Characteristics Of Reproductive Biology Research Articles

Breeding of ornamental orchids with focus on Phalaenopsis: current approaches, tools, and challenges for this century.

Ornamental orchid breeding programs have been conducted to develop commercially valuable cultivars with improved characteristics of commercial interest, such as size, flower color, pattern, shape, and resistance to pathogens. Conventional breeding, including sexual hybridization followed by selection of desirable characteristics in plants, has so far been the main method for ornamental breeding, but other techniques, including mutation induction by polyploidization and gamma irradiation, and biotechnological techniques, such as genetic transformation, have also been studied and used in ornamental breeding programs. Orchids are one of the most commercially important families in floriculture industry, having very particular reproductive biology characteristics and being a well-studied group of ornamentals in terms of genetic improvement. The present review focuses on the conventional and biotechnological techniques and approaches specially employed in breeding Phalaenopsis orchids, the genus with highest worldwide importance as an ornamental orchid, highlighting the main limitations and strengths of the approaches. Furthermore, new opportunities and future prospects for ornamental breeding in the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing era are also discussed. We conclude that conventional hybridization remains the most used method to obtain new cultivars in orchids. However, the emergence of the first biotechnology-derived cultivars, as well as the new biotechnological tools available, such as CRISPR-Cas9, rekindled the full potential of biotechnology approaches and their importance for improve ornamental orchid breeding programs.

Reproductive Biology of Bali Sardines, Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853), in Tayabas Bay, Quezon, Philippines

Fish reproductive biology plays a vital role in fishery management, an essential biological tool that would serve as a basis for formulating policies. In this study, 3,678 Sardinella lemuru were sampled to determine its reproductive biology characteristics from January 2014 to December 2016 at Tayabas Bay, Quezon. Fish samples were dissected, and the sex was determined based on the macroscopic features of the gonads. The results showed length sizes ranging from 6.5 cm to 19.6 cm TL. The sex ratio was significantly different from the expected 1:1 distribution. The fish's length and weight indicate allometric growth in both sexes. The length at first capture was 15 cm for females and 14.75 cm for males, which was lower than the length at first maturity of 15.89 cm. The spawning season occurred in the fourth to first quarter from 2014 to 2016, specifically from November to February. In February, the number of mature and spawning fishes increased in number and reached a peak. Likewise, the spawning and recruitment of S. lemuru did not vary from other locations like the Sulu Sea and Moro Gulf, which has a spawning period from October to December and December to January in Bali, Indonesia. The computed spawning potential ratio is 24%, near the Limit Reference Point (LRP), indicating that management measures should be directed toward the sustainability of the S. lemuru and its productivity in Tayabas Bay.

Research on the reproductive biological characteristics of Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu.

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of biological characteristics on the yield of Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu, to find an effective pollen viability evaluation method and storage method to solve the problem of the low yield of Amomum plants.MethodsFive germplasm of Amomum plants were used to investigate the effects of the phenological phase, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity on natural and artificial fruit set.ResultsAmomum longiligulare T. L. Wu showed late flowering, and its natural pollination rate is higher than that of Amomum villosum Lour. In all germplasm, the artificial pollination rate and fruit setting rate are more than 3 times higher than that under natural conditions. Fruits begin to drop seven days after successful pollination, and the fruit drop is basically stable after one month. The hybridization verification showed that TTC method was simpler and more accurate than in vitro germination method. Optimal storage conditions for pollen are 4°C and high humidity. After 36 h of storage, pollen can still be used for artificial cross-pollination or as hybrid parents.ConclusionThe special biological characteristics are the fundamental reason for the low natural pollination rate of Amomum plants. The accurate measurement method of Amomum plants pollen is the TTC method, and storage at 4°C and high humidity can increase the yield, which was six times that of the natural yield.

Reproductive biology of hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota Kuhl & Van Hasselt 1823) in Ranau Lake, Indonesia

One of the economically valuable consumption fish in Ranau Lake is the hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota). Hampala barb is the top predator in Ranau Lake. The fish population is still quite a lot, but it is starting to decline. This study aimed to determine the reproductive biology of hampala barb in Ranau Lake. Ranau Lake is located in South Sumatra Province and Lampung Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted by the inventory survey method and laboratory analysis. Fish samples were obtained from fisher’s catch, where the fish were caught using gill nets with varying mesh sizes and harpoon. The fish were measured for length body and total weight. Then surgery was performed to determine their reproductive biological characteristics (sex, size of first gonad maturity, gonad maturity stage, Gonad Somatic Index, fecundity, and egg diameter). The results showed that the hampala barb in Ranau Lake laid the eggs throughout the year with a sex ratio of 1: 1, the size of the first stage of gonad maturity of male and female were 15.38 cm and 19.21 cm, fecundity between 17,406-63,793 eggs, and egg diameter between 0.8-1.9 mm. This reproductive biology information can be used for the management of hampala barb in Ranau Lake.

