Detail Reproduction Research Articles

“EVALUATION OF SURFACE DETAIL REPRODUCTION OF BD IMPRESS AND NEXUS MEDODENT THERMOPLASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS” - AN IN VITRO COMPARATIVE STUDY

Impression making is the primary step in the process of fabrication of prosthetic restoration. Dimensional stability, Surface detail reproduction, and compatibility with gypsum products is an essential prerequisite for a successful restoration. Clinically, the accuracy of impressions depends on two major aspects: 1) Ability to ow and adapt intimately to the relevant surfaces while making the impression, and 2) the wetting of the polymerized impression material by the gypsum. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the surface detail reproduction of BD Impress and Nexus Medodent impression material. The results showed signicant difference in surface detail between the two thermoplastic impression materials with p-value <0.05. It was observed that comparison of mean scores obtained by BD Impress and Nexus Medodent impression material are 2.7556 and 2.2222 respectively. The materials with minimum mean score value is considered as the material with good surface detail reproduction. Thus one can conclude that Nexus Medodent thermoplastic material has the good surface detail reproduction compared to BD Impress thermoplastic material.

Time and Charge-sign Dependence of the Heliospheric Modulation of Cosmic Rays

Abstract Simultaneous and continuous observations of galactic cosmic-ray electrons (e −) and positrons (e +) from the PAMELA and AMS02 space experiments are most suitable for numerical modeling studies of the heliospheric modulation of these particles below 50 GeV. A well-established comprehensive three-dimensional modulation model is applied to compute full spectra for e − and e + with the purpose of reproducing the observed ratio e +/e − for a period that covers the previous long and unusual deep solar minimum activity and the recent maximum activity phase, including the polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field. For this purpose, the very local interstellar spectra for these particles were established first. Our study is focused on how the main modulation processes, including particle drifts, and other parameters, such as the three major diffusion coefficients, evolved and how the corresponding charge-sign dependent modulation subsequently occurred. The end result of our effort is the detailed reproduction of e +/e − from 2006 to 2015, displaying both qualitative and quantitative agreement with the main observed features. Particularly, we determine how much particle drift is needed to explain the time dependence exhibited by the observed e +/e − during each solar activity phase, especially during the polarity reversal phase, when no well-defined magnetic polarity was found.

Evaluation of material waste, dimensional stability, and detail reproduction of polyvinyl siloxane impression materials mixed with different mixing tips

Statement of problemRedesigned mixing tips, promising less impression material waste, have been marketed. However, whether their use adversely affects the dimensional stability and detail reproduction of the impression material is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the dimensional stability, detail reproduction, and material waste of different polyvinyl siloxane impression materials (regular and light-body) mixed with 2 different mixing tips (MIXPAC T-Mixer mixing tip and MIXPAC helical mixing tip). Material and methodsSix different polyvinyl siloxane impression materials were used in 2 different consistencies: Virtual Monophase and Virtual Light Body (Ivoclar Vivadent AG), Express XT Regular and Express XT Light Body (3M ESPE), and Panasil initial contact Regular and Panasil initial contact Light (Kettenbach). The polyvinyl siloxane impression materials were mixed with 2 different mixing tips: conventional helical and T-Mixer (n=10). The specimens were prepared in a metal matrix as per specification #19 of the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4823:2015. The materials were mixed with both mixing tips as per the manufacturer’s instructions, inserted into a perforated custom tray on the matrix, and allowed to polymerize completely. The dimensional stability was calculated based on the measurement of the reproduction of lines engraved in the metal matrix. Detail reproduction was evaluated through analysis of continuity and reproducibility of those lines, immediately, 7 days, and 14 days after polymerization. Material waste was assessed by the difference between the initial (before mixing) and final weight (after complete polymerization) of both mixing tips. The data on dimensional stability and detail reproduction among the materials were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (α=.05). Comparison between the mixing tips was carried out with the Mann-Whitney test (α=.05), while the comparison among the periods of analysis (immediate, 7 days, and 14 days) was carried out with the Friedman test (α=.05). The data on material waste between the mixing tips were submitted to 1-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference tests (α=.05). ResultsThe T-Mixer mixing tip resulted in reduced material waste. For dimensional stability, Virtual Light mixed with T-Mixer resulted in lower dimensional change (0.53 ±0.58%) compared with the helical mixing tip (1.09 ±0.43%). Among the materials, Panasil Light presented higher values of dimensional change at immediate and 7-day analysis when mixed with T-Mixer tip with a statistical difference compared with Express Light, Virtual Light, and Panasil Regular (P<.05). In general, both mixing tips provided similar results in all periods of analysis (P>.05) for qualitative analysis of detail reproduction. ConclusionsThe T-Mixer tip resulted in less material waste compared with the helical mixing tip. In general, light-body materials showed higher dimensional stability when the T-Mixer tip was used compared with the conventional tip. In general, reduced detail reproduction was observed after periods longer than 7 days after impression making.

