Republican Period Research Articles

Telling important party history of the New Democracy period based on historical materials

Abstract Due to the characteristics of multi-source heterogeneity of party history information resources, the organisation and storage of party history information resources remain in the digital stage at this stage. In order to achieve the transformation of important party history information resources in the new democratic period from digitalisation to intellectualisation, this paper collects and preprocesses the relevant information data of important party history in the new democratic period in the historical materials. The entity knowledge model in the knowledge graph is constructed by combining the characteristics of important party history with the data, encoding and processing the nodes and timestamps in the important party history by using encoders, learning its evolution characteristics, and realising the complementary processing of the time sequence of important party history. Finally, we construct a narrative system of important party history from the new democratic period based on historical materials. The study shows that there are 2015 keywords of important party history during the New Democracy period in the historical materials, and there are 36 keywords with frequency values of 3 times or more. It is also found that the system can accurately narrate important party history events in the New Democratic Period and can allow users to learn about other important party history figures or events that are closely related to them when searching for important party history-related information. This paper responds to the call for promoting the popularisation of Party history for all people, and the visual and vivid display of important Party history events through the form of knowledge mapping can improve the public’s understanding and knowledge of Party history events.

A time-series analysis of the evolution of scientific and technological concepts in the change of social thinking in modern China

Abstract Exploring the evolutionary process of the concept of science and technology in modern Chinese society is conducive to the innovation of the current path of science education popularization and scientific and technological literacy enhancement. In this paper, we construct a sampling selection algorithm using Bayesian and MCMC and then design a parameter derivation model. Assuming the model prior distribution hyperparameters and using the likelihood function to derive the specific form of the posterior probability distribution, an approximate integral calculation is carried out in order to directly derive the parameters to be estimated, and the BVAR-MCMC model is constructed. Using the model to analyze the temporal changes in the evolution of scientific and technological concepts in modern China, it is finally found that the changes in social and technological concepts during the Republican period were even stronger than those in the late Qing period. Influenced by the increasing scale of cross-cultural exchanges due to the gradual opening up of the gateway, cross-cultural open exchanges have the highest impulse value and the longest duration on the evolution of scientific and technological concepts, with the impulse of the Late Qing and the Republic of China phases above 1, and the duration of the positive influence covers the whole time series. The impulse values of the late Qing and the Republic of China are 2.68 and 3.59, respectively, and the education popularization rate, economic development level, the speed of technological life progress, and the degree of civilization and freedom of the social atmosphere have different degrees of influence on the evolution of scientific and technological concepts in the time series of modern history. This study innovates the statistical research method for modern history and conducts a pioneering exploratory study on the evolutionary process of modern social ideas change.

TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ’NDE GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN İLK REFERANDUM: 1961 REFERANDUMU’NUN ULUSAL BASINA YANSIMASI

The first coup in the Republic of Türkiye was experienced on May 27, 1960. During the Republic period, the concept of referendum again entered the public agenda in this process. It is noteworthy that referendum, one of the most important tools of semi-direct democracy, was also used in the 1961 Constitution and the majority of the people participated in this process. This article aims to examine in detail the reflection of the 1961 Referendum, the first referendum in the history of the Republic of Türkiye, on the national press. It also evaluates the interpretation of the referendum process through cartoons and the effects of these cartoons on social consciousness. The content analysis method was used in the study. By examining materials such as news headlines, columns and cartoons, the media's approaches to the referendum process were tried to be presented from an objective perspective. In this way, the way the referendum was covered in the national press, the political atmosphere of the period and the perception created in the society were revealed through the media.
 This study has revealed the historical context and importance of the 1961 Referendum. It has dealt with the political and social dynamics that led to the referendum, the people's preferences in the referendum, and the effects of the results on Turkish politics. In this context, it has analyzed in detail how the referendum results were received in the national press and how different media outlets gave meaning to these results. Examining the social reflections of the referendum process through cartoons has also constituted an important component of this study.
 As a result, it has been determined that the reflections of the 1961 Referendum in the national press are an important source for understanding the political and social dynamics of the period. The press, one of the most important structural stones of the social and political equation, was used as the main source of the study. In this study, the 1961 referendum was examined as a whole by examining national newspapers. Thus, Türkiye's democratic processes, media relations and the impact of visual media were analyzed.

