Reproduction Of Natural Resources Research Articles

Legal support for an environmentally balanced system of natural resource management in terms of European integration of Ukraine

Legal support for an environmentally balanced system of natural resource management in terms of European integration of Ukraine

Legal instruments for judicial protection of plants against damage caused by the russian federation

The article is devoted to certain legal and practical aspects of jurisdictional immunity. Everyone has the law to compensation for damages. The separation between real losses and lost profits is revealed. The specificity of crimes against the environment is that they encroach on constitutional rights regarding the safety of the environment, ensuring environmental safety, and reproduction of natural resources. Jurisdictional immunity of the state, recorded in international conventions, protects the law of the state to self-defense of its interests.
 However, this law is not indisputable, taking into account the aggressive behavior of the Russian Federation, which excludes the recognition by Ukraine of the latter's international immunity. Therefore, when the Russian Federation is the defendant in the case, the court must consider the case without taking into account jurisdictional immunity. As a result of armed aggression, the citizens of Ukraine are harmed every day, including in terms of environmental safety, therefore the norms of material and procedural law are partially outdated and need updating. Current rules of procedural law provide for the plaintiff's duty to provide the court with all available evidence.
 Each act of violation of the constitutional right to environmental safety entails damages that must be compensated. The article analyzes the updated legislation in the field of damages and compensation, which distinguishes 21 directions in the field of the environment. After determining the amount of damage, appropriate documents are accepted that can serve as evidence in the court process. However, the established form of the expert's report has not yet been approved, at the same time, the normative acts provide for the obligation of the expert to prepare his research as required by international institutions.
 The statements of scientists regarding the definition of "expertise" have been analyzed, where there is unanimity among opinions regarding the definition of characterizing features. Expertise, which is carried out with the aim of determining the amount of damage to the surrounding natural environment, must operate with special methods. The newly adopted Methods operate with updated indicators, coefficients, among the subjects military regional administrations are singled out, aimed at establishing the extent of damage to the environment as a result of military aggression.
 The issue of the importance of expert activity when applying to court, the order of interaction between the customer and the expert, is raised. An analysis of the current by-laws in the field of assessment of the amount of damages was carried out and their key features were identified.

Marketing support of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises

The article examines the system of agricultural marketing with the aim of meeting the needs of consumers and achieving the competitiveness of agricultural producers in the context of determining the characteristics of agricultural activity. It is substantiated that the sustainable development of agricultural production contributes to the strengthening of the economic and social security of the state, the formation of a positive image of the country, the growth of the quality of life of the urban and rural population, the increase of export potential, the maintenance of ecological balance in rural areas, the rational use, protection and reproduction of natural resources. According to the results of the assessment of the state of agricultural production in Ukraine, a change in the assortment of agricultural products was revealed in the direction of increasing the amount of cultivation of more profitable types of crop and livestock products. It was found that agricultural products occupy a leading place in Ukrainian exports. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of agricultural production, compared to other branches of the economy, which determine the specifics of the organization of marketing at agricultural enterprises. It was revealed that marketing research in the agricultural sector is mainly carried out by intermediaries, as a result of which the largest part of the profit is concentrated in intermediary structures. The stages of the process of implementation of marketing activities at enterprises producing agricultural products are characterized. It is substantiated that for the successful conduct of competition and the introduction of niche products, it is advisable to conduct marketing research and analyze the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in the course of financial and economic activity, which will contribute to timely decision-making regarding changes in the product range, sales markets, and the enterprise management system. It has been proven that the use of marketing tools to increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises is important because it will contribute to taking into account external factors of influence and internal reserves of increasing efficiency. Attention is drawn to the need to select effective methods of competition and create the basis for the identification of the enterprise, which is determined by its marketing concept.

ДЕРЖАВНА ЕКОЛОГІЧНА ПОЛІТИКА: ПРАВОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ

The article considers the main theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of environmental policy of the state in terms of decentralization reform and the acquisition of appropriate powers by local governments. The components of environmental policy in a democratic society are identified, namely: proper and effective system of public administration in the field of protection, inexhaustible use and reproduction of natural resources; proper, state and public supervision over the observance of the current environmental legislation and international environmental obligations of the country; appropriate environmental information policy; appropriate level of ecological expertise of ecologically dangerous projects; an appropriate system of state decision-making on environmental issues, which would provide for mandatory public involvement; proper system of responsibility of the authorities, specific officials and citizens for violation of the principles of balanced development, norms and provisions of environmental legislation; proper educational and educational activities. The analysis of the legislative acts regulating the ecological policy in general and in separate directions of realization, in particular is carried out and in the field of nature management. It is noted that Ukraine as an integral participant in the development of the world economy is gradually directs its own efforts to implement resource-saving measures. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the current environmental legislation of Ukraine through reform system of regulations to create effective tools for implementing the concept of sustainable development, which is possible only by assistance and in the context of integration of environmental policy into the socio-economic life of society and the state.