Comparative surface detail reproduction for elastomeric impression materials: Study on reproducibility performance.

For dental impression of a prepared tooth, the goal is a void-free negative representation from which an accurate cast of a tooth and its surrounding tissue can be reproduced. This in-vitro study assessed and compared the reproduction accuracies of surface detail obtained with three different dental elastomeric impression materials: vinyl polysiloxane (VPS), vinyl polyether silicone (VPES), and polyether (PE). A stainless-steel model with two abutments was used, with impressions taken 10 times for each material, for 20 abutment impressions per group, using a two-phase, one-step technique (heavy body/light body). The impressions were removed and assessed for numbers of enclosed voids and open voids visible on the surface. The defect frequency was 95% for impressions with the VPS and VPES materials, and 30% for the PE material. No significant differences were seen for number of impressions with defects for VPS versus VPES. Significant differences were seen for VPS and VPES versus the PE material (P <.05). No significant differences were seen for the defect type distributions across these three impression materials. The PE impression material showed better accuracy for reproduction of surface detail of these dental impressions compared to the VPS and VPES impression materials.

Extended-pour and conventional alginates: effect of storage time on dimensional accuracy and maintenance of details.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional stability and maintenance of details of conventional and high stability alginates up to 5-day storage. Methods: Two types of alginates were selected (n=10) for this study, conventional (Hydrogum) and high stability alginates (Hydrogum 5), which were produced with the aid of a cylindrical metal block and a ring-shaped metal mold (Specifications 18, 19, and 25, ANSI/ADA). Ten images were obtained from the molds for the dimensional stability test, which were taken immediately after their production and at each different storage periods (15 min, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 120 h) by a digital camera. The specimens were kept hermetically sealed in plastic bags (23°C) and then used to obtain 140 (n=70) dental stone models, used in the detail reproduction test, in which the angular accuracy of three grooves (20 µm, 50 µm, and 75 µm) was observed at each period. The details reproduction accuracy was classified using a predetermined score classification. Measurements of dimensional changes were made in the Corel DRAW X6 program. The data were submitted to the Student’s t-test (α?#8197;= 0.05). Results: A statistically significant difference concerning the size of the matrix was observed after 24h for both alginates, and a statistically significant negative linear dimensional change (contraction) was verified after 24 h of storage (1.52% for the high stability alginate, and 1.32% for the conventional alginate). The high stability alginate kept the full details for 72 hours, while the conventional alginate, for 24 h. Both alginates reproduced the 75 µm groove at all storage periods. Conclusion: Impressions made with both alginates presented satisfactory clinical results when the alginates were immediately poured.

