Republic Of Belarus Research Articles

On New Powers of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus

The purpose of the article is to analyze the powers of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus, which were enshrined in the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. In preparing the article, systemic, structural-logical and comparative legal methods were used. As a result, a detailed assessment of the new powers of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus is given, taking into account the existing practice and experience of the constitutional justice bodies of foreign countries, including the Republic of Poland. The author makes a number of proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Belarus.

Determination of the heat transfer coefficient between pellets and air during the modernization of a pelletizing tower based on industrial research

The object of research is the heat transfer coefficient between pellets and air flow in industrial granulation towers. The problem lies in the difficulty of optimizing the heat transfer process. As a result of experiments and analysis, it was shown that each granulating tower for the production of mineral fertilizers has unique properties that significantly affect the efficiency of heat transfer. There are general mathematical models, but for accurate modeling and optimization of heat transfer, the unique characteristics of each production must be taken into account. The results showed that creating an accurate mathematical model for each specific fertilizer production is a difficult task due to the large number of unmeasured or difficult to reconcile factors. The method of calculating the heat transfer coefficient for the granulator tower obtained in the course of the work derives from a set of researches on the production of mineral fertilizers. This approach is based on the analysis of technical parameters and granulation composition of the product. The developed method makes it possible to reliably ensure the operating conditions of the device during modernization and changes in production volumes. These results are important for both practical and theoretical purposes. They can be used to accurately predict the operating conditions of equipment during modification and productivity growth. According to the research results, this approach allows obtaining fairly reliable data for forecasting the thermodynamic conditions of the tower equipment in the event of its modernization and transition of the granulation tower to the production of an increased amount of products. The specified method was tested in calculations of production modernization at urea production plants (Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative (Iffco), India), Rustavi Azot LLC (Georgia), Grodno Azot LLC (Republic of Belarus) and others. This method has proven to be quite reliable in predicting the possible need for an additional amount of air supplied to the tower and forming requirements for the operating parameters of rotary vibrating granulators in the event of a significant increase in the load on the float in the tower and an increase in the amount of products planned for release.

IMPACT OF THE DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY CYCLES ON THE ECONOMY
 OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

The results of the conceptual development of the theoretical and methodological foundations of real estate
 management in the economic systems of industry of the Republic of Belarus are presented for discussion. Scientific
 research is based on the laws of the development and change of technological structures of the economy, the duration of
 technological structures of the economy is equivalent to large (technological) cycles of economic activity of N.D.
 Kondratiev, which determine the timing of the effective use of fixed capital in industrial economic systems. The relevance
 of the study is that in order to effectively manage the reproduction of fixed capital in a modern innovative economy,
 including its expanded and simple reproduction, in the medium and long term, it is necessary to know the patterns of
 development and change of technological patterns in the global economy. The influence of the dynamics of economic
 activity cycles on the economy and management of the development of the construction industry of the Republic of Belarus
 is considered for the first time. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility to take into account the effects
 of cycles of economic activity when justifying management decisions on the development of the economy of the
 construction industry, the development of real estate in the economic systems of industry, technological and
 organizational foundations of construction production in the national economy of the Republic of Belarus.

TRANSBOUNDARY REGIONALIZATION: TYPOLOGY OF REGIONS AND SPATIAL PLANNING

The relevance of the issue of transborder regionalization, as well as the need to implement spatial development
 goals for the effective use of spatial factors, reveals the importance of improving the theoretical and methodological
 foundations for developing a concept for the development of transborder regions of the Republic of Belarus. The article
 examines the geopolitical aspects of transnational regionalization and the content of emerging regions on the basis of
 existing ideas about regionalization and transnational regions, identifying the basis for classifying regions according to
 geospatial characteristics: spatial scale, geospatial structure. A theoretical analysis of the scientific literature showed
 that transit flows and innovations act as catalysts for the economic development of cross-border regions, along with the
 resource endowment of the regions. The theoretical regional classification of regions is supplemented with the
 “transborder economic development corridor” type. The signs of this type of region are: the formation of the region at
 the macro- and meso-level, intensive foreign trade relations, the influence of transit functions on the production and
 innovation basis of the region’s economy.