Payment for special nature management as a tool for providing balanced use of natural resources

In this paper, we have analyzed the problems of formation of the payment for special use of natural resources during the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and the need to conserve natural resources for present and future generations. Payment for special nature management is considered as one of the principles of environmental law, in particular the right to use natural resources, as part of the economic and legal mechanism for environmental protection and as the main feature and condition of special use of natural resources in economic activities. The historical aspect of the development of payment for special nature management in the environmental legislation and state environmental policy in Ukraine is studied. The attention is drawn to the inconsistence usage of payment for nature management as a principle in the state strategic documents of environmental orientation, which may be an obstacle to the implementation of balanced and economical use of natural resources policies. The role of payment for special use of natural resources within the framework of the economic and legal mechanism of environmental protection are considered, its fiscal nature as a source of filling the corresponding budgets and the scope of accumulated funds for resource conservation and environmental measures.Features and problems of payment in various spheres of nature management are analyzed. Gaps and inconsistencies in the modern environmental legislation on the regulation of paid or free usage of natural resources are highlighted.The importance of payment for nature management is emphasized concerning the fact that the relevant payments are a source of accumulation of budget funds and should be targeted; they compensate for the costs of protection, conservation and reproduction of natural resources and ecosystems; perform a stimulating function - encourage nature users, business entities to use natural resources rationally, economically and effectively.

LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY OF THE NATIONAL DENDROLOGICAL PARK "SOFIYIVKA" OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

The article reveals the landscape diversity of the historical garden and park landscape – the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the city of Uman, Cherkasy region, founded in 1796-1800. In the classification of landscape gardening landscapes, developed by the Ukrainian landscape architect, doctor of biological sciences Rubtsov L.I., 6 types of landscapes are distinguished. The landscape of the NDP "Sofiyivka", as an object of landscape gardening art, belongs to the group of anthropogenic landscapes and is classified as a cultural, recreational, slightly modified landscape (historical core of the park) and modified landscape (Grekova and Lesnaya beams). On the territory of the arboretum, all types of landscape gardening landscapes are presented: forest, park, meadow, garden, regular, alpine landscapes. Most of the historical core of the park is occupied by the park landscape; the forest landscape has been preserved closer to the boundaries of the arboretum. The meadow landscape exists both at the bottom of the beams and in elevated places, such as on the Fungus lawn. The garden type of landscape is presented in the English Park, created in 1890 91 by Pashkevich V.V. and in a series of new monocultural gardens (of lilacs, magnolias, maples, chrysanthemums, dahlias, daylilies, hosts, etc.). The Kamyanka River is an alpine (or mountainous) type of garden and park landscape due to natural granite outcrops and shifted boulders. Examples of the regular landscape are the amphitheater, alleys, greenery protection strips, as well as the regularly planned area of the new entrance to the arboretum from the street Kyivskaya with a fountain and a rosary. These garden and park landscapes of the arboretum "Sofiyivka" are the most valuable natural ecosystem formations within the arboretum, which must be preserved and maintained accordance with the strategic principles of ecological unity and reproduction of natural resources.

Environmental safety of the Privolzhsky Federal District: problems and prospects for implementation

At the present stage, an important part of the social development of both the country as a whole and its individual territorial entities is its sustainable development. There is no one who doubts that a high level of socio-economic development also puts forward society increased demands in the field of ecology, protection and quality of the environment. Sustainable development of any territorial entity presupposes the integration of economic, environmental and social issues and should solve the following main tasks: maintaining economic growth, social development, effective solution of environmental protection problems, rational use and reproduction of natural resources. First of all, this is due to the growing environmental hazard for the territory, nature and society and, as a result, ensuring their environmental safety at all administrative levels - from state to municipal. With a wide variety of landscape-climatic, natural-resource, demographic, economic, ecological conditions, even within one subject, ensuring the environmental safety of federal districts is a very difficult task. The sustainable and safe development of the district as a whole should be considered, first of all, from the standpoint of life favorable environment, maintaining the ecological and economic balance for business development, maintaining the quality of life and population health.