Стилістична роль демінутивної лексики у романі Д. Гнатко «Душа окаянна»

The article examines the diminutive vocabulary of the modern women’s novel “The Impious Soul” by D. Hnatko. The stylistic role of diminutives is considered, their lexical and semantic groups, morphological affiliation, as well as the most productive ways of creation are determined. It has been found that diminutives add lyricism to the narrative, set the reader up for sincerity, and enhance the emotionality of the narrative. Among the units of linguistics that reveal the mental characteristics of Ukrainians, diminutives are also mentioned, because their use is a reproduction of one of the character traits of Ukrainians – emotionality. The author’s positive attitude to certain characters is reflected in speech by the use of diminutive vocabulary – derived nouns, adjectives, adverbs which express the meaning of diminutiveness and affection. There are 9 lexical-semantic groups of nouns with the meaning of diminutiveness in the work. They are different in meaning, but play one role – show the author’s positive attitude towards the characters and bring the style of the story closer to folk creation. The use of adjectives actualizes the reader’s attention to the peculiarities of the shape and size of the object; colour characteristics of the object, which allow to achieve accuracy, rich in the reproduction of artistic details. In general, adjective-diminutives play the role of epithets, which are used with nouns. The use of such adjectives gives the story emotionality, friendliness, positivity. With their help the author expresses sympathy and condolence to the characters of the story. The research allowed to reveal the use of emotionally coloured adverbs in the novel, which give the depicted situation additional meaning of kindness, affection, joy or dissatisfaction. It seems important to identify the most productive way of creating diminutives. As the examples show, this method is a suffixation. The most used suffix in the text is -onk- / -enk-. As we can see, this suffix mainly joins the basis of feminine nouns, and also functions in stems of qualitative adjectives and circumstantial adverbs. The analysis of the diminutives in the historical novel “The Impious Soul” by D. Hnatko has led to the following conclusions: - the writer often uses diminutives because they help to express her positive attitude, sympathy for the characters of the story and depicted objects; - the use of diminutives contributes to the emotionality of the work, as the main storyline is the image of a difficult female fate.

Dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of hydrophilic polyvinylsiloxane impression material tested under dry and moist salivary conditions: An In vitro study

Background: The dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of impression materials play a major role in determining the extent to which indirectly produced prostheses and restorations have an acceptable fit. The purpose of the present study was to compare the dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of hydrophilic polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) impression material tested under dry and moist salivary conditions. Methods: The study samples were assigned two groups based on the condition in which they were made. One group consisted of casts obtained from impressions made in dry condition (n = 12), while the other group consisted of casts obtained from impressions made in moist salivary conditions (n = 12). Impressions of the master model were made using hydrophilic PVS impression material by two-step putty-wash technique and working casts were obtained. Dimensional accuracy was measured by comparing the inter-abutment distance in each cast to the master model using a profile projector with an accuracy of 0.001 mm, while surface detail reproduction was evaluated using the American Dental Association specification No. 19 criteria of continuous replication of at least two of the three horizontal lines. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were calculated for both the groups. Differences from the master model were analyzed by paired t–test, while one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for intergroup comparisons. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed a highly significant difference in the dimensional accuracy of impressions made under moist conditions as against those which were made under dry condition (P

A Comparative Evaluation of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Detail Reproduction for Polyvinyl Siloxane and Vinyl Siloxane Ether under Dry and Moist Conditions- An In-vitro Study