ROLE OF COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION
 IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL

Constitutional control and its implementation in the course of interaction between courts of general jurisdiction
 and the Constitutional Court are considered. The institution of inquiry from the courts, which existed before the
 constitutional changes of 2022 and enshrined in the new edition of the Constitution, is analyzed. Attention is paid to the
 mechanism for implementing part two of article 112 of the of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus and its regulation
 in legislation: aspects that may influence the formation of the practice of using the institution of request are identified,
 and the author’s proposals for improving the mechanism are formulated.

Luxury tax perspectives: The evidence of the Republic of Belarus

The study is dedicated to the reasons for luxury tax implementation into the national taxation system. The purpose of the research is to study the emergence and experience of applying the luxury tax in various countries in order to determine the feasibility of introducing such a tax in the Republic of Belarus. Authors’ conclusions and findings have been presented against the background of the analysis of digitized texts on tax and bibliometric and scientometric analysis of the scientific field of taxation. As a testing ground for making our conclusions in terms of lessons learned from past historical experience and real economic background, the Republic of Belarus was chosen. Possible reasons for the introduction of such a tax were considered, as well as an analysis of the market for luxury goods in the Republic of Belarus and the demand for them was conducted. We have drawn some parallels between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation to reach a reasonable conclusion. For this purpose, the Russian luxury goods market (premium car and real estate markets) was analyzed based on available statistics for the years 2020-2022. As the most politically controversial tax that can be not as efficient as income taxes and have unintended consequences, luxury tax was examined from the point of international experience and historical perspective. Examples of luxury goods throughout history and in real life together with historical references to the implementation of this tax were presented. The effectiveness of luxury tax and its impact that depends on a variety of factors (tax rate, types of goods and services being taxed, economic conditions, etc.) together with the modern concept of luxury tax with national specific was evaluated. Considering the situation in the Republic of Belarus, although during recent years there has been a budget deficit and there is a necessity to find new sources of state income, we didn’t find any reasons for the implementation of such a tax into the national taxation system. These types of taxes are mainly imposed in highly developed countries where people can afford “luxurious” goods and the variety of these goods is higher. In the case of the Republic of Belarus, there is a trend of decreasing the number of people whose purchasing power would allow them to buy luxury goods and the real disposable income of Belarusians has also declined, making it less likely that Belarusians will spend money on the consumption of luxury goods.

Заболеваемость острым коронарным синдромом в Российской Федера- ции и в Республике Башкортостан.

Purpose of the study. Based on an analysis of the medical and demographic situation and the incidence of acute coronary syndrome in the Russian Federation, in the federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as in the pilot territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, proposals are given for the development of management decisions at the regional and federal levels. Materials and methods: statistical, analytical. We used statistical materials of the Federal State Statistics Service (2014–2021), statistical materials: M., TsNIIOIZ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (2023) and the Republic of Bashkortostan MIAC, Ufa (2022). Results. The leading cause of mortality in the Republic of Belarus, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, is diseases of the circulatory system (CVD). In 2022, the mortality rate of the population from CVD in the Republic of Belarus was 459,5 per 100 thousand population, in the Russian Federation the figure was higher – 560,8‰oo. Fluctuations in indicators in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are 7,6 times. The primary morbidity rate of the adult population in the Republic of Bashkortostan was BSK (2022) 4948,6‰oo. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical symptoms or signs suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina (UA). The primary incidence rate of the adult population of the Republic of Belarus with unstable angina pectoris was (2022) 113,8‰oo, acute myocardial infarction – 97,7‰oo, in the Russian Federation the figures are higher – 106,7 and 140,8‰oo, respectively. The difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction among the adult population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 9,3 times; the difference in unstable angina is huge – 54 times, which to a certain extent indicates the ambiguity of the coding of unstable angina. The study indicates the need for an in-depth analysis of the incidence of acute coronary syndrome in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. It is necessary to develop management decisions, including improving the accessibility and quality of cardiac care to thepopulation, including patients with acute coronary syndrome, at the regional and federal levels.

Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of bentonites in the production of custom castings

The article analyzes the characteristics of bentonites used in the foundry industry of the Republic of Belarus. It is concluded that GOST 28177‑89 allows one to effectively assess the quality of bentonites depending on production conditions. It has been shown, that the wet tensile strength is the most important characteristic of bentonites.

Enhancing efficiency in the control of artificial ground freezing for shaft construction: A case study of the Darasinsky potash mine

Artificial ground freezing during mine shaft construction is a costly endeavor. For effective decision-making in mining operations, it's essential to establish robust control over frozen soil conditions. This control holds paramount importance for ensuring mining safety. After considering the existing approaches to the control of artificial ground freezing, we conducted an analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages. We introduced two novel principles for controlling the freezing process. These principles mark a substantial advancement from the previously proposed freeze-on-demand concept. Subsequently, we illustrated the practical implementation of these principles by sharing our experience in controlling artificial ground freezing during the construction of two potash mine shafts in the Republic of Belarus. One of the most noteworthy outcomes of this control is the development of innovative technical solutions aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and operational safety in shaft sinking. These solutions encompass interval-based permission for mining activities, facilitating earlier shaft sinking initiation. Another significant solution pertains to swiftly responding, devising, and implementing strategies to counteract groundwater infiltration within one of the frozen soil layers.

Technological aspect of import substitution in the Republic of Belarus

The article analyzes the features and problems of implementing the import substitution policy in the Republic of Belarus. It is shown that these problems are due to insufficient attention to the need to improve the technological level of the national economy. Author's proposals have been developed to link the import substitution policy with the problem of ensuring the technological security of the Belarusian state. New indicators and the author's methodology for determining the level of product localization are proposed for use, which, unlike the standard methodology, take into account the origin of not only raw materials, materials, components, but also the technological equipment used in the production process. The practical application of the conclusions and recommendations made in the article will, on the one hand, rationalize imports, and, on the other hand, will become a factor in the technical and technological modernization of the Belarusian economy.

Assessment of awareness of the female population of Gomel region about prevention and early diagnosis of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the female population. Early detection of breast cancer is crucial for reducing mortality from the disease. Late detection of breast cancer may have an unfavorable prognosis. Study Objective – To evaluate the awareness of the female population of the Gomel region concerning prevention and early diagnostics of breast cancer. The participants were 317 women, all of them were of full age, gave their consent to participate in the present study, and filled in a specially designed questionnaire.Absolute majority of respondents know that effectiveness of treatment of breast cancer depends on the stage of its detection, almost all respondents know who the doctor-mammologistis. According to respondents the main reasons of breast cancer development are genetic predisposition, bad ecology, breast trauma and smoking. Only 24,29% of respondents pointed out the correct frequency of mammography examinations at the age of over 50 years – once in 2 years. The fact that 77,6% of the respondents, in one form or another, received information about cancer prevention in the outpatient clinic seems extremely favorable. More than a half of the respondents are not aware of the breast cancer screening program in the Republic of Belarus. The absolute majority of the respondents would prefer to get information about prevention of malignant neoplasms from their doctor, mass media and the Internet.According to the data of the study, the majority of respondents have basic information about breast cancer and risk factors for its development. All participants also received information about mammography and its benefits in early detection of cancer. However, the level of public awareness is insufficient on a number of questions concerning the timing and frequency of examinations, screening, and early detection of cancer.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ADHESIVE SYSTEMS ON THE MICROELEMENT COMPOSITION OF THE DENTIN OF THE CROWN PART OF THE TOOTH

