Defense Requirements Research Articles

Competitive Trends and Outlook for Military Demand

W E ARE GRATEFUL for the privilege of being here and the opportunity of discussing with you a phase of a vital industry which has become an important part of our way of life. The presence of so many attests your great interest in our panel. With some hesitation I accepted the invitation to discuss Competitive Trends in Electronics and the Long-Term Outlook for and Dependence on Military Demand. So much has been said and written about electronics and its growth possibilities that you-whose business requires continuing knowledge of developmentsmay by now be completely informed. And yet because there has never been an industry which has manifested its potential so clearly, or moved so far in a short time, I welcome the opportunity of exploring with you some answers to my assigned topic. I shall limit my remarks largely to the military and defense requirements, for civilian activities are outside of my assigned topic.

Nurses Are Public Relations Builders

tional scale would be the United States government. By having representation in every country, it is possible to have a national program without actually collecting blood everywhere. The fact that in the production of this substance, the blood of 2000 or more individuals from all parts of the country is pooled together makes up for the possibility that some of the donors may not have had the particular dissease and have not built up antibodies. By pooling the blood it is possible to achieve a product that usually contains sufficient antibodies to accomplish the desired purpose. From this program, products of blood collected at many individual places can be combined and distributed to all communities in the nation. This is what was done with the immune serum globulin program following World War II. In other words, communities which have not been able to participate in the national blood program except by contributing their money have been able to receive blood products. The fact that the Red Cross has sponsored and supported plasma fractionation in this country and is responsible for the collection of blood for defense makes it possible to combine the new request for gamma globulin for polio with the defense requirements. Every bottle of blood that is used in the gamma globulin program provides albumin for defense use and gamma globulin for prophylactic use in the control and modification of virus diseases such as measles, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis.

British Food Journal Volume 54 Issue 3 1952

British Food Journal Volume 54 Issue 3 1952

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

The Council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, meeting on August 29, 1951 issued a declaration at the close of the meeting stating that the broad objectives of the OEEC policies would be to expand total production in western Europe by 25 percent over the next five years. By this increase in production, an improvement in living standards and further social progress could be achieved while meeting defense requirements. “Conditions from country to country may vary, but an expansion of this size is well within the power of the European economy as a whole through the effective use of its resources… Europe possesses great national resources, a large industrial potential, a skilled and ample labor force, and a capacity to achieve rapid technical progress. The full mobilization of these resources requires foresight, resolution, a cooperative effort, and the pursuit of policies based on social justice. The governments are convinced that such policies are essential in order to preserve the gains already made and to realize continued progress. Social justice demands a distribution of burdens and benefits that will promote the well-being of the less favored sections of the community.”

Role of Labor Market Analysis in Man Power Mobilization

This country, perhaps for many years ahead, is deeply committed to a program designed to achieve national security and to safeguard the peace. Already the dimensions of this program are subjecting our national economy to substantial strains as we seek to increase defense production and control inflation. Civilian demands for goods and services are competing with defense requirements for materials and man power. Under these circumstances, the government has been compelled to initiate various program actions to increase its revenues, curb inflationary trends, and assure required military production both in regard to quantity and dates of delivery. To these ends, taxes have been increased, credit restrictions introduced, and allocations and export controls of scarce materials undertaken. Current indications are that further actions will be required to attain defense program objectives. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)

The Educational Requirement of Civil Defense

The Educational Requirement of Civil Defense

I. National Security in American Public Affairs

Traditionally, American public interest in national defense has been sporadic, alternating between short periods of intense concern and longer periods of general indifference. Except for World War II, the only sustained military effort since 1789 was provoked by internal strife. American manpower ended the stalemate of World War I, but our participation was neither lengthy nor economically intensive.We often forget that one of the first purposes motivating the Founding Fathers was to “provide for the common defense.” Six of the eighteen clauses in Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, defining the legislative authority of the new federal government, deal with military matters. It was no accident that in the early issues of the Federalist John Jay and Alexander Hamilton should have dwelt at length upon the defense requirements of the American states. Properly, Hamilton was concerned also to demonstrate that under the proposed constitution the military would be subject to the civilian authority.

Problems and Progress in Aircraft Design

IF variety is the spice of life, then aircraft engineers have little to complain of in their experience of the last twenty years. It is true that most of the hopes of a sane world, with which we set out after the first war—a world in which aircraft would be a powerful influence for good —were wearing a bit thin in 1929. It was becoming clear that only the few could afford to fly. There was little prospect of a demand for aircraft as private or public transport vehicles on a scale which would provide a healthy basis for a free competitive industry. Possibly the most surprising phenomenon of those times of depression was the survival of so many aircraft concerns. In the succeeding years—Mr Churchill's ‘locust years’ 1931–35—darkened by the shadow of coming catastrophe, the meagre defence requirements provided a means of existence. Research, fostered by a few brave spirits, not only lived but made notable strides. Above all, the creative genius of engineers contrived to find means of producing the vital advances upon which, from 1936 onwards, rearmament in the air was founded.

