Require Tissue Sampling Research Articles

Comparison of 35 trace elements content in malignant breast tumors with their content in the normal female mammary gland: Original data and a mini-review

Objective: In many countries, including Russia, breast cancer ranks first in the incidence of cancers in women. The etiology of this disease remains largely unclear, but there is evidence indicating that disturbances in the somatic homeostasis of trace elements may be involved in the process of oncogenesis. Therefore, this study was aimed at identifying changes in the content of trace elements during malignant transformation of breast tissue.Methods: For this purpose, an effective method of small sample analysis by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method makes it possible to determine the content of 35 trace elements in microsamples (with mass ≥ 10 mg) of breast tissue obtained by puncture biopsy. With the help of this technique, the samples of cancerous (n = 43) and normal (n = 38) breast tissue were studied.Results: In malignant breast tissue, the content of Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, Ti, Tl, U, V, Zn, and Zr was higher, while the content of Ge, Pb, Sb and Th was lower than in healthy gland tissue. All the identified differences were statistically significant.Conclusions: The significant disruption of somatic homeostasis of trace elements resulting from malignant transformation of breast tissue has been described, but its cause has not been determined, so additional research is required. Further the method we employ, which we have developed and described here, requires tissue samples weighing only a few milligrams, so it is possible to use it with tissue obtained from puncture tissue biopsies.

Abdominal CT findings characteristic of Castleman disease: multi-centre review of 76 adult cases with abdominopelvic nodal involvement.

Characterize the CT findings of abdominopelvic Castleman disease, including a new observation involving the perinodal fat. Multi-centre search at 5 institutions yielded 76 adults (mean age, 42.1 ± 14.3 years; 38 women/38 men) meeting inclusion criteria of histopathologically proven Castleman disease with nodal involvement at abdominopelvic CT. Retrospective review of the dominant nodal mass was assessed for size, attenuation, and presence of calcification, and for prominence and soft-tissue infiltration of the perinodal fat. Hypervascular nodal enhancement was based on both subjective and objective comparison with aortic blood pool attenuation. Abdominal involvement was unicentric in 48.7% (37/76) and multicentric in 51.3% (39/76), including 31 cases with extra-abdominal involvement. Histopathologic subtypes included hyaline vascular variant (HVV), plasma cell variant (PCV), mixed HVV/PCV, and HHV-8 variant in 39, 25, 3 and 9 cases, respectively. The dominant nodal mass measured 4.4 ± 1.9 cm and 3.2 ± 1.7 cm in mean long- and short-axis, respectively, and appeared hypervascular in 58.6% (41/70 with IV contrast). Internal calcification was seen in 22.4% (17/76). Infiltration of the perinodal fat, with or without hypertrophy, was present in 56.6% (43/76), more frequent with hypervascular vs non-hypervascular nodal masses (80.5% vs 20.7%; P < .001). Among HVV cases, 76.9% were unicentric, 71.1% appeared hypervascular, and 69.2% demonstrated perinodal fat infiltration. Hypervascular nodal masses demonstrating prominence and infiltration of perinodal fat at CT can suggest the specific diagnosis of Castleman disease, especially the HVV. Abdominopelvic nodal masses that demonstrate hypervascular enhancement and prominent infiltration of the perinodal fat at CT can suggest the diagnosis of Castleman disease, but nonetheless requires tissue sampling.

Environmental transcriptomics under heat stress: Can environmental RNA reveal changes in gene expression of aquatic organisms?

To safeguard biodiversity in a changing climate, taxonomic information about species turnover and insights into the health of organisms are required. Environmental DNA approaches are increasingly used for species identification, but cannot provide functional insights. Transcriptomic methods reveal the physiological states of macroorganisms, but are currently species-specific and require tissue sampling or animal sacrifice, making community-wide assessments challenging. Here, we test whether broad functional information (expression level of the transcribed genes) can be harnessed from environmental RNA (eRNA), which includes extra-organismal RNA from macroorganisms along with whole microorganisms. We exposed Daphnia pulex as well as phytoplankton prey and microorganism colonizers to control (20°C) and heat stress (28°C) conditions for 7 days. We sequenced eRNA from tank water (after complete removal of Daphnia) as well as RNA from Daphnia tissue, enabling comparisons of extra-organismal and organismal RNA-based gene expression profiles. Both RNA types detected similar heat stress responses of Daphnia. Using eRNA, we identified 32 Daphnia genes to be differentially expressed following heat stress. Of these, 17 were also differentially expressed and exhibited similar levels of relative expression in organismal RNA. In addition to the extra-organismal Daphnia response, eRNA detected community-wide heat stress responses consisting of distinct functional profiles and 121 differentially expressed genes across eight taxa. Our study demonstrates that environmental transcriptomics based on extra-organismal eRNA can noninvasively reveal gene expression responses of macroorganisms following environmental changes, with broad potential implications for the biomonitoring of health across the trophic chain.