The Integration of Chinese Educational Teaching and Machine Learning Technologies in Cross-Cultural Exchange during the Late Qing and Early Republican Periods

Abstract At the end of the Qing Dynasty, educational reforms precipitated the proliferation of new-style schools, thereby diminishing the prominence of traditional Confucian textbooks in their curricula. This study investigates the pedagogical approaches of Chinese education during the late Qing and early Republic of China periods, focusing on the educational reform movement and the shift from traditional to modern school systems. Utilizing the Scrapy crawling framework, the research involved collecting educational content from 1900 to 1940 to establish a comprehensive corpus. Subsequently, the Word2Vec machine learning algorithm was employed to derive word vectors from this corpus. At the same time, a hybrid model, HS-BTM, which integrates heat, semantic information, and the Biterm Topic Model (BTM), was developed to facilitate a nuanced analysis of semantic shifts in educational content. This analysis was conducted along two dimensions: morphological word semantics and components of teaching content. The findings reveal that the teaching materials contained 702 sets of compound anagrams, and the chemistry textbooks from the period under review featured a significant emphasis on everyday life themes, accounting for 53.25% of the content. By leveraging machine learning techniques, this study effectively charts the evolution of Chinese educational practices and offers valuable insights for the ongoing development of educational strategies.

The trajectory of technological exchanges and modern communication technologies in the context of opening up to the outside world in the late Qing and early Republic of China

Abstract During the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the development of communication technology was closely correlated with societal progress. The social turmoil in the late Qing and early Republican periods, the social situation of “internal and external problems,” and the trend of “coming in” and “going out” of technological exchanges contributed to the introduction of modern communication technology, newspapers and magazines, and the establishment of the telegraph and the telephone. This led to the introduction of modern communication technology, represented by the telegraph and telephone, as well as the rise and establishment of newspapers and magazines. The national telegraph and the May Fourth Movement further enhanced the influence of the telegraph and communication technology on social development. The study analyzes the sources of funds, the number of subscribers, the number of telephone offices, the mileage of lines, the development of governmental telegraphs in each province, and the development of telegraphs in each country. It explores the development trend of communication technology in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, taking into account the interactions between the social conditions of the late Qing Dynasty and the development of telegraphs. Based on the monthly revenue of the telephone bureau, the Beijing Telephone Bureau’s installation fee in 1909 was approximately 1,799 yuan, with the telephone fee and the Electricity Bureau’s appropriation primarily financing its construction. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing Telephone Bureau extended its telegraph lines and increased the number of users. By 1911, the telegraph lines’ mileage had reached about 99,979 miles, indicating a relatively rapid development. However, the telegraph business remained significantly behind that of other countries.

Celebrations of the Constitutional Revolution (1908) During the Early Republican Period as Presented by the Turkish Press of the Time

Celebrations of the Constitutional Revolution (1908) During the Early Republican Period as Presented by the Turkish Press of the Time

Nankai school: The experience of adapting economics to Chinese conditions in the 1920s–1930s

Using the example of the activities of the Nankai Institute of Economics in the second quarter of the twentieth century, the article analyses the problem of adapting Western economic theories to the study of the Chinese economy. At the heart of the program of sinicization of economic research and education proposed by the Nankai school was the work of collecting and systematising reliable information on the Chinese economy. In the second half of the 1920s, Nankai University became a leader in China in conducting socio-economic surveys, compiling index numbers of prices, studying selected industries and rural regions. The founders of the Nankai school. He Lian and Fang Xianting were educated in economics in the United States; up until the late 1940s, the Nankai Institute of Economics was highly dependent on American grant support. This did not prevent them from setting the objectives of “knowing China” and “serving China” by combining foreign theories and methods with an understanding of the real economic situation based on reliable quantitative data. The task of “localization” of economics stimulated writing of pioneering university textbooks that explained general theoretical concepts through Chinese examples. Focus on solving China’s problems led the economists to abandon copying ready-made foreign prescriptions. During the two decades of activity in the Republican period the Nankai school made major achievements in collecting factual material on Chinese economy and adapting courses, its legacy has become an important starting point of the contemporary policy of sinicization of economics in the PRC.