Reproduction, Use and Circulation of Natural Recreational Resources in the Context of Globalization

Transformations in the economy have led to significant changes in the recreational sphere of the macroregion. The introduction of market relations in the process of use, conservation, improvement and protection of natural recreational resources in the Carpathian macroregion has significantly exacerbated the solution of environmental, social and economic problems. Reproduction of natural resources in the recreational sphere requires the introduction of new theoretical and methodological principles. First of all, it concerns the qualitative distribution of resources suitable for the organization of recreation between the consumer spheres. This is the conceptual basis for establishing the limits of their use in order to prevent degradation and exhaustion. Exploring the ecological and economic principles of reproduction of natural recreational resources, two areas are identified: intra-industry, which characterizes the reproduction of studied resources within the recreational economy and intersectoral, which relates to the reproduction of attractive natural resources, which at the time of study are subject to economic activities. It is scientifically substantiated that the institutes functioning in the recreational sphere of the macroregion do not provide the proper solution of the set tasks. Institutional changes are needed, taking into account such prerequisites as: transition to a market model of management; intensification of the development of the recreational sphere in the conditions of insufficient experience; ecological situation in the macroregion; environment for the development of recreation in the context of globalization.

Кліматичні ресурси як об’єкти природоресурсних правовідносин

The article is devoted to the study of scientific approaches to the characteristics of the objects of natural resource relations. Theoretical positions of the representatives of legal science on the definition of the concept of natural resources as objects of natural resource legal relations, the separation of their legal features are revealed. Scientific approaches to the legal nature of climatic resources and their place in the modern system of natural resource legal relations are analyzed. Natural resource relations consist of the use and reproduction of natural resources or their properties (for example, the potential energy of water, which is converted into electricity, water surface for water transport, the properties of atmospheric air to contain and dissolve (reduce concentration) pollutants, the property of subsoil underground gas storage facilities, etc.). Climatic resources are called inexhaustible natural resources, which include solar energy, moisture, wind energy, etc. and are determined by the peculiarities of the climate. The use of certain properties of climatic resources as, first of all, alternative energy sources is extremely important. Climatic resources in most of Ukraine are favorable for the development of alternative energy. However, the current state of legal regulation of activities aimed at ensuring the rational and efficient use of climate resources needs to be improved. Keywords: natural resource law, natural resource legal relations, natural resources, climatic resources, climate

Legal regulation of introduction in Ukraine

The article considers the peculiarities of the legal regulation of introduction. The basis for research in this area is that among the anthropogenic factors that negatively affect the structural elements of the ecological network, biological and landscape diversity in general, at the present stage should be noted scientifically unsubstantiated introduction of individual flora and fauna. That is why the legal regulation of these relations and the consolidation of both a clear terminological apparatus and a proper legal mechanism for their implementation, which will allow the national legislation to regulate the introduction of all kinds, is becoming relevant. This article outlines the provisions of national and international legislation in this area, as well as the meaning of the terms "introduced species" and "invasive species" and their relationship in terms of law. The legal classification of introduction is given, its value for legal standardization of ecological relations is revealed. The author substantiates the need to develop a single categorical-conceptual apparatus for regulating relations in the field of implementation of all natural objects. This work becomes especially relevant given that today among scientists there is no single approach to the relationship we are considering, moreover, there is no independent research in this area. It is established that relations in the field of introduction occupy a special place in environmental legislation, as they can be considered in the context of the use and reproduction of natural resources, as well as the protection of biological diversity and the environment as a whole. Equally important, the legal regulation of the introduction depends not only on the introduced objects, but also on the purpose and method of introduction (for example, to regulate the number of objects of fauna, flora, aquaculture or introduction to reproduce forests, etc.).