Comparing the reproductive biological characteristics of the alien invasive Coreopsis lanceolata to those of the non‐invasive alien congener Coreopsis tinctoria

AbstractIt is important to determine the characteristics associated with the success of alien species. However, there is no universal syndrome of invasion reproductive characteristics to explain the success of invasiveness has not been identified. Comparative studies on congeneric successful or non‐successful alien species are beneficial for revealing the drivers of invasion success and predicting future distributions. Reproductive biological characteristics, including the mating system, phenology of flowering, floral syndrome, pollination biology and seed germination have been investigated in the invasive Coreopsis lanceolata and non‐successful congener alien species Coreopsis tinctoria. The results revealed that C. lanceolata significantly attracted insect visitors by 11.67 times more than its congener, and the corolla density of C. lanceolata was positively correlated with the number of visiting insects. The high attraction of local insect bees Apis cerana guarantees the reproductive success and high seed production of C. lanceolata. Nevertheless, there was no versatile mating system, because its congener non‐successful alien species C. lanceolata still successfully invaded due to the combination strategies of self‐compatibility and presence of rhizomes. Furthermore, the ability of seed germination of C. lanceolata was lower than that of C. tinctoria, especially under drought and Al3+ stress, suggesting that germination performance can serve as a reference indicator. However, this was not an absolute trait for invasiveness. Hence, these germination traits might slow down the invasiveness of C. lanceolata in south China. These present findings highlight that the combination of self‐incompatibility and rhizomes should be given attention in the risk assessment protocols for plant invasiveness.

Investigation on reproductive characteristics of Polygonatum cyrtonema

The study is aimed to investigate the reproductive biology characteristics of Polygonatum cyrtonema, especially including phenology, flower bud differentiation, flowering timing, floral traits, pollen vigor and stigma receptivity. The results showed that P. cyrtonema forms inflorescence before the leaves spread. In the wild, P. cyrtonema is mainly pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, with a seed setting rate of 65.12%. The seed setting rate of indoor single plant isolation or self-pollination enclosed by parchment paper bag is 0, indicating that it is self-incompatible. In Lin'an city, seedlings begin to emerge from mid-March to early April(the temperature is higher than 7.5 ℃), buds begin to emerge from the end of March to mid-April, and then undergo the full bloom stage from mid-to-late April, and the final flowering stage from the end of April to mid-May. The whole flowering period lasts 36 to 45 days. There are obvious differences in the phenology of different provenances. The flowers come into bloom from the base to the top along the aboveground main axis, which usually contain 4-22 inflorescences with(2-) 4-10(-21) flowers per inflorescence. The flowering pe-riod for a single plant is 26-38 days. The single flower lasts about 20-25 days from budding to opening and withers 2 days after pollination, and then the ovary will gradually expand. If unpollinated, it will continue to bloom for 3-5 days and then wither. Flower development period is significantly related to pollen vigor and stigma remittance. The pollen viability is the highest when the flower is fully opened with anthers gathering on the stigma, and the receptivity is the strongest when the stigma protrudes out of the perianth and secretes mucus. The fruits and seeds ripen in October, and proper shading can ensure the smooth development and maturity of the seeds. This study provides a basis for the hybrid breeding and seed production of P. cyrtonema.