Migration from Lebanon to West Africa: Ottoman, Mandate, and Republican Periods (1860-1990)

Bu çalışma, 1860-1990 yılları arasında Lübnan’dan Batı Afrika ülkelerine gerçekleşen göçü ele almaktadır. Çalışmada ilk olarak tarihsel süreç gözetilerek göçlerin hangi nedenlerden kaynaklandığını, hangi bölgeden, hangi mezhepten veya hangi toplumsal yapıdan Batı Afrika’nın hangi bölgelerine aktığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. İkinci olarak, özellikle ilk göçlerin asıl varış yeri Batı Afrika olmamasına rağmen neden oraya yöneldiği ve akabinde bu göçlerin neden sürekli hale geldiği soruları üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu bağlamda modern Lübnan devletinin siyasi tarihi gözetilerek göçmenlerin çıkış noktaları, dini ve mezhebi özellikleri, varış bölgeleri, artışları ve azalışları tarihsel bir süreç içinde ele alınmıştır.

A Critique of the Turkish Education System During the Early Republic Period (1923-1943) Based on Syed Ahmet Arvasi’s Idea

States established as nation-states in the 19th and 20th centuries have used education to defend their principles of existence and legitimacy. In this context, the Republic of Turkey, founded on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, has made great efforts to transform its people into a modern nation-state. The most important tool of the state in this effort has undoubtedly been education. Since the basis of the republican ideology is secularism, the basic building block in education has also been secularism. The education system has been the most important part of secular modernization and the construction of a new national identity. New and secular values that form the national identity have been transferred and transmitted to new generations through education. In this context, education policies have been under the influence of the new regime for a long time since the founding of the republic. This study has drawn from Syed Ahmed Arvasi’s ideas in analyzing the historical development of education in Turkey, and identified that problems such as moral corruption, anarchy, lack of national consciousness, and lack of personality in today's society are closely associated with the secular education policies of the Republican period. In moving forward, the study supports Arvasi’s idea of educating the younger generation according to the principles of Turkish-Islamic culture. Future studies may explore further the viability of Arvasi’s ideas and how they can be implemented in the formal system of education in Turkey

Eğitim Yönetiminde Yönetici ve Öğretmen Politikaları Bağlamında Öğretim Plan ve Programlarının İncelenmesi

Turkey has a deep-rooted educational tradition. Even in the days when the war of independence was intense, education was one of the issues that Atatürk cared about the most. Atatürk came from the front and convened the Education Congress in Ankara. The training programs and teacher training policy to be implemented next were discussed at the congress, and in this direction, primary and secondary school programs and the training of village teachers were focused on. Despite the fact that the expected and targeted results of the congress could not be obtained due to the war in which the country is engaged, and it was completed early, the fact that the congress was convened even in a war environment shows the importance that Atatürk attaches to education. After the proclamation of the Republic, the content of the general framework drawn by Atatürk was created by the intellectuals of the Republic, thus initiating social change. During this period, the regulations made in the field of education have been a means of protecting the new system and adopting the values of the Republic. The teaching programs implemented in schools have been shown as one of the most important reasons for the failure in education for many years during the Republican period. Educational programs have been criticized by every government and even different ministers in the same government until today, it has been complained that the subjects are given too intensively and based on memorization, these discussions have extended to the present day. The most basic problem in the planning and implementation of educational programs is that the programs are designed independently of the basic components of education. Especially at the application point, the degree to which teachers and learning-teaching environments and other basic components of education are ready and suitable for this application has been ignored. Dec. The main purpose of the programs is to make the student more active, to ensure their learning by dealing with each student separately and using appropriate methods for students whose learning levels are different. However, in order for this theoretically ideal approach to achieve the desired goals in practice, both teachers in the position of practitioners and the educational environments in which the program will be implemented must be prepared for it. Key Words: Education Management, Education Manager, Teacher, Education Plans and Programs

