Reproduction Curve Research Articles

Enhancing Applicability of Reversible UV Thermochromic Offset Inks: Edge Quality Parameters and Thermochromic Printing System Modulation Transfer Function.

Modern logo design is characterized by its ability to convey information through the use of various images and text compositions. These designs often use simple elements such as lines to capture the essence of a product. When using thermochromic inks in logo design, it is important to consider their composition and behavior, as they differ significantly from conventional printing inks. This study aimed to determine the resolution capabilities of the dry offset printing technique when using thermochromic ink, with the ultimate goal of optimizing the thermochromic ink printing process. Horizontal and vertical lines were printed using both thermochromic and conventional inks to compare the edge reproduction characteristics of the two ink types. Moreover, the impact of the type of applied ink on the share of mechanical dot gain of the print was investigated. Additionally, modulation transfer function (MTF) reproduction curves were generated for each print. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted to investigate the surface of the substrate and prints. It was found that the quality of the printed edge produced by thermochromic inks can rival that of conventional inks. Thermochromic edges showed lower raggedness and blurriness values for horizontal lines, whereas line orientation proved to be insignificant in the case of vertical lines. MTF reproduction curves confirmed higher spatial resolution for vertical lines in the case of conventional inks, whereas they were identical for horizontal lines. The share of mechanical dot gain is not highly influenced by the ink type. SEM micrographs confirmed that the conventional ink smooths out the micro-roughness of the substrate. However, on the surface, the microcapsules of thermochromic ink (measuring 0.5-2 µm) are observable.

A method of tone reproduction curves computation by means of gradation trajectories in the form of Bézier curves

Tone reproduction curves (TRCs) have long been the basis for color adjustment in printing systems. Moreover, new algorithms for their processing and calculation, including tone value increase (TVI)‐based ones, are being constantly proposed. However, due to the fact that TRCs are just one‐dimensional curves covering only one colorant, they are not able to produce an exact match of all colors. Color adjustment with the help of the TRC is unstable, that is, a slight change in one color channel has a dramatic effect on the color reproduction in output. The use of gradation trajectories (GT) as an analytical model within the CIE Lab color space describing the behavior of the entire color gamut of the reproduction device makes it possible to more accurately adjust the individual color channel. Describing GT using the parametric Bézier curves further simplifies this process. In this work, we use GT to fit the TRC/TVI with the parameters recommended by ISO 12647‐2:2013.

Determining the ideal initial printing colorants in electrophotography by the discrete gradation trajectories

The accuracy and repeatability of the color reproduction in print is determined by the fine‐tuning of the tone reproduction curves of the basic printing colorants (most often this is CMYK). However, the diversity of manufacturers of printing equipment and dyes introduces an element of significant uncertainty about color uniformity. In addition, the traditional approach does not take into account the effect of hue change when applying the original dyes, as well as the nonlinearity of the hue rise in high‐ and low‐density areas. Determining the color of base colorants that produces the most uniform tone change is an important engineering challenge. Previously, there was no scientific basis for such calculations. We recently proposed an alternative color correction model based on gradation trajectories as an analogue of gradation curves in the CIE Lab space. We have also described the extension of the approach to double color overlay (gradation surfaces) and its analytical and discrete implications. The trajectories are the geodetic lines on gradation surfaces. In this paper, we propose using the gradation trajectories to determine “ideal” or “true” initial printing dyes for electrophotography. To simplify calculations, natural color discretization in digital printing is used.

Long-term population dynamics of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Oryza sativa in a paddy field, and changes in the pathological and ecological traits of the two populations

Summary An Oryza sativa cultivar inoculated with the white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, was cultivated over 18 years to investigate the population dynamics of the nematode and the change in the virulence of nematodes and tolerance/resistance of plants. The mean number of living nematodes per seed (S) showed two peaks, each of which was followed by a 3-year decrease in the S value, during the initial 10 years. The annual reproduction curve between in year and in year t had a peak in a range of of <1.1. The incidence of white tip disease increased with increasing mean number of living nematodes seed−1 in the previous year, whereas the proportion of seeds with living nematodes increased with increasing mean number of living nematodes seed−1 in the current year. Inoculation tests of the nematode cohorts on the seedling cohorts derived from seeds harvested in the same or different years indicated that the initial 6-year interaction between the rice and nematode populations caused the nematodes to increase the incidence of white tip disease and to decrease the degree of seed swelling and the proportion of heavy seeds. On the other hand, the interaction caused the rice plants to prevent the incidence of disease from increasing and the degree of seed swelling and the proportion of heavy seeds from decreasing.

Image quality evaluation for OLED-based smart-phone displays at various lighting conditions

The image quality of three organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based smart-phone displays was assessed at three levels of ambient lighting conditions corresponding to the darkroom, indoor and outdoor environment, respectively. Seven perceptual attributes, i.e., naturalness, colorfulness, brightness, contrast, sharpness, preference, and overall image quality (IQ), were evaluated in both standard dynamic range (SDR) and high dynamic range (HDR) mode via psychophysical experiments by rank order method, while readability was assessed only in SDR mode and gradation was investigated only in HDR mode. The experimental results demonstrate that, besides the color gamut, the tone reproduction curve is also an important factor affecting the colorfulness of mobile display in the two modes. Higher peak luminance would not mean better performance on brightness and contrast for HDR images, which is opposite to SDR mode. Further analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the ranking results of all perceptual attributes are not significantly affected by the ambient lighting levels in both SDR and HDR modes.