Reproductive Biology of Olive Trees (Arbequina cultivar) at the Northern Limit of Their Distribution Areas

In recent years, North-western Spain has experienced an increase in the cultivated area of olive trees. The main propitious areas for olive groves are the Miño and Sil basins, as a consequence of their Oceanic climate with Mediterranean influence. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of reproductive biology, phenological and aerobiological behaviour of olive trees in the most northerly new plantation areas of the Iberian Peninsula. The study was carried out in an olive grove growing Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Arbequina’ located in Quiroga (Lugo) from 2016 to 2018. The phenological observations were based upon the main growth stages following the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry (BBCH) scale. To predict the onset of flowering, a thermal time model was used in order to quantify the chill requirements, and growing degree-days were applied to determine the heat requirement. The production, viability and germination rates of Olea pollen were evaluated from samples selected in nine individual trees for the phenological survey. The aerobiological study was conducted by means of a Hirst-type pollen trap located in the centre of the olive grove. The vegetative period of the olive tree in the study area lasted an average of 259 days. The important phenological stage 6 (flowering) was the shortest stage. An average of 704 Chilling Hours (CH) with a threshold of 2.5 °C was required to overcome the chilling period, 1139 Growing Degree Days (GDD) for the beginning of flowering, and 4463 GDD for harvest. The pollen production per anther was 82589 grains (± 14084 pollen grains), with a rate of 81% viability and 12% pollen tube germination. The main pollen season started on average on May 20th and ended on June 16th with an average duration of 27 days and an annual pollen integral of 833 pollen grains. The low pollen concentrations could be a consequence of the Northern location of the forest, in a bioclimatic transition zone between the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean areas, at the limit of olive tree distribution.

Resistance performance of four principal apple cultivars to woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera:\xa0Pemphigidae), by simulated seasonal temperature in northern China

Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae), is a worldwide quarantine pest of apples. Understanding the resistance mechanism of various cultivars to WAA is important for the selection for durable resistance. Few studies have examined the resistance of different apple cultivars to WAA in China; among common varieties produced in China, Red Fuji is highly sensitive to WAA. In this study, the resistance to WAA of Red Fuji and three other common cultivars—Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet—was assessed based on the developmental and reproductive biological characteristics of aphids, assessed under four fixed temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35 ℃. We found the optimal temperature for WAA growth and reproduction to be 20–25 ℃, at which temperature, aphids on Red Fuji showed the highest rate of reproduction, the highest number of colonies, and the greatest area covered by aphid colonies among the four cultivars. These attributes of WAA were significantly higher at 20–25 ℃ than at 30 ℃. On Red Fuji, the most favorable variety, WAA showed its highest net reproductive rate (127.3 ± 13.3), intrinsic growth rate (0.30 ± 0.01), highest growth rate of the colony area (1.35 ± 0.02), and the lowest average generation time (16.1 ± 0.8 day) at 25 ℃. The aphids inoculated onto the four tested cultivars all died within 1 week at 35 ℃. Overall, Red Fuji was highly susceptible, while Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet were partially resistant.

Reproductive Biological Performance of Otolithes ruber (Bloch and Schneider 1801) in San Miguel Bay, Philippines

The tigertooth croaker, Otolithes ruber (Bloch and Schneider 1801), was studied to determine its reproductive biology characteristics for 34 months from March 2015 to November 2017. A total of 7,977 individuals were sampled and the measured total lengths (TL) ranged from 8.1 cm to 32.1 cm (16.70 ± 2.53 cm ) and 10.0 cm to 33.5 cm (17.95 ± 2.95 cm) for male and female, respectively. The length-weight relationship can be summarized as W = 0.00521 L3.18 and W = 0.00837 L3.01 for female and male, respectively. The length at first maturity of this species was determined to be 13.95 cm, which is smaller compared to other studies. The overall sex ratio of this species was 1:0.8, with males dominating the female sex (P < 0.05, X2 = 64.3). In addition, synchronized development of male and female gonads was observed. It was also verified that mature individuals were present all throughout the study period indicating that this species spawn continuously and the presence of juveniles during the sampling period indicated continuous recruitment. Mean monthly GSIs indicate July to November as the main spawning season of this species. The in-site occurrence of mature and juvenile stocks in the bay further implicates that San Miguel Bay is a nursery ground for this species. The fecundity varied between 3,420 to 422,100 with an average fecundity of 86,142 eggs. Lastly, the spawning potential ratio is still above the limit reference point (SPR = 0.36), indicating that the stock can still replenish their biomass.

Reproductive biology of amur flathead asp Pseudaspius leptocephalus (Pallas, 1776)

Some characteristics of reproductive biology are considered for amur flathead asp Pseudaspius leptocephalus (Pallas, 1776), as features of its spawning, reproduction capability, annual dynamics of oocyte growth and females gonadosomatic index. This is the species with a single batch spawning. Age of maturity for the asps living in different areas ranges from 3+ to 5+, mostly 5+ with the body length of 31 cm for the key fishing grounds. They spawn in the lower sections of mountain rivers from late May till early June. Females prevail in ratio 2 : 1, on average, both in the spawning and feeding aggregations. The individual absolute fecundity of amur flathead asp females depends linearly on their body length and weight.

