Power Supply Requirements Research Articles

Wireless Data Transmission through Concrete Structures

Chloride ion presence in the concrete pore solution is an important factor in the initiation of rebar corrosion. Therefore, elevated chloride concentration in the pore solution needs to be detected as early as possible. For this early detection to be achieved, it is ideal to deploy sensors inside the concrete structure itself. This allows real time sampling of the pore solution which is closest to the rebar. To achieve this one needs to have a system based on wireless communication which allow the sensors to communicate within the structure. This would avoid wired communications methods, which impart fragility and implementation difficulties. This literature review paper endeavours to look at the various types of radiation which can be harnessed to penetrate through the opaque concrete structure. Potential data transmission methods utilising Radio Frequency Radiation, Ultrasonic Radiation, X-Ray Radiation and Neutron Beam Radiation physics were reviewed and evaluated against a set of parameters. The paper scores each radiation type against System Size, Power Supply Requirements, Transmission Range, Complexity of Circuits and Safety issues. Through these scores, each transmission technology was graded on its potential to act as the basis on which to build a micrometre sized intra-concrete data transmission system. The paper shows that ultrasonic radiation is the most promising radiation technology for use in this application.

Wireless Data Transmission through Concrete Structures

Chloride ion presence in the concrete pore solution is an important factor in the initiation of rebar corrosion. Therefore, elevated chloride concentration in the pore solution needs to be detected as early as possible. For this early detection to be achieved, it is ideal to deploy sensors inside the concrete structure itself. This allows real time sampling of the pore solution which is closest to the rebar. To achieve this one needs to have a system based on wireless communication which allow the sensors to communicate within the structure. This would avoid wired communications methods, which impart fragility and implementation difficulties. This literature review paper endeavours to look at the various types of radiation which can be harnessed to penetrate through the opaque concrete structure. Potential data transmission methods utilising Radio Frequency Radiation, Ultrasonic Radiation, X-Ray Radiation and Neutron Beam Radiation physics were reviewed and evaluated against a set of parameters. The paper scores each radiation type against System Size, Power Supply Requirements, Transmission Range, Complexity of Circuits and Safety issues. Through these scores, each transmission technology was graded on its potential to act as the basis on which to build a micrometre sized intra-concrete data transmission system. The paper shows that ultrasonic radiation is the most promising radiation technology for use in this application.

Optimal power dispatch method for wind farms considering service quality and available power

AbstractThis paper proposes an active and reactive power dispatch method for a wind farms (WF) considering the real‐time service quality and the available power to achieve the fair power allocation within the WF. The goal is to ensure operational safety while meeting the power demand instructions from the dispatch centre. This paper generates WF service quality metrics based on real‐time monitoring data of key components to characterize the operational stability of the wind turbines (WTs). Specifically, service quality metrics related to active/reactive power are constructed separately to improve the accuracy of service quality assessment and power dispatch. The available power is then integrated into the service quality metrics to derive active/reactive power allocation factors, considering operational safety and power margin. Active power allocation is constrained by the power demand instructions, while reactive power allocation aims to maintain the WT terminal voltage within a feasible range. The proposed method can ensure the fair power allocation within WFs to meet the requirements of equipment reliability, voltage safety, and power supply simultaneously, which can improve resource utilization and avoid the potential failure. Case studies in MATLAB/Simulink confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Renewable Nanocellulose/rGO film with a dense brick-and-mortar structure for electromagnetic interference and energy storage

Considering the high requirements for robust and flexible power supplies, the green and sustainable fiber-based supercapacitor is suitable to accommodate the inevitable serious deformation and low radiation issues in wearable electronic energy storage devices due to its easy integration. Compatible natural nanocellulose (NFC) as a framework and the two-dimensional conductive graphene (GO) nanosheets constructed a dense brick-and-mortar structure, which the dispersing effect of NFC avoided GO aggregation. The utilization of the green-reducing agent and the obtained NFC/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite film endowed the composite film with a continuous conductive network by the self-assembly behavior of NFC and GO, that the lightweight flexible electrode NFC/50rGO with 13 μm thickness had high conductivity (883.70 S m−1), a total electromagnetic shielding efficiency of 27.1 dB at 8.2 GHz frequency, electrochemical behavior (mass-specific capacitance up to 170.6F g−1), and reversible charge–discharge behavior. Developing a green and portable small electronic device with such a flexible and high-strength electrode symbolizes the critical development direction in the future electronic equipment field.