Introduction: The conventional impression procedure plays a major role in prosthodontics inspite of advancement in intra- oral scanning devices and 3D imaging procedures. Dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction are important for recording an impression. Aim: The study evaluated and compared the dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of Polyvinyl Siloxane (PVS) and vinyl siloxane ether impression materials when used under dry and moist conditions. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, for a period of two years from October 2018 to September 2020. A total of 60 impressions were made with PVS (Group A) and vinyl siloxane ether (Group B) under dry (A1, B1) and moist (A2, B2) conditions of stainless steel dies which had lines engraved on superior surface of the die. Using a Harloc’s Tool maker’s microscope, dimensional accuracy was measured by comparing the width of line Y in each impression. Surface detail reproduction was evaluated by American Dental Association (ADA) specification no. 19 where it stated continuous replication of at least any two lines out of the three lines inscribed on the die. Data analysis processing was performed in the SYSTAT version 12 (made by Crane’s software, Bangalore). Student’s unpaired t-test and Chi-square test were performed to determine statistical difference between PVS and vinyl siloxane ether where the level of significance was set at 5% and 1%. Results: The mean dimensional change and SD values for PVS under dry condition ranged from 21.93±2.46 to 22.40±2.89 (in mm). The mean dimensional change and SD values for PVS under moist condition ranged from 22.87±3.20 to 23.33±3.42. The mean dimensional change and SD values for vinyl siloxane ether under dry condition ranged from 21.93±3.61 to 24.73±5.20. The mean dimensional change and SD values for vinyl siloxane ether under moist condition ranged from 21.93±4.48 to 22.87±4.15. No statistical difference was found under dry and moist conditions within 2 hours and after 24 hours for both the materials. Conclusion: The study revealed no significant difference between dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction for PVS and vinyl siloxane ether. Both the materials can reproduce the details under dry and moist conditions satisfactorily and remained dimensionally stable till 24 hours after impression making.

The Effects of Chemical Disinfection on Dimensional Stability among Different Type of Impression Addition Silicon Materials

Introduction: Saliva and blood contaminated impressions are often a source of cross contamination between the clinic and dental laboratory. Explicit communication and observance of an infection control protocol for handling of dental impressions must exist among the office staff as well as between office and dental laboratories. Though disinfection of impression is routinely followed, autoclaving elastomeric impression is an effective method of sterilization them. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a new addition silicon impression material after disinfection. Methods: In this study, a total of twenty impressions for the master model using heat resistant plastic stock trays. The twenty impressions were divided into two groups according to disinfection technique: (Table 2) Group 1: (n=10) Control group, untreated impressions. (C.G) Group 2: (n=10) Impressions were chemically disinfected. (D.G). after all impressions treatment, they were poured with extra hard stone (type IV) to get stone casts. Dimensional accuracy and detail reproduction of the impression material were evaluated indirectly through the recovered improved stone casts from impressions of the master model using the travelling microscope. Results: Cross arch distance (A): Epoxy resin master model cross arch distance measurement (A) was (41.36 mm). 1.1 Measurements of the cross-arch distance of stone casts Control group (C.G): The mean and standard deviation values of distance (A) in stone models obtained from C.G. were 41.553 ± 0.170 mm. Disinfection group (D.G): The mean and standard deviation values of distance (A) in stone models obtained from D.G were 41.368 ± 0.083 mm. ANOVA test showed that there was a statistically difference shrinkage between the groups (P-value = 0.006). 1.2 Measurement of the dimensional changes in the cross-arch distance of the different groups. The mean and standard deviation values of cross arch distance changes in stone models of C.G. were 0.191 ± 0.170 mm. while dimensional changes in stone models obtained from D.G. were 0.006 ± 0.082 mm. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a new addition silicon impression material after disinfection. In this study an epoxy resin master model was duplicated from a modified dentate mandibular model. Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that Chemical disinfectant of polyvinyl siloxane impression material can be successfully used in making fixed partial dentures.

3D Printed Biomimetic Rabbit Airway Simulation Model for Nasotracheal Intubation Training.

