely to have development of complex postoperative arrhythmias. Ventricular fibrillation at unclamping was noticeably rare (2.0% in group B versus 84% in group A; p < 0.05). The average group B heart resumed sinus rhythm 72 seconds after declamping. Creatine kinase MB fractions were 7.4% in group B versus 8.2% in group A ( p = 0.07). The average postoperative cardiac index was 16% higher in group B patients (3.0 versus 2.5 L · min −1 · m −2; p = 0.05), and low output syndrome was reduced by 22% ( p = not significant) in group B patients. Cold phrenic nerve injury did not develop in any patient in group B. Coronary sinus perforation occurred once but was easily repaired. Normothermic continuous blood cardioplegia is superior to other forms of cardioplegia and is our choice for myocardial protection.

Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative ventilation requirements following esophageal atresia repair

Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative ventilation requirements following esophageal atresia repair