ПІДГОТОВКА МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ ПОЧАТКОВИХ КЛАСІВ ДО ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО ВИХОВАННЯ УЧНІВ ЯК ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ПРОБЛЕМА СЬОГОДЕННЯ

The article identifies and characterizes the features of environmental upbringing of primary school students and the preparation of teachers for its implementation as a pedagogical problem of today. The authors research scientific papers on the peculiarities of environmental upbringing of primary school students and teacher training, as well as describe ways to achieve the goal of environmental upbringing in the case of solving a set of interrelated tasks that have educational, upbringing, and value components. Environmental upbringing is one of the priority areas in the general system of education, aimed at the harmonious development of man, his civic consciousness. Therefore, it cannot be considered as a separate form of education. Although, of course, the relevance and specificity of environmental upbringing encourage us to perceive it as one of the important areas of the overall educational process. In the scientific and pedagogical literature, environmental upbringing and upbringing are interpreted as a psychological and pedagogical process of human impact in order to form knowledge of the scientific foundations of nature, the necessary beliefs and practical skills, a certain orientation and active social position in environmental protection, environmental management and reproduction of natural resources. Modern theory and methods of vocational education offers a concept of philosophical and psychological-pedagogical foundations of the process of professional environmental upbringing of future primary school teachers, emphasizing the role of methods and technologies by which it is possible to implement the content of environmental upbringing, implementing the highest ideals and standards of ecological educated personality of the teacher. The authors argue that the actualization of the tasks of preparing future primary school teachers for environmental upbringing of primary school students is due to modern socio-cultural circumstances, which allows the formation of environmentally educated personalities capable of self-application of environmental knowledge and skills. Key words: environmental upbringing, primary school student, teacher training.

Природоресурсні та поресурсні відносини: ієрархія галузей і співвідношення предметів

The article examines the place of Natural Resource Law and post-resource branches of law in the legal system, proposes a hierarchy of these branches and outlines the relationship between the subjects of natural resource and post-resource relations. The subject of legal regulation of Natural Resource Law is defined as qualitatively homogeneous natural resource relations, consisting of the use and reproduction of natural resources – a legally defined part of the environment that have signs of natural origin and are in ecological relationship with the environment and with each other, can be used as a source of meeting human needs. All natural resources, as well as the relationship to their use and reproduction, are closely linked. This connection will always be inseparable and reciprocal. It is established that in the system of Natural Resource Law public relations regarding the use and reproduction of certain natural resources are in fact its subsectors and provide a differentiated approach to the environmentally sound use of each of the relevant natural resources. Natural Resource Law is not a conglomeration of land, water, forest and subsoil law, but their qualitative unity based on a single nature, factors of development and the internal structure of social relations. It is concluded that neither the long history of legislation, nor a significant amount of regulations that are sources of post-resource industries, are grounds for denying the inseparable and mutual connection of post-resource branches of law with each other and with Natural Resource Law and the objective need for separation independent branch of Natural Resource Law. Keywords: Natural Resource Law, land law, water law, forest law, subsoil law, faunal law, floristic law, natural resource relations, post-resource relations, legal system, branch of law

RATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT AS A COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Abstract. The article deals with the analysis of economic and legal aspects of rational nature management as a component of ecological safety. The ecological problems of the current state of the natural environment of the country are analyzed. It is stated that environmental security is one of the most important components of national security of Ukraine, which depends on the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. The concept of rational nature management is formulated, the concept consists in the sphere of production and scientific activity aimed at the study, development, protection and transformation of nature in order to ensure favorable conditions for human life. It was found out that the rational use of nature necessarily involves the economic and legal component, which lies in getting the most out of economic and other activities in the use of natural resources at economically reasonable costs. The concept of economic and legal mechanism of nature management is defined, which is enshrined in the system of economic and legal measures, incentives and other regulators aimed at ensuring environmental protection, environmental safety and organization of rational nature management and is based on the concept of payment for the use of natural resources, introduction of economic and legal responsibility. Proposals have been formulated as for the implementationof additional measures of fiscal regulationof nature use by Ukraine, granting tax benefits to enterprises implementing relevant environmental protection programs, insurance of environmental risks. Key words: ecological safety, rational nature use, economic and legal mechanism, legal regulation, environment, norms of law. JEL Classification К32 Formuls: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 23.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО И ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНОГО МЕХАНИЗМОВ УПРАВЛЯЕМОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

Natural resources are the material basis for economic and social development, but the public characteristics of natural resources force the resource market to show more failures, the lack of a number of economic policies related to natural resources has led to the fact that the development, use and reproduction of natural resources has led to the loss of effective institutional constraints , which led to the overdevelopment, use and consumption of atmospheric resources, water resources, forest resources, land resources, and fuel and energy resources. which leads to the depletion of some resources, people can get local limited resources only by buying resources elsewhere. Therefore, it is necessary to improve control over natural resources and measures of the economic mechanism.
 The author of this article proposes methods for managing natural resources based on the characteristics of various indicators of natural resources (water, atmosphere, forest, land, fuel energy) and demonstrates the mechanisms of using natural resources in the main resource countries of the world.