Computed Tomography-Guided Prostate Sampling and Fiducial Marker Insertion in Patients With Absent Rectums.

We aimed to present our experience and the outcomes of a novel technique, computed tomography (CT)-guided prostate biopsy and fiducial marker insertion in patients with absent rectums. Patients who underwent CT-guided prostate biopsy at a single institution from November 2010 to November 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included if they had a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer and had absent rectums from previous surgical resection. Contrast-enhanced CT scan was used to perform transgluteal prostate biopsy. Patient demographics, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy details were recorded. Thirteen biopsy procedures and 1 CT-guided fiducial marker insertion were performed on 12 unique patients. The reasons for the absence of rectums included surgical resection for rectal cancer (n = 10) and surgical resection for inflammatory bowel disease (n = 2). Clinically significant cancer was found in 7 of 13 biopsy results (52.8%), clinically insignificant cancer in 3 of 13 (23.1%), and benign cancer in 3 of 13 (23.1%). No complications were recorded. Our data support CT-guided prostate biopsy as an accurate and effective technique for investigating prostate cancer that requires tissue sampling in patients with absent rectums.

High accuracy epidermal growth factor receptor mutation prediction via histopathological deep learning

BackgroundThe detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer is critical for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. EGFR detection requires tissue samples, which are difficult to obtain in some patients, costing them the opportunity for further treatment. To realize EGFR mutation prediction without molecular detection, we aimed to build a high-accuracy deep learning model with only haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides.MethodsWe collected 326 H&E-stained non-small cell lung cancer slides from Beijing Chest Hospital, China, and used 226 slides (88 with EGFR mutations) for model training. The remaining 100 images (50 with EGFR mutations) were used for testing. We trained a convolutional neural network based on ResNet-50 to classify EGFR mutation status on the slide level.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of the model were 76% and 74%, respectively, with an area under the curve of 0.82. When applying the double-threshold approach, 33% of the patients could be predicted by the deep learning model as EGFR positive or negative with a sensitivity and specificity of 100.0% and 87.5%. The remaining 67% of the patients got an uncertain result and will be recommenced to perform further examination. By incorporating adenocarcinoma subtype information, we achieved 100% sensitivity in predicting EGFR mutations in 37.3% of adenocarcinoma patients.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the potential of a deep learning-based EGFR mutation prediction model for rapid and cost-effective pre-screening. It could serve as a high-accuracy complement to current molecular detection methods and provide treatment opportunities for non-small cell lung cancer patients from whom limited samples are available.

Non-invasive methods of molecular diagnosis, clinical monitoring and approaches to the personalized therapy of diffuse midline glioma

The purpose of the study was to summarize and analyze modern data about non-invasive methods of molecular diagnosis and approaches to the personalized therapy of diffuse midline glioma (DMG). Material and Methods. The search and analysis of publications was carried out using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Elibrary systems. The review includes publications published from 2011 to 2022. Of the 102 articles found, 59 were used to write the review. Results. In this review, we discuss the spectrum of somatic driver mutations present in DMG tumor cells and their relationship with the sensitivity of tumor cells to certain types of therapy - a pharmacogenetic approach to the selection of individual treatments (targeted therapy). We provide examples of new methods of targeted therapy for DMG, which are currently at the stage of preclinical laboratory development. Also, we discuss examples of the use of 3D cell cultures for the development of targeted therapies, including the use of perfusion systems. The review describes the methods of analysis of liquid biopsy, which allow the detection of tumor-specific biomarkers in the non-invasive diagnosis of DMG, including a number of methods that have not yet been tested in the clinic. The following is a list of tumor-specific biomarkers for diagnosing, monitoring, and selecting targeted therapy for DMG. Finally, we discuss the possibility of implementing these methods in the clinic and present the results of several clinical trials. Conclusion. In oncology, new methods of molecular genetics, such as analysis of liquid biopsy, allow diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in cases where classical methods that require tissue sampling are not applicable (for example, the analysis of genetically heterogeneous tumors and tumors of surgically inaccessible localization). These tumors include DMG, a primary brain tumor most common in children. The available data confirm the relevance of the search for new specific tumor biomarkers, as well as targets for targeted therapy of the paediatric-type diffuse gliomas.