A Self‐Powered, Highly Sensitive, and Frequency‐Tunable Triboelectric Acoustic Sensor Inspired by the Human Cochlea

AbstractConventional acoustic sensors used in human–machine interfaces often face challenges such as power supply requirements, limited sensitivity, and inability to tune their frequency response. A self‐powered, highly sensitive, and frequency‐tunable triboelectric acoustic sensor inspired by the human cochlea is introduced. By mimicking hair cells in the organ of Corti, a tapered microhair‐structured ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) and barium titanate nanoparticle (BTNP) composite film is proposed, which demonstrates a 16‐fold increase in triboelectric output voltage (1.3 V) compared to a planar one at 2.8 Pa. Furthermore, inspired by the frequency selectivity of the basilar membrane with gradient structural variations, integrating a mass‐beam diaphragm is proposed with varying kirigami length and circular mass diameter that enables precise tuning of the resonance frequency of the sensor, resulting in a 32 times improvement in sensitivity (860 mV Pa−1) compared to a nonbiomimetic sensor (28 mV Pa−1) and an expanded dynamic range. The proposed sensor differentiates between human voices with different frequencies. A robotic hand integrated with the sensor responds to acoustic stimuli with programmed hand gestures, which highlights its potential in acoustic human–machine interfaces. The biomimetic approach to developing a self‐powered, highly sensitive, and frequency‐tunable acoustic sensor offers new possibilities for intuitive and immersive human–machine interfaces.

J-PARC linac and RCS – operational status and upgrade plan to 2 MW

The linac and the 3 GeV rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) were designed to provide 1-MW proton beams to the following facilities. Due to the improvement of the accelerator system, we accelerated a 1-MW beam with a small beam loss. The lack of anode current in the radiofrequency (RF) cavity, rather than beam loss, limits the RCS beam power. Recently, we developed a new acceleration cavity that can accelerate a beam with a low anode current. This new cavity enables us to reduce the requirement for the anode power supply and accelerate a beam of more than 1 MW. We considered how to achieve beam acceleration beyond 1 MW. So far, a beam of up to 1.5 MW is expected to be accelerated after replacing the RF cavity. We also studied to achieve an up to 2 MW beam in J-PARC RCS.

Intrinsically safe DAB converter for reliable power supply in harsh environment via extended phase shift pulse train control

AbstractIn this article, an extended‐phase‐shift‐based pulse train control (EPS‐PT) for an intrinsically safe dual active bridge (DAB) converter is proposed to satisfy the safe and reliable power supply in harsh environments such as gas stations, chemical plants, and mining tunnels in complex power systems. A discrete pulse switching control method is introduced, and the input voltage and output current are sampled to calculate the primary target phase shift angle of the DAB converter, followed by the inner phase shift angle, while the secondary phase shift angle is rapidly adjusted by the voltage feedback. In order to meet the requirements of effective control and safe power supply in harsh environments, the system parameters are designed by comprehensively considering the control performance and intrinsically safe requirements. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DAB converter exhibits rapid dynamic response and intrinsic operation safety.

Testing Algorithms for Controlling the Distributed Power Supply System of a Railway Signal Box

Trends in the use of renewable energy sources to power buildings do not bypass objects for which maintaining a power supply is critical. This also applies to railway signal boxes. The aim of the research work was to test the multisource power supply system for a railway signal box with power electronic converter systems and a DC bus, built as part of the research project. The assumption for powering the railway signal box building was to use renewable sources, energy storage devices, and a 3 kV DC traction network as the second required power supply grid. Both power grids were connected by power electronic converters, and the power values of the converters were set based on the calculated power balance values using the values measured at the system nodes and the set constraints. The tests primarily tested the response of the power supply system to changes in load power and power generated by the photovoltaic source, as well as the charge level of the energy storage devices. The correctness of the control algorithm’s operation was assessed based on the recorded power values in the power supply system nodes. The tests were carried out for 60 scenarios that covered all normal and emergency operating conditions. During the tests, delays in response to changes in the power supplied to the converters and the values of circular power flow between the power grid connections were recorded. The recorded delays ranged from 2 to about 50 s and the circular power flows did not exceed 1500 W. Based on the results of the tests, it was found necessary to improve the power measurement system in the power supply system nodes and to improve the quality of communication and the transmission time of measurement data transmission time.