LEGAL UNDERSTANDING OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW SUBJECT

Purpose: current theoretical issues of the environmental law subject in Ukraine are considered, scientific concepts of the environmental legal relations subject are studied, the content of the subject is analyzed through the application of the Law of Ukraine «On Environmental Protection», authors’ scientific positions concerning the legal determination of the subject that which combines a set of conclusions on environmental safety, ownership, use, restoration of natural resources and environmental protection are proved. Scientific doctrines based on the principles of current environmental legislation, various concepts of scientific schools in the field of environmental law increase the role of science, academic discipline in this area. Methods: the study was conducted using such methods as analysis and comparison, synthesis. The methods of analysis and comparison were used in the study of scientific achievements of legal scholars to determine the subject of environmental law. Using the method of synthesis, the types of social relations in the field of use and reproduction of natural resources and environmental protection are established. Results: three groups of social relations are identified and it is concluded that the subject of environmental law includes natural resource, naturally protective and anthropo-protective social relations; the subject of Environmental Law is defined. Discussion: issues of legal understanding of Environmental Law subject in Ukraine. The authors conclude that the subject of environmental law is a system of integrated sub-branches of law, which includes legal norms governing public relations for the use of natural resources, their protection, reproduction, environmental safety, prevention and elimination of negative economic and other activities on the environment natural environment, conservation of natural resources, genetic fund of living nature, landscapes and other natural complexes, unique territories and natural objects. Although Ukrainian legislation is based on the priority of human and civil rights, freedoms and interests, the mechanism of their implementation, protection and provision should be improved by further systematization of environmental legislation taking into account the natural law doctrine of these rights, fundamentally new national state policy, rule of law.

Geoecological fundamentals of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in the fergana valley

This article describes, in detail, concepts in the field of nature protection, rational use of natural resources in the Fergana Valley, the views on the reproduction of natural resources and the geo-ecological basis of nature use. The steady development of production in the Fergana Valley, increasing anthropogenic pressure on the environment, uninterrupted release of various industrial, transports, construction, agricultural wastes to the environment began to aggravate the ecological situation in the region in the 70-80s of last century.

Optimization of innovative development of management mechanism at a trade enterprise

Purpose. The aim of the article is the development of theoretical, methodological provisions and practical recommendations for determining the content of innovation and innovation activities of the enterprise, substantiation of the basic principles of organizational and economic mechanism for managing innovative development of the enterprise and determining the directions of a systematic approach to this mechanism. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the provisions of modern economic theory, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the optimization of management of innovative development at a commercial enterprise. The following general scientific research methods are used to achieve this goal: system-structural and terminological analysis – to streamline the conceptual and terminological apparatus on the economic content of the categories “innovations”, “innovative activity”, “innovation”; grouping, comparison and theoretical generalization – to study scientific papers on the management of innovative development in a commercial enterprise; induction and deduction – to study the classification features of grouping the principles of functioning of the organizational and economic mechanism of management of innovative development of the enterprise; abstract and logical – for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. Findings. The necessity of optimization of management of innovative development at the trade enterprise is substantiated. It is established that innovative activity is a type of activity of business entities aimed at the emergence of new or improved solutions, designed in innovation. The main principles of innovation creation are determined: market needs analysis; analysis of economic activity of the enterprise; intellectual activity to create a new product. The basic principles underlying the organizational and economic mechanism of management of innovative development of the enterprise are studied: principles of system, complexity, orientation on innovative way of development, balance of interests of subjects of innovation process, maintenance of balance between consumption and reproduction of natural resources. Originality. The trajectory of formation of organizational and economic mechanism of management of innovative development of the enterprise is substantiated, providing its transformation for the purpose of adaptation to change of the market environment; directions of the system approach to formation of this mechanism as open, adaptive, dynamic system of probabilistic character are defined. Practical value. The results of the study on the basic principles of innovation, in particular: analysis of market needs; analysis of economic activity of the enterprise; intellectual activity to create a new product is proposed for implementation at wholesale and retail enterprises of Ukraine. Key words: innovation, innovative activity, innovative development, trade, principle, potential.