Physical Training Regulations in The Context of Nationalism at the end of the 19th Century and the Early Republican Period (1923-1938)

: Osmanlı Devleti, askerlerinin talim ve terbiyesine dikkat etmiş ve güçlü ordular kurmuştur. Ancak bilim ve teknikte ciddi bir ilerleme kaydedemeyen imparatorluk, askeri alanda güçsüzleşmiş ve 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru tüm halkın beden terbiyesine önem veren çalışmalar yürütmüştür. İçinde milliyetçilik anlayışının da barındığı bu çalışmalar, Türkiye için bir tür laboratuvar niteliğinde olmuştur. İmparatorluğa bağlı uluslar, kendi milli devletlerini kurdukça imparatorluk içindeki aydın kesim Türk kimliğine daha sıkı sarılmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı ve ardından gelen Milli Mücadele üzerine kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti, Osmanlının yanlış veya doğrularından dersler çıkararak milli bir devlet üzerine temellenmiştir. Halkın ruhen ve bedenen sağlıklı olması, eğitimde önemle üzerinde durulan bir konu olmuştur. Milliyetçilik ilkesiyle de bütünlük arz eden beden terbiyesi eğitimi, muasır medeniyetler seviyesine ulaşmanın en temel şartlarından sayılmıştır. Milletler için bir toplumun bedenen ve ruhen sağlıklı olması önemlidir. Bu nedenle Hastalıklarla mücadele etme noktasında sağlam vücut kavramı insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Güçlü ve kuvvetli beden, dönemin şartları açısından devletlerin devamlılığı için gerekli görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda spor, geçmiş yüzyıllardan günümüze uzanan ve içinde birçok farklı dalları barındıran bir tür dinlenme, sağlıklı olma, eğlenme faaliyetleri olarak devletler tarafından desteklenmiştir. Hem Osmanlı hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nde spora ve dolayısıyla beden terbiyesine verilen önem birçok araştırmada konu olmuştur. Ancak beden terbiyesine milliyetçilik ilkesi çerçevesinde araştırmak çalışmayı diğerlerinden farklı kılmaktadır. Araştırma sürecinde birincil kaynaklar özellikle tercih edilmiştir.

Absolwenci uczelni lubelskich na stanowiskach sędziów Sądu Najwyższego w okresie Polski Ludowej

The article presents graduates from Lublin higher education institutions who, in the course of their legal professional careers, assumed Supreme Court judge positions in the period of the Polish People's Republic. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from the Supreme Court resuming operation in 1945 until the end of the last, sixth term of the Supreme Court in 1990, although nominations of KUL (Catholic University of Lublin) and UMCS (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University) graduates as "regular" judges of the Supreme Court concern the very period of the Polish People's Republic. The extension of temporal scope has resulted in presenting the profiles of two judges, pre-war KUL graduates, who were acting judges of the Supreme Court from 1948 to 1949 at the off-site adjudication centre of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court in Lublin. It was 1959 when two KUL graduates were appointed judges of the Supreme Court under the procedure set out in the Law on the System of Common Courts. From 1962 onwards, the Supreme Court used to be staffed through an appointment of Supreme Court judges for five-year terms by the Council of State according to the Act on the Supreme Court. These included five post-war KUL graduates, three of whom had started their studies before the outbreak of war. The end of provision of legal education at KUL (the last graduation ceremony took place in 1952) and the launch of legal studies at UMCS in 1949 resulted in as many as seven UMCS graduates holding the Supreme Court judge positions in the 1970s and especially in the 1980s. The first of them was elected in 1972 for the 3rd term of the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court closed its operation on 30 June 1990 (as a result of shortening the 6th term due to serious changes made in the system of government) it was composed by two KUL graduates and six UMCS graduates.