Designofhighperformancealuminum-airbatterybasedoncheapnon-preciousmetalcathodes

With the rapid development of areas such as mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles, environmental problems and energy problems have become increasingly prominent. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop green, safe, efficient, cheap, sustainable energy storage and large-scale application of energy storage devices. Aluminum-air battery is a device that converts the chemical energy of anode aluminum directly into electric energy through electrochemical reaction. The theoretical voltage of aluminum-air battery is high (2.75 V), large specific capacity (2.98 Ah/g), high specific energy (8.1 Wh/g), and metal aluminum is a high strength energy carrier, has the advantages of rich resources, low price, environment friendly, perfectly matching the current situation of power supply requirements. However, the existing aluminum-air batteries face the economic problem of high cost, due to the slow oxygen reduction reaction dynamics of the cathode and the use of the expensive precious metal Pt/C as a catalyst. In order to reduce the cost of aluminum-air batteries, this paper plans to use the cheap non-precious metal nano carbon materials as the cathode catalyst, and flexibly use the structural design to construct the structure of the aluminum-air battery with double cathodes, which effectively increases the cathode reaction area. In this paper, the discharge performance was studied by experimental method, and its peak power is 1.42 times that of the traditional single cathode battery, which has good catalytic performance and stability, and shows that the non-precious metal double-cathode structure battery is both practical and economical.

Mathematical model of a battery energy storage for a standalone solar photovoltaic plant

Relevance. One of the priority areas for modern energy development is the active use of renewable energy technologies, the leading position among which in terms of the volume of commissioned generating capacity and areas of practical application is occupied by photovoltaics. In recent years, solar photovoltaic plants are increasingly being used as part of autonomous power supply systems, which is largely facilitated by a significant reduction in the cost of their components due to improved technology. Autonomous power supply systems can vary significantly in power, operating conditions, requirements for uninterrupted power supply and many other factors. This determines the high importance of the task of choosing the composition of the main electrical equipment that ensures optimal technical and economic indicators of the designed energy system. To make a reasonable choice of the equipment of an autonomous photovoltaic power plant, simulation models of all its main components are required that adequately reflect their performance characteristics under real operating conditions. An important component of autonomous photovoltaic plants is the energy storage device, which includes a battery and a solar controller that manages the energy balance of the power plant. The settings of the solar controller largely determine the operating modes of the photovoltaic power plant, on which the service life of the batteries primarily depends. Taking into account the fact that the costs of energy storage constitute a significant share of the costs of the total financial investments in the designed power plant, the problem of reliably assessing the service life of batteries is very relevant. Aim. Development of a mathematical model of energy storage system for the design and optimization of the equipment of autonomous photovoltaic plants. Methods. Mathematical and numerical modeling using the MatLab/Simulink software package. Results. A mathematical model of a battery has been developed, based on the modified Shepherd model and the kinetic model of a rechargeable battery. The model is universal and can be used to simulate the static and dynamic characteristics of different types of batteries. To identify model parameters, only the technical specification data provided by the manufacturer is sufficient. The complex model includes a battery life model, which allows you to dynamically adjust the available maximum battery capacity during operation.

A multi-objective configuration optimization method of passive hybrid energy storage system for pulse loads operating under very low temperatures

The lithium-ion battery energy storage system currently widely used faces a problem of rapid degradation of electrical performance at very low temperatures (such as −40 °C), making it difficult to meet the power supply requirements of high-power pulse loads in low-temperature environments. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-objective configuration optimization method for passive lithium-ion battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) based on an electro-thermal-aging coupling model, in order to achieve non-preheating power supply for pulse loads under low temperatures. Firstly, an electro-thermal-aging coupling model for the passive HESS is established to accurately describe the dynamic characteristics during discharge. Subsequently, aiming at the low-temperature application requirements of high-power pulse loads, a multi-objective configuration optimization model is established based on the coupling model with the objectives of minimizing the mass and the minimum operating ambient temperature of the HESS; a solving method of the optimization model is designed based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy. Finally, a case study is conducted on configuration optimization for a certain type of pulse load. The optimization results show that when the minimum operating temperature is consistent and below 0 °C, the passive HESS compared with the lithium-ion battery energy storage system can reduce the system mass by more than 23% and the acquisition cost by more than 18% while maintaining basically consistent single-pulse costs. When the minimum operating temperature is lower, the advantages of the HESS are even more significant.