Title: Comparative analysis of the effect of adhesive systems on the microelement composition of the dentin of the crown part of the tooth. Purpose: To research the microelement composition of the «filling-tooth» interactive zone, the morphological characteristics of its border, to assess the effect of adhesive systems of the V and VII (self-etching) generations on the ion-exchange composition of the dentin of the crown part of the tooth, and to qualitatively assess the microelement composition of the hybrid dentin zone. Materials and methods: Extracted teeth with preserved crown part (n=20), enamel etching gel (Vladmiva), V generation Singlebond - 2 adhesive system (3M ESPE), self-etching adhesive system Prime-Bond Universal (Dentsply Sirona), light-cured composite material Migrofil (Republic of Belarus). The research of the microstructure of samples with formed and sealed Class I cavities according to Black was carried out on a certified high-resolution scanning electron microscope «Mira» by Tescan (Czech Republic). The research of the microelement composition of the «filling-tooth» border was carried out by X-ray spectral analysis, which consisted of 2 blocks: using the adhesive system of the fifth generation and the seventh generation of the adhesive system. Conclusions: 1. A comparative analysis of the results of using the fifth-generation adhesive system and the selfetching adhesive system showed that when using the total etching technique, trace elements Ca and P migrate from the tooth dentin structure into the hybrid zone. When using the adhesive system VII, the migration of elements was not established, due to the lack of demineralization of the dentin structure and the modification of the smeared layer. 2. Qualitative assessment of planar spectrograms revealed an increase in the carbon element in the modified adhesive layer. which is due to the presence of a smeared layer after odontopreparation of hard tissues of teeth destroyed by a carious process 3. The migration of the Si element indicates the chemical interaction of the adhesive and the filling material, as well as the filling material and the dentin of the tooth through the adhesive layer. 4. The use of the adhesive system of the fifth generation provides a higher quality of the marginal fit of the filling material to the surface of the dentin than when using a self-etching adhesive system.

Mail: ved-apk@mail.ru Prospects for trade and economic cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation in the agri-food sector: the regional aspect

A comprehensive analysis of export-import flows of agri-food products in mutual trade between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation in a regional aspect is presented. A detailed description of the food basket of the administrative regions of the countries is given, both in value and in physical terms.It has been determined that the formation of new growth points of the export potential of the administrative regions of Belarus should occur within the framework of the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with the regions of Russia in the agri-food sector.

Institutional substantiation of innovative attractiveness of dairy industry enterprises

The article research’s theoretical and methodological approaches to the interdependent interpretation of the definitions of “invention”, “scientific-technical developments”, “innovations”, “competitive business” and reveals the dominance of the methodology of the largely autonomous identification of the categorical apparatus under study and the tools for its implementation in business. Studied the legal framework of scientific-technical and innovative activities in the Republic of Belarus. Substantiate institutionalization of the innovation attractiveness of the functioning of national innovation-active enterprises of the dairy industry.

On the Feasibility of Building Mini-Thermal Power Plant Using Local Fuels in the Conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Part 2. Role of Mini-Thermal Power Plant in Heat Supply Systems of Cities and Settlements in Belarus

. Within the framework of ensuring the country's energy security and pursuing a policy of decarbonization of the economy in the Republic of Belarus, it is assumed to maximize the use of its own fuel and energy resources (TER). However, the question of choosing the type of heat source in centralized heat supply systems when using local fuels (LF) remains open. The commissioning of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant and the relatively high unit cost of power generation capacities running on LF inclines the scales to use boiler houses as heat sources. Based on the world experience in the development and application of heating as the most energy-efficient solution in the field of heat supply, this problem has been studied in the conditions of Belarus. It is shown that the electric capacity of mini-thermal power plants using traditional LF connected to the unified system of the country is less than 100 MW, and the main technologies implemented at mini-thermal power plants using LF in the Republic of Belarus are traditional steam power plants with water steam as the working fluid (11 power plants) and steam power plant with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) (3 power plants). Geographically, mini- thermal power plants operating on LF are located evenly throughout the entire territory of the Republic of Belarus. The number of hours of use of the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) of the Republic of Belarus has been determined. Energy sources based on organic waste and biomass (over 4,000 hours per year) and on hydro resources (about 3,500 hours per year) have a clear advantage, for which indicator of the number of hours of installed capacity use is much higher than for solar and wind power installations. In addition, biomass generating capacities have the lowest coefficient of electricity supply to the combined energy system. Based on the analysis of modern trends in the development of energy, technical and economic “attractiveness factors” for the construction of heating systems for heat supply on LF in the conditions of Belarus have been formulated, which, in addition to traditional factors (substitution of imported fuel – natural gas and oil), include improvement of the quality and reliability of energy supply to consumers in remote locations, development of polygeneration, reduction of losses of electric energy for its transport, participation in covering the electric load schedule of the unified power system, and also indicated the possibility of creating an energy hub on the basis of a mini-thermal power plant, structured for the integration of energy sub-sectors, distributed generation sources and the option of generating “green” energy carriers.