Interreligious Solidarity in South Africa

South Africa has a unique and vibrant interreligious solidarity movement. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the interreligious movement played a significant role in the anti-apartheid struggle via the South African Chapter of the World Conference of Religions for Peace. Since the onset of a non-racial and democratic dispensation in 1994, the interreligious movement forms an integral part of South Africa’s burgeoning civil society, attempting to hold the post-apartheid government accountable for its political and moral mandate. This article explores the development of South Africa’s interreligious movement with special reference to the role of the Muslim community. It argues that, relative to its small size, the local Muslim community has played a disproportionate role in shaping the history and trajectory of the South African interreligious solidarity movement during the anti-apartheid struggle (1948–1994) and in the contemporary democratic period (1994–2023).

Testing the Suitability of Snow Depth in Winter Recreation Areas in Cities in the Republican Period with InSAR Technique: Abalı Ski Center Example

The Republican period is a period that coincides with the modernization process of Turkey, and the lifestyle in the cities has also changed significantly during this period. Winter recreation areas are the areas that people prefer to have fun, do sports and relax in the cold months. The Republic of Türkiye has a great importance in the tourism sector. In addition, the alternative tourism sector is developing rapidly and leading to different investments. Increasing winter recreation areas and facility investments in order to keep four seasons tourism alive with the advantage of climatic diversity is of great importance for alternative tourism. Different criteria such as slope, aspect, height, transportation, and sunshine duration are used to determine suitable areas for these investments. However, the most important suitability criterion is the snow factor. In order for the facilities to be established, the snow must be permanent and of a certain thickness in the winter season. In this study, the winter season (December-January-February) was examined temporally (2020-21-22), in the example of the Abalı Ski Center established in the republican period, and the average snow depth change in the area was determined by the InSAR (Interferometric Artificial Aperture Radar) technique. In addition, the accuracy of the results was tested with the real measurements of the 2021-22 winter season in the study area. The analysis conducted to assess the accuracy of Sentinel-1A C-band RADAR images by comparing snow depth data has yielded a high correlation value of 0.79, indicating a strong and consistent result. As a result, the importance of determining the snow factor both as a suitability criterion in determining the suitability of land use and the suitability of snow permanence in temporal change for establishment has been revealed.

Tracing Ice tracks: ice sports and socio-cultural transformations in modern China (1883-1945)

ABSTRACT This paper examines the introduction and indigenisation of western ice sports in modern China, unpacking their socio-cultural implications and intersection with nationalism. Utilising historical records, this paper employs a perspective centred on Chinese society, emphasising the nuanced adaptation and incorporation of these sports within the distinct socio-cultural landscape of China. This perspective reveals the significant role ice sports played in shaping modern self-identity among Chinese youth, driving societal change, and highlighting the confluence of athletics and nationalism during the Republican period. Furthermore, the paper underscores how ice sports in modern China mirrored larger societal dynamics of assimilation, adaptation, and redefinition, culminating in an enriched local culture that symbolises China’s resilience and adaptability.

Teaching Chaucer in China in the Republican Period (1912-1949)

Teaching Chaucer in China in the Republican Period (1912-1949)

SOCIAL PROFILES OF TURKISH CHILDREN AND YOUTH LITERATURE AUTHORS

When examined the national and international literature, there are very few studies on the social profiles of the artists working in the fields of children and youth literature. The scarcity of existing studies in the field in terms of quantity has been the starting point for this study. In this study, the profiles of 577 authors in Hasan Latif Sarıyüce's encyclopedia of Turkish children's and youth literature were examined in terms of gender, date and place of birth, educational status, father's profession, own profession, literary genre, the number of awards they received, and foreign expansion variables. The study was qualitative, and the data were analyzed using content analysis technique. According to the results obtained in the study, it is evident that the number of authors who wrote works in the field increased after the Republic period. The gender role of most authors was male. The artists were mainly born in the western provinces of Turkey. The fathers of the artists were mostly soldiers, teachers, and members of parliament. When the professions of the artists are examined, it is seen that they are mostly teachers, authors, and civil servants. It has been seen that artists mostly produce poems, stories, and novels. Few artists in the field have received awards. The number of authors whose works have been translated into foreign languages is also very low. Some suggestions are presented based on the findings obtained from the study.