Atypical and Typical Distant Sarcoid-like Reactions during Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma.

HomeRadiology: Imaging CancerVol. 5, No. 2 PreviousNext Images in CancerFree AccessAtypical and Typical Distant Sarcoid-like Reactions during Treatment of Metastatic MelanomaLacey J. McIntosh , Evan C. Ruppell, Maria BarileLacey J. McIntosh , Evan C. Ruppell, Maria BarileAuthor AffiliationsFrom the Division of Oncologic and Molecular Imaging (L.J.M., E.C.R.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging (M.B.), UMass Chan Medical School/Memorial Health Care, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655.Address correspondence to L.J.M. (email: [email protected]).Lacey J. McIntosh Evan C. RuppellMaria BarilePublished Online:Mar 24 2023https://doi.org/10.1148/rycan.220177MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In Sarcoid-like reactions are reported in 4%–14% of patients with cancer and are likely driven by T-cell–mediated hypersensitivity reactions forming granulomas (1). They can occur with infection, treatment, or the presence of foreign bodies (2) and have been increasingly reported in the era of precision targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (3,4), including the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (Figure) (5). The classic pattern mimics sarcoidosis and involves mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes, which may be enlarged and demonstrate increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake at FDG PET/CT; pulmonary nodules and infiltrates may or may not be present (1,2). The incidence of extrathoracic sarcoid-like reactions is unknown but rare (6), with case reports documenting reactions including the liver, spleen, skin, central nervous system, pancreas, bone, and eyes (6,7). Absence of findings at baseline and emergence after treatment initiation can be helpful to identify a sarcoid-like reaction, although it may be indistinguishable from disease and may require tissue sampling. Radiologists should recognize these patterns to avoid confusion with disease progression. If necessary, steroids are the mainstay of treatment; immunotherapy discontinuation may be required in severe cases.Sarcoid-like reactions in a 29-year-old woman with +BRAF V600 mutation metastatic melanoma. (A, B) Baseline fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT maximum intensity projection (MIP) and axial fusion images show FDG-avid left axillary mass (black and white arrows), found to be metastatic melanoma (no primary cutaneous lesion identified). (C, D) Follow-up FDG PET/CT MIP and axial fusion images 8 months after left axillary nodal dissection, while receiving adjuvant dabrafenib and trametinib, show that the left axillary mass has been excised; however, there is a new FDG-avid right axillary lymph node (dashed black and white arrows). Subsequent biopsy showed lymphoid tissue with noncaseating granulomatous inflammation, consistent with atypical presentation of a sarcoid-like reaction. (E, F) Follow-up FDG PET/CT MIP and axial fusion images 2 months later show FDG-avid mediastinal and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (short black and white arrows), in a classic pattern of sarcoid-like reaction, which was confirmed with endobronchial US-guided fine needle aspiration cytology.Download as PowerPointOpen in Image Viewer Disclosures of conflicts of interest: L.J.M. Consultant providing clinical trial reads (Bioclinica/Clario, WorldCare Clinical, Imaging Endpoints) and content consultation (Medality) but without conflicts of interest for this article. E.C.R. No relevant relationships. M.B. No relevant relationships.Keywords: Molecular Imaging–Cancer, PET/CTAuthors declared no funding for this work.