Rabbit inhalation anesthesia by endotracheal intubation involves a higher risk among small animals owing to several anatomical and physiological features, which is pathognomonic to this species of lagomorphs. Rabbit-specific airway devices have been designed to prevent misguided intubation attempts. However, it is believed that expert anesthetic training could be a boon in limiting the aftermaths of this procedure. Our research is aimed to develop a novel biomimetic 3D printed rabbit airway model with representative biomechanical material behavior and radiodensity. Imaging data were collected for two sacrificed rabbit heads using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and micro-magnetic resonance imaging for the first head and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the second head. Imaging-based life-size musculoskeletal airway models were printed using polyjet technology with a combination of hard and soft materials in replicates of three. The models were evaluated quantitatively for dimensional accuracy and radiodensity and qualitatively using digital microscopy and endoscopy for technical, tactic, and visual realism. The results displayed that simulation models printed with polyjet technology have an overall surface representation of 93% for μCT-based images and 97% for CBCT-based images within a range of 0.0–2.5 mm, with μCT showing a more detailed reproduction of the nasotracheal anatomy. Dimensional discrepancies can be caused due to inadequate support material removal and due to the limited reconstruction of microstructures from the imaging on the 3D printed model. The model showed a significant difference in radiodensities in hard and soft tissue regions. Endoscopic evaluation provided good visual and tactile feedback, comparable to the real animal. Overall, the model, being a practical low-cost simulator, comprehensively accelerates the learning curve of veterinary nasotracheal intubation and paves the way for 3D simulation-based image-guided interventional procedures.

Comparative Study of Dimensional Stability and Detail Reproduction of Reformulated and Nonreformulated Elastomeric Impression Materials.

To evaluate the dimensional stability and the detail reproduction of five current elastomeric impression materials in vitro. The materials examined were: 3 different polyether impression materials, a vinyl polysiloxane impression material, and a vinyl polyether silicone impression material. All impression materials were of a medium viscosity. One stainless steel die was fabricated according to the ANSI/ADA specification no.19 criteria. Twenty impressions of this die were made for each material. Dimensional accuracy and surface detail were evaluated 24 hours after making the impressions using a measuring microscope. The data were analyzed using Welch's analysis of variance, Games-Howell Post-Hoc, and the Pearson's chi-square tests (α = 0.05). Statistical differences were observed in the mean percent dimensional stability (F [4,47] = 39, p < 0.001) of the tested impression materials. The highest dimensional change was recorded for the vinyl polysiloxane impression material, with a mean percent value of -0.09 ± 0.02% (p < 0.001). The lowest dimensional change was recorded for the Monophase polyether material with a mean percent value of -0.03 ± 0.01% (p < 0.038). The best surface detail reproduction results were obtained using the Monophase polyether material (90% acceptable impressions), with no significant differences (χ² [4] = 3.86, p = 0.483) observed between the Monophase and the rest impression materials. All materials exhibited acceptable dimensional stability, well below the ANSI/ADA specification no.19 standard of ≤0.5% dimensional change. All impression materials demonstrated acceptable surface detail reproduction with no significant differences between them.

Evaluating the Quality of TLS Point Cloud Colorization

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) enables the efficient production of high-density colored 3D point clouds of real-world environments. An increasing number of applications from visual and automated interpretation to photorealistic 3D visualizations and experiences rely on accurate and reliable color information. However, insufficient attention has been put into evaluating the colorization quality of the 3D point clouds produced applying TLS. We have developed a method for the evaluation of the point cloud colorization quality of TLS systems with integrated imaging sensors. Our method assesses the capability of several tested systems to reproduce colors and details of a scene by measuring objective image quality metrics from 2D images that were rendered from 3D scanned test charts. The results suggest that the detected problems related to color reproduction (i.e., measured differences in color, white balance, and exposure) could be mitigated in data processing while the issues related to detail reproduction (i.e., measured sharpness and noise) are less in the control of a scanner user. Despite being commendable 3D measuring instruments, improving the colorization tools and workflows, and automated image processing pipelines would potentially increase not only the quality and production efficiency but also the applicability of colored 3D point clouds.