Treaties, Executive Agreements, and the Panama Joint Resolution of 1943

A recent Congressional debate appears to have been one of the opening skirmishes on the question of whether the postwar commitments of the United States should be accepted by treaty or by unfettered executive discretion. On August 13, 1942, President Roosevelt transmitted to Congress a request for the passage of an enclosed draft joint resolution ostensibly “authorizing the execution of certain obligations under the treaties of 1903 and 1936 with Panama, and other commitments.” The President's message, after referring to the “thoroughly coöperative” attitude of the Panamanian Government in the present crisis and stating that “on March 5, 1941, the President of the Republic of Panama issued a manifesto making available for use by the United States certain defense sites in the territory of that Republic,” added that the time had come to make certain concessions long desired by the Republic of Panama. “Accordingly,” continued the message, “I deem it advisable that this Government convey to Panama the water and sewerage systems in the cities of Panama and Colon; that it relinquish its extensive real-estate holdings in the cities of Colon and Panama, so far as these holdings are not essential to the operation and protection of the Canal; and that it liquidate the credit of two and a half million dollars made available to the Republic of Panama by the Export-Import Bank for the construction of Panama's share of the Chorrera-Rio Hato Highway, a road essential to our defense requirements and constructed in accordance with standards made essential by these requirements.”

The Cost of Arming America

IT APPEARS easy to compute the cost of arming America, for apparently it is only necessary to sum up the defense requirements from the budget document for the current and the next fiscal years. According to the Budget Message, appropriations and authorizations enacted for national defense from June 1940 up to the present time, plus the recommendations for supplementary appropriations and authorizations for 1941, plus the recommendations contained in the budget for 1942, amount to $28,500,000,000. Is $28,500,000,000, then, the cost of arming America?

Italian Irredentism during the Near Eastern Crisis, 1875-78

T rHE Near Eastern crisis opened a new era in the history of Irredentism within the Italian kingdom. During the preceding decade the movement had been confined to a small, unorganized but active group of propagandists. These were rarely concerned with the unredeemed territories subject to France and Switzerland but sought the redemption of the Trentino, Trieste, and Istria, all possessions of the AustroHungarian empire. Disagreements naturally existed among them as to the extent of, and reasons for, acquisitions in these parts. Some were content to demand only the Trentino and a rectification of the eastern frontier to the Isonzo; some asked for all of the three provinces. This divergence of opinion developed because one group was anxious to satisfy ethnic ambitions, the other the strategic requirements of national defense. Despite these differences of detail, the early Irredentists were uniformly of the belief that their task was educational. They aimed at keeping the government always aware of the necessity for redemption while at the same time instilling in the public the desire for that achievement. They were united in frowning upon the use of violence, feeling that acquisition could be made peacefully through agreements to which Austria herself would willingly consent. Some rested their hope for this solution upon the belief that the Habsburg empire was destined to become Slav in the near future and would then have no serious objection to sacrificing her Italian subjects. Others were convinced that the instability of European peace would involve Austria in international disturbances which would make concessions on the Italian frontier essential to imperial security. This latter possibility did not seem remote, and the Irredentists felt that if the government at Rome knew how to profit by the anticipated dis-

Economic Issues in Hydrogenation

THE debate on the Bill referred to above brought forward a number of criticisms of the scheme. The opinion was voiced that the enterprise should be State-owned and directed, and also that the developments should be planned so as to assist the more depressed mining areas. It was also pointed out that hydrogenation has been in progress for a number of years in Germany, where very cheap lignite is available. In spite of a similar preference granted in that country, the synthetic petrol manufactured there in 1933 was less than the amount which is to be produced in Great Britain under the new scheme. Both the technical and the economic success of the process were, in fact, questioned. The motor-car industry is also faced with developments in heavy-oil engines of the Diesel type, which may in time displace light-oil engines and lessen the demand for petrol. A strong case was put forward, however, for the founding of this new industry as a means of utilising British coal resources more efficiently, and also for the covering of the requirements of national defence.

Electrical Communication Services and International Relations

T HE question of the control of international transportation and communication-whether by private corporations or by governmental agencies, and whether related to the regulation of rates and charges, or to the requirements of national defense, or to the furtherance of national political and economic objectives-is one that is peculiarly tangled and controversial. I shall, therefore, take to myself the simpler and perhaps, on the whole, more useful, task of outlining the uses and the purposes, the present position, and the probable future development of international electrical communications. There is no question that international electrical communications are, and always will be, subject to some form or forms of public control. The important thing is that this control shall be exercised in the light of a proper appreciation of the special characteristics of such communications, and with due care to avoid unnecessary and hampering restrictions upon their natural economic development. In the days before the development of electrical communications, the lines of transportation which carried international commerce also carried the mails that guided and directed such commerce. During this period, communications, as such, had no separate or special influence on international trade and political relations. These relations developed largely through transportation, and the corresponding communications followed step by step, but always in a subordinate position. However, in more recent years, with the rapid development of electrical communications by wire and radio, the communication services have ceased to be wholly subordinate factors in the development of international relations. The establishment of adequate communications between countries may take place independently of the establishment of direct transportation facilities; and a rapid and efficient communication service may be an active factor in the subsequent development of trade and transportation and, perhaps even more importantly, in the development of those friendly and wholesome understandings between nations which it is the aim of sound politics to bring about.