Robotic large‐area optical biopsy imaging for automated detection of gastrointestinal cancers tested in tissue phantoms and ex vivo porcine bowel

AbstractGastrointestinal endoscopy is a subjective procedure that frequently requires tissue samples for diagnosis. Contact optical biopsy (OB) techniques have the aim of providing direct diagnosis of endoscopic areas without excising tissue samples but lack the wide‐area coverage required for locating and resecting lesions. This article presents a large‐area robotically deployed OB imaging platform for endoscopic detection of colorectal cancer as an add‐on for conventional endoscopes. In vitro, in silicon colon phantoms, the platform achieves an optical resolution of 0.5 line pairs per millimeter, while resolving simulated cancer lesions down to 0.75 mm diameter across large‐area images (55‐103 cm2). Large‐area OB images were generated in an ex vivo porcine colon. The platform allows centimeter‐sized large‐area OB imaging in vitro and ex vivo with submillimeter resolution, including automatic data segmentation of simulated cancer areas. The ability for robotic actuation and spectrum collection is also shown for ex vivo animal colon. If successful, this technology could widen access to user‐independent high‐quality endoscopy and early detection of gastrointestinal cancers.

Association of lesion contour and lesion composition on MR with HER2 status in breast cancer brain metastases

Background and purposeWith the development of HER2-directed therapies, identifying non-invasive imaging biomarkers of HER2 status in breast cancer brain metastases has become increasingly important, particularly given the risks of tissue sampling within the brain and the possibility of a change in receptor expression from the primary tumor to the brain metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether lesion contour and composition on MR could help identify the HER2 status of breast cancer brain metastases. Materials and methodsWe derived a cohort of 34 women with a mean age of 55 years (range: 31–81 years) with a total of 47 distinct histologically proven breast cancer brain metastases with preoperative contrast-enhanced brain MR and HER2 immunohistochemistry and/or fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) of the resected/biopsied brain specimens from 2018 to 2021. Two fellowship-trained neuroradiologists evaluated the lesion contour and lesion composition of each lesion. Logistic regression analyses were performed. ResultsIn a logistic regression model, an irregular contour had an odds ratio of 170 (p = 0.007) in differentiating HER2-positive from HER2-negative lesions. In a logistic regression model, when compared to a predominantly cystic lesion composition, a solid lesion composition had an odds ratio of 17 (p = 0.016) in differentiating HER2-positive from HER2-negative lesions. ConclusionLesion contour and lesion composition on MR were significantly associated with the HER2 status of breast cancer brain metastases. Current assessment of HER2 status requires tissue sampling and immunochemical and/or FISH analyses. A non-invasive imaging biomarker that may help predict HER2 status may be of great clinical value.

Multifocal Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma in a Newborn With Confirmatory Histopathology.

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is classified as a locally aggressive vascular tumor of childhood resulting from abnormal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Most commonly, KHE presents as a single tissue mass, ranging from an erythematous papule to a violaceous indurated tumor. Definitive diagnosis requires tissue sampling with the demonstration of ill-defined nodules and fascicles of spindle-shaped D2-40 positive endothelial cells, forming slit-like vascular channels. This newborn presented with multifocal cutaneous Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon confirmed on histopathology with immunostaining.

Ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging of soft-tissue lesions: competitive or complementary?

Soft-tissue lumps and bumps are a common referral for imaging in children and adolescents. The etiology of these lesions includes benign non-tumorous lesions, as well as benign and malignant tumors. Some of these lesions have a characteristic imaging appearance but others do not and require tissue sampling to make a diagnosis. MRI typically provides the best overall characterization of soft-tissue masses; however, in some cases US provides complementary information to that provided by MRI that can help make a diagnosis.

Cardiac amyloidosis: the pathologist’s point of view

Cardiac amyloidosis is a well-known entity recently recognized as a common etiology of heart failure. This infiltrative disease is caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins within the heart. The most common types of cardiac amyloidosis result from fibrils composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains or transthyretin. Clinical presentation is usually elusive, and this can result in diagnostic delay. Diagnosis can be reached with non-invasive methods, but it often requires tissue sampling with pathological analysis. It is fundamental to determine the type of protein being deposited in order to indicate the specific treatment. In this article, we review the main features of cardiac amyloidosis with a focus on different pathological presentations of this rare disorder.