Design Guidelines for an Interactive 3D Model as a Supporting Tool for Exploring a Cultural Site by Visually Impaired and Sighted People

Being able to explore and familiarise themselves with the structure and details of a cultural site before actually visiting it is fundamental for orienting visually impaired people during the visit; otherwise, it is particularly difficult to gain a global understanding of the structure and an overall impression of a square, a church, or a large monument. Our project addressed this problem by using low cost 3D models combined with audio descriptions to enable visually impaired users to explore the cultural site autonomously. Audio descriptions are organised into three groups (for historical, practical, and architectural information), and for each group, several tracks are recorded giving increasing levels of details. Users can easily navigate through the audio tracks to follow their tactile exploration by listening to the information they are most interested in. Relevant details are reproduced separately and linked to the main model via the audio tracks. A goal of our model is to enhance the understanding of the cultural site also for partially sighted as well as sighted people, making them able to appreciate the details of the architectural design using both visual and auditory senses. We exploited low-cost and partially open-source technologies, thus rendering our system easily replicable. We evaluated the interactive system with blind, partially sighted, and sighted users. Our user test confirmed the validity of our approach: (1) the 3D models and the tactile reproduction of details obtained via a low-cost 3D printing solution are well perceived by touch; (2) the semantic auditory information activated via perceptible buttons on demand and the different content levels for the audio tracks are suitable for an interactive, autonomous, and satisfying exploration; and (3) relevant details are well perceived. Finally, we propose guidelines to use in the 3D reproduction of buildings or large sites based on our experience.

Evaluation of the Surface Characteristics of Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impression Material Incorporated with Silver Nanoparticles at Different Concentrations- An Invitro Study

Background: Incorporation of Silver nano-particles in irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials to improve the antimicrobial property, could influence the surface characteristics of the impression material. Aim:To evaluate the surface roughness and surface detail reproduction of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material incorporated with silver nano-particles at different concentrations. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 samples were selected and were grouped randomly into four groups of 20 samples each. The Group I (C.G), Group II (T.G 1) Group III (T.G 2) &amp; Group IV (T.G 3) samples were casts poured from irreversible hydrocolloid impression material without AgNp, with 1% of AgNp, 1.5% of AgNp&amp; with 2% concentration of AgNp respectively. The samples were employed for evaluating the surface detail reproduction and Surface Roughness.Chi square test and Kruskal wallis testwere used to analyze the surface texture statistically both within and between the test groups. Results: The surface detail reproduction was satisfactory with all the four groups. Statistically significant changes was observed in Groups IV test sample and a statistically insignificant surface change was observed in Groups I ,II and III test samples. There was a negligible change in surface roughness in Groups I, II, and III test samples with a slight increase in surface roughness in Group IV samples. Conclusion: All the test groups produced satisfactory surface detail reproduction on irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. 2% AgNp group alone have resulted in statistically significant changes in surface detail reproduction. All the test samples except 2% AgNp group showed increase in surface roughness values. (AgNp- silver nanoparticles, T.G-Test group, C.G –Control group)

How much did pottery workers know about classical art and civilisation?

Abstract The voices of pottery workers across the British Isles during the heyday of the taste for classically themed ceramics are almost silent to us, since so few left memoirs or diaries. But other sources cumulatively build up a picture of skilled male, female, and child workers familiar with multifarious ancient artefacts and books visually reproducing them. At Etruria and Herculaneum, workers were encouraged to see themselves as participants in the rebirth of the ancient ceramic arts; they were trained in painstaking reproduction of details not only from ancient vases but from ancient gems, intaglios, ivories, coins, bas-reliefs, frescoes, friezes, statues, and sarcophagi. They were familiar with the stories of a substantial number of ancient mythical and historical figures, and the different aesthetic conventions of classical Athenian, Hellenistic, and Roman art. Some were even able to study antiquity at institutions of adult education, and had access to well-stocked workers’ libraries.

Characteristics of a new dental stone mixed by shaking.