Reproductive Characteristics of Buffaloes: A Review

Interest in buffalo breeding has increased, due to certain advantages in relation to cattle breeding. The objective of this article was to review the reproductive biological characteristics of buffaloes. Buffaloes have their peculiarities regarding the reproductive characteristics, the females are seasonal polyestrous breeders of short days, the puberty’s buffalo is reached in ages more than in the bovine, the detection of the estrus is more difficult because of the estrus it happens at dawn and the females of buffalo have few physiological changes producers have difficulty detecting estrus. The gestation period varies between 300 and 320 days. Males have smaller external reproductive organs and less intense sexual behavior in relation to cattle. Buffalo females exhibit reproductive differences such as the hyperpigmented vulva and smaller and lighter, more rigid and tortuously inner structures with more muscle tone. There are some advantages in the creation of buffaloes were evidenced, such as their rusticity and adaptation to areas that would be unsuitableto cattle production, besides counting on products such as milk and meat of good quality. Several protocols of oestrus and ovulation synchronization have been adopted, to improve reproductive efficiency. These protocols have resulted in a pregnancy rates increase of 30% to 50%. It is concluded that buffalo breeding has space within the animal production system, especially in areas that would be suitable for the breeding of other ruminant species.

Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development in Prunus mahaleb Linn.

ABSTRACTMicrosporogenesis and male gametophyte development in Prunus mahaleb Linn. were assessed using a method combined of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and paraffin sections. The results showed the following: (1) the anther underwent normal development and is tetrasporangiate. The tapetum was glandular; (2) cytokinesis occurred simultaneously with meiosis in the microspore mother cell, and the tetrads were tetrahedral; (3) after meiosis, microspores generated by microsporogenesis were more or less irregular in shape during the contraction period. As the microspore increased in size, mature three cell types pollen grains finally developed in the chambers; (4) mature pollen grains were observed by SEM. The shape of the pollen was nearly flat and triangular. There were three germinal furrows in the exine of the pollen with horizontal stripes. These findings provide a scientific basis for explaining the reproductive biological characteristics of the breeding resources of Prunus mahaleb, and microspore vacuolization is considered to be the main explanation for the low fruit set.

Issue Information

Main flower‐visitng insects of Bidens fronds. Photographed by Bing Zhou in Jían City, Jiangxi Province, China.Cover picture from: Reproductive biological characteristics potentially contributed to invasiveness in an alien invasive plant Bidens frondosa, Yan XH et al. See pages 107–116. Article link here. image

Reproductive biological characteristics potentially contributed to invasiveness in an alien invasive plant Bidens frondosa

AbstractBidens frondosa L. (Asteraceae) is a widespread invasive weed in China. By experimental observation and bagging treatment, the reproductive biological characteristics of this species, such as phenology of flowering, floral syndrome, breeding system and seed germination characteristics, were studied to assess the association of these reproductive characteristics with invasiveness. Flowers of B. frondosa bloom from September to October every year in Ji'an city, Jiangxi province. The lifespan of a single capitulum is approximately 4 to 5 days, with 30 to 60 florets per capitulum. The capitulum diameter, anthocaulus length, floret length and width, stamen length and pistil length were 6.1, 30.9, 2.2, 0.6, 3.0 and 2.7 mm, respectively. The seed set percentage of 48.5% in the treatment of bagging flowers without emasculation suggests B. frondosa is self‐compatible; meanwhile, the percentage of 63.1% in the treatment of bagging with emasculation and manual xenogamy suggests it also is cross‐compatible. P/O ratio per capitulum of this species was 450.5, which suggests that the breeding system of B. frondosa is facultative xenogamous, and it needs pollinators to some degree. The main floral visitors were insects of Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. The 1000‐achenes weight was 1.97 g. The achenes emerged as a small germination peak from the fourth to fifth day, and had a high accumulated germination rate of up to 84.0% on day 20 after sowing. Our experimental findings suggested that the reproductive biological characteristics, such as the versatile mating system of self‐ and cross‐pollination, high seed production, a special method of achene dispersal and germination peak, accompanied by a high accumulated germination rate, might contribute to the invasive ability of B. frondosa.