Profile of paediatric tuberculosis mastoiditis -a case series

Tuberculosis (TB) otitis media is an uncommon site of extrapulmonary TB and can primarily present as a complicated TB mastoiditis (TBM). This complication is rare in children, even in TB endemic areas but necessitates early identification as delays can lead to severe morbidities. We describe the clinical characteristics as a case series to raise awareness of the condition, and highlight fundamentals related to diagnosis and management.A retrospective chart review of clinical and radiological information of five children with TBM seen at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, over the last 5 years. Variables collected included symptomatology, duration of disease, investigations and management.All were under 5 years of age and presented with typical features of acute bacterial mastoiditis. Mean duration of symptoms was 12 days (range 3-30 days). Two children had known TB contacts. Two children had pulmonary involvement, one with miliary TB. CT of the temporal bone demonstrated extensive bony destruction of the petromastoid and demineralised ossicles in all cases. Three children had intracranial extension. Four children demonstrated hearing loss between 30 dB and 83 dB. Necrotising granulomatous inflammation was present in the mastoid specimens in all cases. Confirmatory diagnosis was made via GeneXpert polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (2), Ziehl-Nielson (ZN) stain (1) or a positive TB culture (2). Postoperatively, one patient had normal hearing, two patients had mild conductive hearing loss (CHL), one had mild-moderate CHL and one had profound hearing loss.Delays in identification and management result in marked bony destruction and hearing loss. Radiological and surgical findings typical of TBM, therefore, require tissue sampling from the ear for urgent microscopic, PCR and histologic testing, allowing the avoidance of a mastoidectom. In a TB endemic setting, children with typical findings and necrotising granulomatous inflammation on histology should be considered for prompt commencement of anti-TB therapy while awaiting a definitive diagnosis.

Comparison of Forceps, Cryoprobe, and Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease − The CHILL Study

Rationale: Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) has emerged as a less invasive method to obtain a tissue diagnosis in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The diagnostic yield of TBLC compared to surgical lung biopsy (SLB) remains uncertain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of forceps transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and TBLC compared to SLB when making the final diagnosis based on multidisciplinary discussion (MDD). Methods: Patients enrolled in the study underwent sequential TBLB and TBLC followed immediately by SLB. De-identified cases, with blinding of the biopsy method, were reviewed by a blinded pathologist and then discussed at a multidisciplinary conference. Main Results: Between August 2013 and October 2017, we enrolled 16 patients. The raw agreement between TBLC and SLB for the MDD final diagnosis was 68.75% with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.6 (95% CI 0.39, 0.81). Raw agreement and Cohen’s kappa of TBLB versus TBLC and TBLB versus SLB for the MDD final diagnosis were much lower (50%, 0.21 [95% CI 0, 0.42] and 18.75%, 0.08 [95% CI −0.03, 0.19], respectively). TBLC was associated with mild bleeding (grade 1 bleeding requiring suction to clear) in 56.2% of patients. Conclusions: In patients with ILD who have an uncertain type based on clinical and radiographic data and require tissue sampling to obtain a specific diagnosis, TBLC showed moderate correlation with SLB when making the diagnosis with MDD guidance. TBLB showed poor concordance with both TBLC and SLB MDD diagnoses.

Amyloidosis: Multisystem Spectrum of Disease with Pathologic Correlation.

Amyloidosis is a group of conditions defined by extracellular deposition of insoluble proteins that can lead to multiorgan dysfunction and failure. The systemic form of the disease is often associated with a plasma cell dyscrasia but may also occur in the setting of chronic inflammation, long-term dialysis, malignancy, or multiple hereditary conditions. Localized forms of the disease most often involve the skin, tracheobronchial tree, and urinary tract and typically require tissue sampling for diagnosis, as they may mimic many conditions including malignancy at imaging alone. Advancements in MRI and nuclear medicine have provided greater specificity for the diagnosis of amyloidosis involving the central nervous system and heart, potentially obviating the need for biopsy of the affected organ in certain circumstances. Specifically, a combination of characteristic findings at noninvasive cardiac MRI and skeletal scintigraphy in patients without an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia is diagnostic for cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. Histologically, the presence of amyloid is denoted by staining with Congo red and a characteristic apple green birefringence under polarized light microscopy. The imaging features of amyloid vary across each organ system but share some common patterns, such as soft-tissue infiltration and calcification, that may suggest the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical context. The availability of novel therapeutics that target amyloid protein fibrils such as transthyretin highlights the importance of early diagnosis. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.

An unusual cause of "reverse batwing" sign.

An unusual cause of "reverse batwing" sign.