This study evaluated the physical and mechanical properties of a dental stone mixed by shaking. A shake-mix dental stone (Shake! Mix STONE; SM) was characterized in comparison with three conventional dental stones. The fluidity at pouring time, setting time, density, powder particle distributions, linear setting expansion, compressive strength and surface reproduction of detail for dental stones were investigated. The marginal adaptations of cast crowns to dies made with each stone were also determined. SM had higher fluidity and faster setting time than the other stones (p<0.05). The setting expansion of SM at 2 h was lower than those of other two stones (p<0.05). The 15-min compressive strength of SM was higher than the others (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the marginal adaptations of the cast crowns fabricated using all the stones (p>0.05). In spite of the different mixing method, the shake-mix type dental stone had comparable physical and mechanical properties to the conventional dental stones.

Enthesis of the Calcaneal Tendon ‐ A morphological Analysis

IntroductionThe enthesis of the Achilles tendon (ASE) is an example of a fibrocartilaginous osteotendinous insertion. It shows a complex ultrastructure and is surrounded by various attachment tissues. For various pathologies, caused by degeneration, rheumatoid diseases and excessive strain, the ASE is the site of manifestation. Therefore, the visualization of its ultrastructure is of great clinical interest in order to diagnose diseases early or monitor their course of therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard for soft tissue imaging and is used in this study in the form of a three‐dimensional MRI‐sequence, capable of generating variable echo times (3D‐vTE‐sequence). To verify the correctness of the results obtained, it is necessary to prepare a corresponding histological compound. Thus, this study serves to design a manufacturing protocol for a holistic histological preparation of the ASE. Additionally, the potential of the 3D‐vTE‐sequence for imaging ultrastructural details of the ASE is to be investigated based on this histological preparation. A special feature of this study is that a holistic, morphological comparison of the ASE is to be achieved by the used techniques, which, to our current knowledge, has not yet been carried out in this form.MethodsIn total five ASE were extracted from post‐mortem donations. Initially, proof of concept was performed with two ASE by using Giemsa stained cutting‐thin section‐technique by Plenk. Subsequently, three further ASE were subjected to MRI using a T2*‐weighted 3D‐vTE‐sequence in a 7 Tesla magnetic resonance tomograph. Measurements with a total of 12 different echo times were performed. Additionalliy, after the cutting‐thin section‐preparation, individually microradiographies (MRG) were manufactured.ResultsThe proof of concept showed satisfactory results regarding the histological imaging of the ASE and its ultrastructure. The holistic, high‐resolution images of the MRI‐examination showed ultrastructural details of the ASE, which correlated morphologically with the depiction of the ASE in the cutting‐thin section‐preparations. At the same time, some ultrastructural details are not reflected in MRI. The same applies in some cutting‐thin section‐preparations of the ASE: Due to artifact formation and other reasons, not all components of the ultrastructure can be determined. The MRG provided reliable information about the architecture of the bone tissue and were additionally used for the comparison between MRI and histological compounds. Seite | 7ConclusionThe used cutting‐thin section‐technique by Plenk and the 3D vTE MRI‐sequence showed great potential for the holistic representation of ASE and its ultrastructure. Nevertheless, certain deficits can be identified in both forms of presentation. Regarding to the detailed reproduction of the ultrastructure, the cutting‐thin section‐technique by Plenk is superior to the used MRI‐sequence. The manufactured MRG warranted a detailed depiction of the hard tissue architecture and have been useful for the performed holistic comparison. For further trials of this kind, it is necessary to take alternative depiction techniques into account to check their potential and compare it with the techniques used in this study.