Chinese universities’ social education: a historical perspective (1912–1945)

During the Republican period, all fields of Chinese society were impacted by advanced Western ideas, society was exposed to numerous problems, and school education was incapable of assuming the responsibility of cultivating talents, so social education was highly emphasized. This study takes the policy decrees related to social education issued by the Ministry of Education from 1912 to 1945 as an entry point, and takes universities that promoted social education as a medium to explore the historical process of universities serving the society in the context of China’s political change and cultural integration. During the Republican period, social education was carried out under four different concepts, namely, common education, Civilian education, mass education, and anti-Japanese War Education, and universities played an active role in promoting the cause of social education. Studying the whole process of university social education from a historical macro perspective, it is found that it provides the opportunity for the out-of-school group to relearn and improves the level of popular culture and knowledge. At the same time, it provides valuable Chinese experience in building a learning society and realizing lifelong education worldwide, and is of practical significance to countries with similar problems.

Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Prens Sabahattin, Turgut Özal ve Adem-i Merkeziyetçi Yönetim Anlayışına Dair Sosyo-politik Bir İnceleme

Although it has been a long time since the presidential elections in our country, the society has not reached an environment of peace. In the past years, different management approaches have been faced with problems that disturbed the peace. The biggest mistake made in our country is to try to change the result regardless of the cause. In the Ottoman period, when the constitutional monarchy was introduced, actions were taken without considering whether the conjuncture in the society and the country was appropriate or not, and the change made did not yield the desired result. The same series of mistakes has continued regularly until today. Prince Sabahattin in the Ottoman period and Turgut Özal in the Republican period argued that the primary point that needed to be changed in society was not the top cadre of the administration or who would aspire to governance, but the mentality of the society and they tried to take some actions in order to make this change. However, since the steps taken for these actions were contrary to the interests of the bureaucrats and administrators who pursued their own interests in their periods, neither of them could realize their desire to bring people to individuality in the economic field and freedom in political life. In this study, firstly, the concepts of "enterprise-personality" and "decentralization" advocated by Prince Sabahattin will be examined and an introduction to the reflections of these concepts on Turgut Özal will be attempted. Keywords: Decentralization, Individualism, Free Market Economy, Freedom, Small State

Assessment of Daylighting in a Historical Educational Building: Ankara University Faculty of Science Analytical Chemistry Laboratory

The conditions of Ottoman architecture persisted during the republican period at the turn of the 20th century. Later, radical changes in the structure of the state affected the field of architecture, and changes in the world were reflected in our country. The structures that are the subject of architectural debates are typically early republican period buildings, which were built between 1920s and 1950s. On the other hand, in past buildings, the interior design criteria that are important for the user in interior design have been the subject of interest in various disciplines. Lighting – daylighting and electric lighting – in different interiors is one of the design criteria that has intrigued many researchers. Laboratories, classrooms, studios, circulation areas, administrative spaces, offices, conference rooms, and wet spaces are all common features of educational buildings. Each of these spaces has unique lighting requirements. The aim of this study is to assess the daylighting performance in the interior and encourage similar studies in historical educational buildings rather than the architectural design of these buildings. Daylighting performance was assessed in the analytical chemistry laboratory at the Ankara University Faculty of Science, block A, which was built during the Second National Architectural Movement and bears the traces of Sedad Hakki Eldem, Emin Onat, and Paul Bonatz. A morning interval (10:00–11:00) where the courses are considered the most productive was chosen for the evaluation. The results were compared and interpreted with the values specified in the standards; the measurement is limited to the day and time interval.