Current Biomarkers for Precision Medicine in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer has become the prototypical solid tumor where targets have been identified within the tumor allowing for personalized approach for systemic therapy. Biomarkers are beginning to play an important role in preparing the way for precision treatment. Mandatory biomarkers for every newly diagnosed case of breast cancer are estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in selecting patients for endocrine treatment and HER2 for identifying patients likely to benefit from antiHER2 therapy. Although methodological problems exist in the determination of Ki67, because of its clearly established clinical value, wide availability, and low costs relative to the available multianalyte signatures, Ki67 may be used for determining prognosis, especially if values are low or high. Also, the androgen receptor (AR) pathway is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. AR-targeted treatments for breast cancer are in development and have shown promising preliminary results. While, most established biomarkers in breast cancer require tissue samples, serum tumor markers are easily accessible and require a less invasive procedure. Among them, tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), a specific epitope structure of a peptide in serum associated with human cytokeratin 18, is linked to the proliferative activity of tumors. TPS may be a valuable and independent prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.In order to accelerate progress towards precision treatment for women with breast cancer, we need additional predictive biomarker, especially for enhancing the positive predictive value for endocrine and antiHER2 therapies, as well as biomarkers for predicting response to specific forms of chemotherapy.

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis of the Breast: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Granulomatous inflammation is an uncommon inflammatory condition of the breast that includes both infectious (bacterial, fungal, parasitic) and noninfectious (autoimmune, sarcoidosis, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis [IGM], reaction to foreign materials) etiologies. IGM is the most common subset of granulomatous inflammation where no underlying etiology is established. Infectious causes of granulomatous inflammation should be excluded, as these have established treatments that can significantly improve patient outcomes. IGM should be considered in the differential when mastitis is refractory to antibiotics. Patients usually present with an erythematous, tender, palpable unilateral breast mass. The most common mammographic presentation is a focal or global asymmetry. The imaging appearance mimics breast cancer, therefore diagnosis usually requires tissue sampling with histopathologic analysis and cultures to exclude infection. When patients are diagnosed with IGM, this poses a clinical dilemma as there are a variety of treatment options available, including oral and intralesional steroids. The time course of the disease is often prolonged by multiple recurrences, and specific treatment remains an area of ongoing research. The purpose of this article is to review the range of clinical features, imaging manifestations, associated histopathology, and management of IGM.

Diurnal invivo xylem sap glucose and sucrose monitoring using implantable organic electrochemical transistor sensors.

SummaryBioelectronic devices that convert biochemical signals to electronic readout enable biosensing with high spatiotemporal resolution. These technologies have been primarily applied in biomedicine while in plants sensing is mainly based on invasive methods that require tissue sampling, hindering in-vivo detection and having poor spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we developed enzymatic biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for in-vivo and real-time monitoring of sugar fluctuations in the vascular tissue of trees. The glucose and sucrose OECT-biosensors were implanted into the vascular tissue of trees and were operated through a low-cost portable unit for 48hr. Our work consists a proof-of-concept study where implantable OECT-biosensors not only allow real-time monitoring of metabolites in plants but also reveal new insights into diurnal sugar homeostasis. We anticipate that this work will contribute to establishing bioelectronic technologies as powerful minimally invasive tools in plant science, agriculture and forestry.

Diurnal &lt;i&gt;In Vivo&lt;/i&gt; Xylem Sap Glucose and Sucrose Monitoring Using Implantable Organic Electrochemical Transistor Sensors

Bioelectronics devices that convert biochemical signals to electronic readout enable biosensing with high spatiotemporal resolution. These technologies have been primarily applied in biomedicine while in plants sensing is mainly based on invasive methods that require tissue sampling, hindering in vivo detection and having poor spatiotemporal resolution. Here we developed enzymatic biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors, OECTs, for in vivo and real time monitoring of sugar fluctuations in the vascular tissue of trees. The glucose and sucrose OECT-biosensors were implanted into the vascular tissue of trees with minimal disruption of the trees physiological processes and operated through a low-cost portable unit for 48 hours. Our work consists a proof of concept study where implantable OECT-biosensors not only allow real time monitoring of metabolites in plants but also reveal new insights in sugar transport and metabolism. We anticipate that this work will be a starting point for establishing bioelectronic technologies as powerful non-invasive tools for basic plant research and for agriculture and forestry.