Lithium Battery‐Powered Extreme Environments Exploring: Principle, Progress, and Perspective

AbstractLithium batteries, holding great potential in future deep‐space and deep‐sea exploration, have extensively utilized in probes for extreme environments. However, the complex and harsh external physical forces, including radiation field, ultrasonic field, gravity field, magnetic field, temperature field, and other extreme environments, in isolation or combination, demand severe requirements for unique onboard power supplies. Herein, the fundamental understanding of the service behavior of lithium batteries in external extreme physical fields is focused on. Specifically, based on the unique physicochemical principle originated from these external extreme forces, the underlying mechanisms of external physical fields affecting thermodynamic and kinetic processes of liquid phase mass transfer, interface formation and evolution, and electrochemical deposition are emphatically highlighted. Moreover, with equal attention paid to the enhancement and degradation caused by extreme physical fields, recent progress in the service behavior of lithium batteries is thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, strategies are scrutinized for mitigating the negative impacts of external physical fields and provide an overview of the comprehensive impacts of external muti‐physical fields. Finally, the potential challenges and future outlook of developing special power sources for deep space and deep sea exploration are proposed. This review provides fundamental guidance for the future of battery‐powered extreme environments exploration.

Self-powered water-splitting using triboelectric nano-generators for green hydrogen production: Recent advancements and perspective

The discovery of triboelectric nano-generators (TENGs) has resulted in the invention and development of self-powered electronics and devices. TENGs offer numerous benefits including their portability, affordability, and sustainable micro-scale energy harvesting in the realm of self-powered sensors and portable devices. TENGs have the capability to function as an autonomous power source. Integration of TENG with electrochemical processes can facilitate self-powered electrochemistry such as water splitting (or electrolysis) for H2 production, thereby eliminating the requirement for an external power supply. This review primarily centers on the operation and the recent advancements of TENGs in self-powered water-splitting for clean and environment-friendly H2 production utilizing renewable energy sources including wind, wave, and low-scale mechanical energy. The concept of conducting water-splitting without reliance on an external power source holds the potential for significant use in the field of clean and green H2 production with cost advantages, sustainability, and other environmental benefits.

It's a Trap! Part II: An Approachable Guide to Constructing and Using Rotating-Arm Air Samplers.

An increasing number of researchers are looking to understand the factors affecting microbial dispersion but are often limited by the costs of commercially available air samplers. Some have reduced these costs by designing self-made versions; however, there are no published sampler designs, and there is limited information provided on the actual construction process. Lack of appropriate reference material limits the use of these self-made samplers by many researchers. This manuscript provides a guide to designing and constructing rotating-arm impaction air samplers by covering (i) environmental considerations, (ii) construction materials and equipment, (iii) the construction process, and (iv) air sampler deployment. Information regarding how to calculate rotational velocity, motor speed, and power supply requirements and to troubleshoot common issues is presented in an approachable format for individuals without experience in electronics or machining. Although many of the components discussed in this guide may change in their availability or be updated over time, this document is intended to serve as a "builder's guide" for future research into air sampling technology for phytopathology research.

Integrating Fuzzy Logic and Brute Force Algorithm in Optimizing Energy Management Systems for Battery Electric Vehicles

The limited driving range of BEVs is the main challenge in developing zero-emission Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) to replace traditional fuel-based vehicles. This limitation necessitates an increase in battery energy while balancing the power supply and consumption requirements for the vehicle’s motor and auxiliaries, such as the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. This research proposes a solution to achieve more efficient control of HVAC consumption by integrating fuzzy logic techniques with brute-force algorithms to optimize the Energy Management System (EMS) in BEVs. The model was based on actual parameters, implemented using MATLAB-Simulink and ADVISOR software, and configured using a backward-facing design incorporating the technical specifications of a Malaysian electric car, the PROTON IRIZ. An optimal solution was proposed based on the Satisfaction Ratio (SR) and State of Charge (SoC) metrics to achieve the best system optimization. The results demonstrate that the optimized fuzzy EMS improved power consumption by 23.2% to 26.6% compared to a basic fuzzy EMS. The proposed solution significantly improves the driving range of BEVs.

Analysis of the Application of Intelligent Technology in the Automation Control of Electrical Engineering

This paper mainly describes the characteristics of electrical automation in intelligent building engineering, including the linkage of lighting, air conditioning, security, real-time monitoring, power supply requirements, controller requirements in electrical automation design, and the application of electrical grounding technology.