Experimental Study of Vibrations of Agrodrone Propeller-Motor Group

The problem of experimental research of the parameters of the propeller-motor group of an unmanned aerial vehicle (agrodrone) is considered. An analysis of the work performed by agrodrones in agriculture, as well as popular serial models of agrodrones produced by well-known global companies, including in the Republic of Belarus, has been carried out. A description of the design of the experimental stand, specially designed for testing the operation of the agrodrone power plant under conditions as close as possible to the real operating conditions in which the agrodrone has to operate, is given. The main structural elements of the test bench and measuring instruments that are used to conduct experimental studies of the operation of the propeller and its electric drive are described. The results of the research are presented in the form of quantitative values of the vibration parameters of the propeller-motor group of the agrodrone at given values of the input parameters of the electric drive control system, taking into account the influence of external factors. It is shown that the values of the parameters characterizing the vibrations of the propeller-motor group of the agrodrone can be different depending on the operating modes of the engines and changes in external conditions. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that when formulating the mathematical formulation of the modeling problem, it is necessary to take into account the influence of random factors on the control system of the agrodrone, including vibrations caused by the operation of the agrodrone engines.

Malignant neoplasms of the vagina: A 30-year review from the Republic of Belarus

ObjectiveTo perform a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with vaginal malignant neoplasms (VMN) in the Republic of Belarus. MethodsThe Belarusian Cancer Registry was reviewed for patients diagnosed with VMN from 1990 to 2019. The data collected included age at diagnosis, demographic information, histology, stage, treatment modalities, and outcomes. Data were compared across decades (1990–1999, 2000–2009, and 2010–2019). ResultsA total of 868 patients were diagnosed with VMN in Belarus between 1990 and 2019. The estimated age-standardized incidence rate of VMN per 100,000 female population increased from 0.1 in 1999 to 0.4 in 2019 (p < 0.05). The mortality rate for this period was 0.0–0.2 per 100,000 female population. Of all newly diagnosed cases of VMN, 70.9% (n = 615) lived in urban centers and 29.1% (n = 253) lived in rural areas. The most common histological type was squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for 78.4% of cases. The median age at diagnosis was 63.4 years (range, 15.0–87.0 years). When compared across the three decades, the number of stage I cases increased slightly more than twofold (from 19.1% to 38.5% for 1990–1999 to 2010–2019). Furthermore, the number of stage III cases decreased from 30.3% to 13.0% from 1990 to 1999 to 2010–2019. There were no significant changes in the number of patients diagnosed with stage II or IV disease over time. The overall 5-year survival rate for the entire group was 68.7 ± 5.1%, with no statistically significant difference between women living in urban centers vs. rural areas (67.8 ± 5.1% vs. 65.8 ± 10.4%; p = 0.99). However, there was a 26.2% increase in the 5-year survival rate for the entire group over the study period. This increase was higher for women living in rural areas (+61.7%) than for those in urban centers (+51.3%); p > 0.05. Furthermore, a comparison of 5-year adjusted survival rates between 2000 and 2015 showed increased survival for stages I, II, and III, with the most significant increase noted for stage III disease (2.4-fold increase). ConclusionsThis retrospective study found that the survival rates of women with VMN in Belarus have improved over the past 30 years. This is likely due to improvements in early detection as well as improved approaches to treatment, particularly for those living in rural areas. Additional study is needed to further understand and improve the outcomes of women diagnosed with VMN in Belarus.