Gene stacking in 1-year-cycling APETALA1 citrus plants for a rapid evaluation of transgenic traits in reproductive tissues

Rapid flowering is crucial to perform functional genomic studies to investigate reproductive biology characteristics and fruit quality-related traits in fruit trees. However, long generation cycles of woody plants considerably delay this evaluation. Through genetic transformation, juvenile periods can be significantly shortened by overexpression of flower meristem-identity genes. Transgenic APETALA1 (AP1) citrus plants behave as rapid-cycling trees, since 1-year-old seedlings promptly show precocious flowering and fruiting. By transgene stacking into these short-generation AP1 and nptII/GUS-positive plants, expression of novel transgenes could theoretically be examined as quickly as 1 year after retransformation. Establishment of the selection and regeneration conditions for the production of retransformed individuals with marker genes is detailed in this communication. Hpt and bar genes were used as the second selectable marker genes. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the recovery of retransformed shoots. AP1 transcript accumulation and GUS and GFP expression were assessed in leaves, and flowers and fruit organs of rapid-cycling retransformed lines, respectively, as early as 1 year after plant generation and during three consecutive years, demonstrating that the principle of stable transgene stacking on early-fruiting transgenic trees is feasible.

Biology and Population Dynamics of the Goby Pseudapocryptes elongatus in the Coastal Mud Flat Areas of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

This study describe the reproductive biological characteristics and population parameters of the goby, Pseudapocryptes elongatus (Cuvier, 1816), in the coastal mud flat areas of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. A total of 1058 specimens was collected from January 2004 to June 2005 and results showed that the breeding season occurred with two spawning peaks in July and October. Length at first maturity (L(m)) was 15.4 and 16.3 cm for females and males, respectively. The batch fecundity estimates ranged from 2,652 to 29,406 hydrated oocytes per ovary in the fish ranging from 12.8 to 22.4 cm TL. Length frequency data of the goby ranging from 9.0 to 24.0 cm TL were analyzed using the FiSAT II software. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were determined as L8 = 25.9 cm, K = 0.66 year(-1) and t(o) = - 0.26 year(-1). The longevity (t(max)) of the goby was estimated to be 4.55 years. There were two recruitment peaks with very different magnitudes and the means of these two peaks were separated by an interval of 5 months. Length at first capture (L(c)) was 10.05 cm, the instantaneous fishing mortality rate (F = 1.38 year(-1)) and natural mortality rate (M = 1.46 year(-1)) accounted for 49 and 51% of the total mortality (Z = 2.84 year(-1)), respectively. Relative yield-per-recruit and biomass-per-recruit analyses gave E(max) = 0.65, E0.1 = 0.55 and E0.5 = 0.33. Results show that the fish stock is subjected to growth overexploitation.

Reproductive Ecology and Food Habits of the Blacknose Shiner, Notropis heterolepis, in Northern Illinois

Although once broadly distributed in the region, the blacknose shiner, Notropis heterolepis, has declined or has already been extirpated throughout much of the Midwest and little is known about its life history. We describe characteristics of reproductive biology and food habits for a lake population of N. heterolepis in northern Illinois to provide information for conservation and management. Gonado-somatic index scores and ovarian stage of female individuals indicated that multiple clutches of ova were produced over a prolonged period lasting from spring until mid-summer. The number of ova present in a clutch was positively related to standard length. However, this relationship weakened and less ova were present in clutches of larger individuals as the reproductive season progressed. Female individuals ≥34 mm SL were mature and the presence of tubercles on male pectoral fins suggested a similar size at maturity for males. Individuals consumed the greatest number of prey items during morning and night -time periods and consumption was less in summer and fall compared to spring. Cladocerans (Chydoridae and Bosminidae) and ostracods were principal diet contributors. Chydorid cladocerans, which are known to associate with aquatic vegetation, were increasingly selected for when ambient densities of all three principal diet contributors were relatively low. Our results indicate that N. heterolepis utilizes a reproductive strategy that should allow resilience to short term, minor disturbances, but they are likely vulnerable to chronic disturbances. In particular, chronic disturbances that reduce or eliminate aquatic vegetation, an important foraging habitat and nursery habitat, will likely have negative impacts on remaining populations.

Does a deletion in a virus-like particle protein have pleiotropic effects on the reproductive biology of a parasitoid wasp?