Design and Analysis of an H-Type Pickup for Multi-Segment Wireless Power Transfer Systems

To tackle the complex wireless power supply requirements in the Automated Material Handling System (AMHS) of semiconductor wafer factories, this paper presents a design method for a magnetic coupling mechanism based on a Multi-Segment Wireless Power Transfer (MSWPT) system for dynamic wireless power supply in segmented track configurations. Firstly, the track is approached using Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology combined with an LCC-S resonant structure transmitter (Tx). Following this, the feasibility of the H-type pickup is assessed through magnetic and electrical circuit analyses, which leads to the preliminary determination of the pickup dimensions by means of finite element magnetic and thermal simulations. Furthermore, an analysis of the mutual inductance drop is conducted under various track structure parameters during track crossing and curve negotiation operation conditions. Secondly, a dual-coil winding method is proposed to reduce the insulation stress on the PCB board. Additionally, a method for calculating the wire length and a design process for the overall parameters of the pickup are derived. Finally, two Txs and a 1.5 kW power receiver (Rx) were designed to verify the mutual inductance fall under the aforementioned conditions. During low-speed full-load operations, a constant-voltage output was achieved through the proposed dual-loop PI control strategy, thereby meeting the requirements for a constant-voltage output in industrial applications.

Flash sintering of ZnO ceramics with combined power supplies at room temperature

A flash sintering method at room temperature based on combined power supplies is proposed in this paper. Flash sintering is performed in two steps. First, a high voltage is used to break down the sample and then disconnect the power supply. Second, a low-voltage power supply is used to provide a large current to densify the sample. The method does not require changing the properties of the material or the sintering atmosphere. In addition to reducing the capacity of the required power supply, there is no need for external auxiliary equipment. Different types of high-voltage breakdown are also studied. The temperature and grain size corresponding to different currents of low-voltage flash sintering are studied. The results show that the sintered ZnO ceramics reach 98.5% relative density. A possible mechanism of flash sintering using combined power supplies is analysed.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR OPERATION IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL NETWORKS

Abstract. The article substantiates the expediency of developing an energy storage system for modern industrial electrical networks, which involves the use of electrochemical storage systems. The advantages of such a storage system are the possibility of their production by manufacturers located in Ukraine, which will also provide competition to global manufacturers of storage products, provide levers for the development of the domestic economy, and reduce the cost of introducing such energy storage systems into electrical networks. The article presents the results of the development of an electrochemical energy storage device for power supply to consumers of industrial electrical networks, which are used for enterprises and are carried out using central step-down substations and several workshop transformer substations. The analysis of the requirements for power supply to consumers of an industrial enterprise allowed to formulate the main technical characteristics of the energy storage system to ensure reliable operation of the enterprise in case of disruption of the centralised power supply. The type and main components of the storage system are substantiated, the main parameters of the energy storage system are calculated, and its dimensions are determined. An analysis of the functioning of the studied electrical network of an industrial enterprise in typical steady-state operation modes using the developed electrochemical energy storage system is carried out. It is proved that the application of the developed electric energy storage system will increase the reliability of power supply to consumers, ensuring the supply of electric energy for the technological process of the enterprise during the work shift, which is a very important measure in the conditions of power supply disruption under martial law and emergency situations. It is also promising to use the proposed electric energy storage system in combination with distributed generation sources, which are quite common for the industrial electrical networks under investigation.

Research on Voltage Compensation Methods and Optimization Algorithm for Insulated Core Transformer High-Voltage Power Supply

The insulated core transformer (ICT) power supply is widely employed in electron beam accelerators (EBAs) due to its high power, heightened efficiency, and stable operation. However, the segmented-core structure of the ICT power supply increases magnetic leakage, which leads to it adversely affecting the consistency of the output voltages in the rectifier stages. Currently, numerous studies focus on stage voltage compensation, including turns compensation, capacitor compensation, dummy primary winding compensation, and full-parameter compensation. This paper presents a unified simulation model and an improved gradient-based genetic algorithm, which can also optimize the parameters of the four compensation methods. Based on this, the performance of the power supply using the four compensation methods under different ICT energy levels and power supply requirements is studied, and the selection suggestions are given. This work fills the gap in the performance comparison and application research of various compensation methods.