Теоретико-прикладные аспекты развития прав и свобод человека и гражданина

Introduction. The doctrine of human rights and freedoms attracts a wide range of scientists. Under presentday conditions, a number of well-established and seemingly traditional approaches to their definition and legal regulation are being rethought. Both external factors, such as interstate relations, and internal factors, like constitutional amendments, can influence these processes. Methods. The methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific cognition, including such main ones as the methods of consistency, analysis, and comparative law. Results. The paper analyzes the doctrinal sources dealing with the dynamics of rights and freedoms, as well as the constitutional and other norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. Conclusions. It is proposed that, taking into account the existing classification of rights and freedoms, depending on the sphere of their manifestation, their scientific component should be developed, namely, the scientific definition of personal, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, in view of their specifics. Attention is focused on new groups of rights – informational and somatic ones. Information technologies are an important means of realizing the full range of human and civil rights and freedoms. The author’s scientific definition of somatic rights is given in the paper. The proposals are made to improve the acts of constitutional and family legislation.

ОСТРАЯ ПЕРФОРАТИВНАЯ ЯЗВА ТОЩЕЙ КИШКИ У РЕБЕНКА С ЮВЕНИЛЬНЫМ ДЕРМАТОМИОЗИТОМ (СЛУЧАЙ ИЗ ПРАКТИКИ)

Background. Juvenile dermatomyositis (JD) is an inflammatory myopathy in children with predominant involvement of the proximal muscles of the extremities, the development of systemic vasculitis and characteristic skin changes. It is accompanied by progressive muscle weakness, including smooth muscles of the respiratory and digestive organs, as well as striated muscle tissue of the heart. Joint damage and calcification are noted. JD is confirmed by the detection of myositis antibodies in the blood. Corticosteroids and cytostatics are usually prescribed. It should be noted that as of 2023, only 4 patients with this disease were registered in the Republic of Belarus. Objective. To demonstrate a rare case of diagnosis and treatment of perforated jejunal ulcer in a child with JD. Material and methods. Data from the clinical observation of patient Sh., aged 3, treated in the department of emergency surgery of Grodno Regional Children's Clinical Hospital in October 2023. Results. The child was admitted to the children's hospital complaining of abdominal pain, vomiting (3 times), the duration of the disease being 17 hours. The dynamic observation revealed no acute surgical pathology. Acute gastritis was diagnosed, the concomitant pathology being JD (acute course, 2nd degree activity). On the 5th day (on the day of discharge) the child had a sudden bloating. Plain radiography revealed free gas under the diaphragm. The child underwent diagnostic laparoscopy that detected a perforated jejunal ulcer with peritonitis. Laparotomic jejunum resection with anastomosis was performed. Conclusions. We have presented a case, which the surgeons of our hospital have faced for the first time. Having analyzed literature data, we came to the conclusion that the complication was related to the underlying disease and its therapy with corticosteroids. Despite the complexity of the disease, the patient was discharged with an improvement in his condition.

Category "trust" in constitutional law: some estimates

The article provides an analysis of the category ,,trust” in constitutional law. It is noted that the category ,,trust” is contained in all institutions of constitutional law. Some theoretical provisions on the concept of ,,trust” are considered. An assessment of the confidence of citizens in the President of the Republic of Belarus is given, on the basis of which it is concluded that there is no trust between citizens and the President, since relations between them are not equal in terms of the strength awarded and received. The author emphasizes that the purpose of the authorities - is to ensure the comfortable life of the people and the authorities themselves. Therefore, the authorities should be interested in free, fair and fair elections. However, elec- tions in Belarus are designed by the state not on the mutual trust of citizens and the state, but on formal prescriptions known only to the authorities. As a result, power from elections to elections replicates itself. In conclusion, the idea is expressed about the need to form an ,,ideology of trust” in the country.