Endoparasitoid insects have evolved mechanisms to counteract host immune defences. At oviposition, the endoparasitoid Venturia canescens injects virus-like particles (VLPs) together with the egg that interfere with the immune system of the host. These prevent encapsulation of the parasitoid egg. It has been shown that the gene coding for one of the VLP proteins exists in two variants (called Repeat-Plus (RP) and Repeat-Minus (RM)). Previous observations suggested that these variants induce pleiotropic effects on the reproductive biology of the female resulting, in an impeded transfer of eggs from the ovarioles to the oviducts in RM females, and in alterations in the egg laying sequence. We show that RM females from another geographical locality do not exhibit any phenotypic alteration of the reproductive biology. By showing a lack of association between VLP alleles and the reproductive phenotypic characteristics in a given strain, our results do not support the hypothesis of pleiotropic effects. Conversely, the results suggest that different genes code for the VLPs and for the reproductive biology characteristics. Different phenomena such as linkage, the action of pathogens, etc. could explain the association between characters that is observed in some strains.

Characteristics of reproductive biology and proximate factors regulating seasonal breeding in captive golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas).

Reproduction is highly demanding in terms of energy expenditure, and the costs and benefits associated with postponing or investing in a reproductive effort are crucial determinants of an individual's fitness. Understanding the reproductive potential of a species under varying ecological conditions offers important insights into the dynamics of its social system. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the reproductive potential of wild- and captive-born golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) under captive conditions, based on studbook data compiled during 1984-2000. Litters produced by wild-born females breeding in captivity are similar in size to litters observed in the wild, but smaller than litters of captive-born females. The more stringent ecological conditions experienced by wild-born females during maturation may result in a lifelong effect on litter size. However, interbirth intervals are shorter for wild-born than captive-born females. The relatively smaller burden of infant care that results from having smaller litters may allow wild-born females to sustain the next pregnancy sooner. Reproduction in the Brazilian captive population is highly seasonal for both wild-born females and females born in captivity in Brazil. Changes in photoperiod over a year provide a proximate explanation for changes in the proportion of conceptions and births per month. Outside Brazil, breeding occurs year-round, and no clear birth peak is apparent. Information from field reports that could be used to relate this finding to ecological factors, such as resource availability, is unavailable.

Transplanting of <i>Neosalanx taihuensis</i> chen in Baiguishan Reservior

1987年一次性向白龟山水库投放太湖新银鱼有效受精卵21×10⁴粒,后形成强大种群生产力,1991~1993年累计生产银鱼190t,创经济效益500余万人民币。太湖新银鱼具有生命周期不长、食物链较短、适应环境能力较强、容易捕捞等优点,是填补移植驯化的理想对象。白龟山水库生态系中鱼类区系组成不够饱和,存有空闲小生境,饵料竞争比较缓和,敌害压力较小,是移植驯化银鱼的适宜水体。白龟山水库银鱼食性组成中以桡足类和枝角类为主;分布遍及全库,尤以上、中游水草区为最多。1991年全库银鱼相对资源蕴藏量为108920kg,即1.56×10⁸尾。1991年约有29.5%的浮游动物被银鱼利用转化成为银鱼产品,生物学效益较高。综合考虑银鱼的繁殖和生长,在现有捕捞强度下,捕捞生产宜安排在11月~翌年2月为宜。;Baiguishan Reservoir is a multi-purpose one in the Huanhe River systems. A stocking of 210000 fertilized eggs of Neoaalanx tatbuensis Chen was reached in this reservoir in 1987. Ice fish catch totaled 190t in 1991~1993, equalling an economic value of over 5×10⁶ yuan, Neosalanx taihuensis Chen, characterized by short life cycle, short food chains, high tolerance of environmental conditions, easy catch etc., can be successfully domesticated as supplementation. On the ecosystems of Baiguishan reservoir, niches are not fully occupied with less competition of food, ice fish is suitable for domestication in this kind of water body. The reproductive biological characteristics of ice fish are quite similar Ln this reservoir to those in Taihu Lake. The food compositions are mainly copepoda and cladocera. The ice fish widely distributed in the reservoir and a heavy population is found in the densely-grown water grasses in the upper and middle reaches. In the light of estimation in 1991, the potential stock of ice fish in the whole reservoir was expected to be 108920 kg at 156 million in numbers. The biological benefits are extremely high from 1987 to 1991. About 29.5% of the biomass of zooplankton was consumed by the ice fish stocked.