Samuel Sigfrid Bing’s Activity and Ar­Nuvo Aesthetics in Scientific Discourse

The aim of this paper is to reveal the influence of Samuel Siegfried Bing’s activity on the formation of Art-Aesthetic principles of Art-Nouveau and the further development of styleResearch methodology. The study is based on the analytical method (for scientific literature processing); the method of biographical reconstruction (for a detailed reproduction of fragments of S. Bing’s biography); the typological method (aimed at identifying and defining the main idea in the Art Nouveau style system); the method of formal-stylistic analysis (contributed to the understanding of artistic and aesthetic features of Art Nouveau style).Results. It is revealed that the cultural activity of S. Bing in the second half of the 70–90s of the XIX century contributed to the discovery and interpretation of Japanese art and crafts by European and American artists at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The discovery of the Maison de l’Art Nouveau and its organizational activities at the Paris World Exhibition in 1900, contributing to the effective blend of European, Far Eastern and American creative styles, techniques and techniques, were instrumental in shaping the aesthetic tastes of the coming generations.Novelty. On the basis of the analysis of scientific works of foreign researchers, the influence of Siegfried Bing’s activity on the formation and development of art-nouveau style was revealed. Z. Bing’s work as a major ideologist and creator of style in the context of the study of the influence of Japanese art on the formation and formation of art-nouveau is analyzed. Z. Bing’s collaboration with leading American and European artists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is explored. — L. Tiffany, M. Longworth Nichols, R. Lalic, G. Van de Velde, artists of the Nabi group and others. The peculiarities of the mutual influence of the works of French and American artists during the birth and formation of the Art Nouveau are analyzed and the contribution to Z. Bing’s artistic process is determined.The practical significance. Information given in this article can become useful the the Ukrainian experts and people on the ground of art, in the context of involving it to educational and scientific appeal.

Effect of Core Materials on the Dimensional Accuracy of Casts Made of Two Different Silicone Impression Materials: An Experimental Study.

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Dimensional accuracy of impressions is crucial to the quality of fixed restorations. This accuracy can be highly affected by the type of core and impression materials. This study aimed to assess the effect of different core materials on dimensional accuracy of two silicone impression materials.Materials and Methods:In this in vitro study, three master core models were fabricated of amalgam, composite resin, and nickel–chromium. Of each model, 30 impressions were taken; 15 with additional and 15 with condensational silicone impression material. The accuracy of impressions of the three core materials was assessed by measuring two linear dimensions and one vertical dimension on the stone casts.Statistical Analysis:Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test (α = 0.05).Results:Accuracy of the three measured dimensions was significantly affected by both the impression and core materials (P < 0.05). Additional silicone was significantly more accurate in linear dimensions, and impressions of the amalgam core were significantly more accurate than other cores in linear dimensions.Conclusion:Additional silicone impression material had more detail reproduction, and the impressions of amalgam core were more accurate than the composite and nickel–chromium core materials.

Comparison of 3D printing MJP and FDM technology in dentistry

Purpose: Many printers are tempting at low prices, but later their accuracy turns out to be insufficient. The study has included checking the accuracy of printing and reproducing details of 3D printers used in dental technology and dentistry such as MultiJet Printing (ProJet MP3000, 3D Systems) and Fused Deposition Modelling (Inspire S2000, Tiertime). Design/methodology/approach: The 3D prints were created from scans of the maxillary gypsum model with the loss of left premolar. In the test, objects were set to the X and Y-axis. In order to check the dimensional differences after printing, scans of the printed models were superimposed on scans of the plaster model in the GOM Inspect V8 SR1 (Braunschweig, Germany). The focus was on the distance of scans from each other and a deviation map was created for each object. Findings: The average absolute value of deviations for each of models were equalled: FDMfor X-axis 0.06 ± 0.04 mm, for Y-axis 0.07 ± 0.04 mm; MJP- for X-axis- 0.04 ± 0.02 mm, for Y-axis- 0.06 ± 0.02 mm. A chart of arithmetic averages calculated for each tooth for the best printouts in each series show that higher deviation values exist in case of FDM printout. The models printed in the X-axis have smaller values of deviations from those printed in the Y-axis. Practical implications: MultiJet Printing technology can be used to create more precise models than the FDM, but these printouts meet the requirements of dimensional accuracy too. Originality/value: CAD / CAM technology in the future will exist in every dental technology laboratory so it is important to be aware of the way the 3D printers works. By paying attention to the quality of detail reproduction, a Dental Technician is able to choose the best 3D printer for them.