Objectives of sustainable development of Ukraine and nature management: actual problems of achieving balancing processes of use and reproduction of natural resources

The article investigates the relevant problems of Ukraine in the field of protection and protection of the environment when implementing the goals of sustainable development of Ukraine. The current state of nature management in Ukraine is outlined. It is noted that Ukraine belongs to a group of countries with complex environmental problems. The reasons that led to the emergence of environmental problems and to a satisfactory state of implementation of state environmental policy: the subordination of environmental priorities of economic expediency; the predominance of resource and energy-intensive industries in the structure of the economy, mostly negative environmental impact, which is significantly increased due to the non-regulatory legislation when moving to market conditions; physical and moral demolition of fixed assets in all branches of the national economy; ineffective system of public administration in the field of environmental protection and regulation of the use of natural resources, unsatisfactory level of compliance with environmental legislation and environmental rights and duties of citizens; unsatisfactory control over the observance of environmental legislation and the disadvantage of the inevitability of responsibility for its violation; insufficient funding from state and local budgets of environmental measures, financing of such measures for residual principle. It is noted that the key to the effective sustainable development of Ukraine should be the formation of effective state environmental policy and its implementation. It is necessary to reform the normative principles of public administration in the field of natural resources.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНИМ МЕХАНІЗМОМ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ЕКОЛОГОБЕЗПЕЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

The article presents the theoretical aspects of formation of the economic mechanism of management of production of ecologically safe products. On the basis of the systematic approach identifies key elements in its structure. The authors defined the main principles of formation of the mechanism of production of ecologically safe products. In conditional in modern conditions of uncertainty importance must be a cause, not a consequence. This applies not only to people but also to businesses. Restoring the lost ecological balance and restoration of depleted natural resources require revision of existing approaches to the management of production. The article aims was to study the theoretical aspects of formation of organizational and economic mechanism of production of ecologically safe products and identify key elements in its structure. The mechanism of management is based on the following weekend fundamental elements: principles, objectives, functions and management methods were defined. The system of management includes objectives, functional and system software were established in the article. The building of effective organizational and economic mechanism of management of production of ecologically safe products provides a symbiosis of environmental factors and internal capabilities of subjects of management, which promotes the development of production in the long run were performed. This proposed mechanism would be allow: to solve the food problem in terms of the production of safe and quality products; to restore the lost balance of agro-ecosystems; to strengthen the export potential and reduce the import of high-quality organic products; facilitate the formation of the market of organic products and promote these products among the population; redirect state environmental policy toward the interests of the population, improvement of living conditions, rational use and reproduction of natural resources. The authors specified that the further research would be directed towards the formation mechanism of ecologically efficient use of land for the rational use of agricultural land, conservation and improvement of soil fertility.

Diversification as a tool for sustainable development of rural areas in the con-text of decentralization

The article substantiates diversification as a tool to ensure sustainable development of rural areas in decentralization, which contributes to increasing incomes of the rural population, increasing gross agricultural and non-agricultural products, ensuring the competitiveness of rural areas, achieving economic, food and environmental safety, rational use, protection and reproduction of natural resources. In the process of researching the level of sustainable development of rural areas, monographic and graphic methods and scientific generalization were used. The study identified internal factors that affect the sustainable development of rural areas. Social factors include living conditions, the situation on the labor market, the state of social infrastructure. Economic factors should include the provision of agricultural land, the state of diversification of agricultural and non-agricultural activities, the amount of investment in economic development, the level and structure of household income in rural areas. Environmental factors include the level of air pollution, the situation with waste, the use of freshwater, the application of fertilizers to soils, the production and restoration of forests, the level of investment in environmental protection. External factors influencing the sustainable development of rural areas include the political situation in the country and the world; decentralization process; state programs to support rural development and agriculture; the level of supply and demand for goods and services produced in a particular area, etc. It is substantiated that diversification is a tool to ensure sustainable development and strengthen the competitive advantages of rural areas. It is stipulated that attracting investments in rural development and diversification of economic activity will contribute to job creation; income growth of rural residents; the revival of local crafts, customs and crafts, improvement of villages and change of consciousness of villagers. Further research should be carried out in the direction of calculating the integrated index of sustainable development of rural areas in Ukraine to identify regional disparities in the social, economic and environmental spheres of the functioning of these areas in the context of decentralization.