Gray Balance Adjusting in Electrophotography by Means of Discrete Geodesics of Gradation Surfaces

Gray balance is one of the key issues of color balance and color appearance adjustment during printing. It takes into account the overlap of two or more colorants to achieve a visually neutral tone. It works in parallel with the adjustment of the main color channels. In electrophotography, the setting of color channels separately is usually carried out using tone reproduction curves. However, this traditional approach does not take into account the effect of changes in shades caused by their overlapping, We previously suggested using gradation trajectories (an analogue of tone reproduction curves in CIE Lab space) as an alternative paradigm for color channel adjustment. Further, we expanded the idea to the gradation surfaces as an expression of binary overlays. We proposed both analytic and discrete approaches to the computation of gradation trajectories and surfaces. The computations use the mathematical apparatus of differential geometry of spatial curves and surfaces. Discretization uses color quantization in digital printing devices and means that color coordinates are considered as continuous functions of filling a discrete raster cell with dyes. The color space metric is determined by the value of the CIE dE color difference. As gradation trajectories, we apply the discrete type of geodesic lines on the gradation surfaces of the corresponding binaries. In this work, we suggest using gradation surfaces in discrete form as a mathematical model of double dye overlays to adjust the gray balance in electrophotography.

Tone Reproduction Curve: rendering intents and their realization in halftone printing

Approaches to determining the Tone Reproduction Curve (TRC) which provides the reliable transfer of visual information in typical conditions of the halftone gray scale compression in relation to dynamic range of a graphic original or input image file are overviewed. The issues of such curve realization are also analyzed with taking into account the specifics of multiple stages of illustrative printing technology.

Sighting patterns reveal unobserved pupping events to revise reproductive rate estimates for Hawaiian monk seals in the main Hawaiian Islands

AbstractWe used sighting reports, including decades of citizen‐reported Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) sightings, to describe female breeding biology and reproductive success in the main Hawaiian Islands. We first used this data set to describe the timing of events in the female reproductive cycle. We then conducted an expert review of patterns in sighting histories to detect unobserved pupping events. Finally, we estimated the age‐specific reproductive curve for female monk seals in the main Hawaiian Islands. Charting reproductive cycles showed indications of the robust condition of female monk seals in the main Hawaiian Islands; they nursed pups 12% longer than their counterparts in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and regained condition to molt more quickly after weaning a pup. By examining sighting histories, we were able to infer 25 unobserved pupping events that had previously gone uncounted. We accounted for additional uncertainty with a randomization procedure. After accounting for unobserved pupping events, the age‐specific reproductive rate of main Hawaiian Islands monk seals exceeded 0.70 for prime aged females (8–18 years). This is the highest reproductive rate reported for any of the Hawaiian monk seal breeding sites, illustrating the important role of the main Hawaiian Islands population in Hawaiian monk seal recovery.

Basic Mathematics of Color Space Invariants

Color management in printing processes has been traditionally based on an analysis of the behavior of tone reproduction curves (TRC) calculated for the initial color channels. The tone curves, as well as, the color channels, are considered separately. This approach does not take into account the mutual influence of colorants when they overlap. We propose replacing two-dimensional tone reproduction curves with three-dimensional gradation trajectories in the CIE Lab metric space. When two colors overlap, one considers the space between two gradation trajectories that forms a gradation surface. These objects are described using the apparatus of differential geometry of spatial curves and surfaces, respectively, and are also invariants of color spaces. In this paper, we offer their analytical description.

LIMITS AND OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF THE SPAWNERS ESCAPEMENT TO THE SPAWNING GROUNDS AS TOOLS FOR PROSPECTIVE AND SHORT-TERM MANAGEMENT OF THE PACIFIC SALMON STOCKS IN THE RIVERS OF THE FAR-EASTERN FISHERIES BASIN

The major aspects of density regulation of the pacific salmons spawning are analyzed. Uncertainty of the ecological parameters considered traditionally as indicators of the salmons reproduction efficiency is discussed. If the method of the efficient spawning density is applied to the whole area of spawning grounds, without examination of conditions for spawning, false conclusions on optimum abundance of the spawners could be made. Clear criteria of the spawning grounds environments suitable for spawning are necessary for correct evaluation of the density factor for regulation the population abundance. Efficient escapement to the spawning grounds could be determined adequately by analysis of the reproduction curve. Critical analysis of tools for short- and long-term management of the salmon fishery is presented. Variants of compromise decisions for the multispecies fishery are discussed. The optimal escapement to the spawning grounds in not an absolute norm, but is a statistical parameter used for reaching the maximum production. Conflict between the strategies of saving the reproduction basis of salmon populations and the landing increase by fishing companies is demonstrated. Criteria and algorithm of short-term corrections of the salmon catches during the fishery campaign are provided. Major local units of the pacific salmon stocks in the Far East of Russia are outlined; biological parameters necessary for management of their exploitation are defined. Numbers of the spawners necessary for local and general support of spawning stocks for 5 commercial species of pacific salmons are evaluated to provide the most effective and sustainable natural reproduction of the stocks in the Russian part of the North Pacific.

Reproduction curve with two equilibrium points : A consideration on the fluctuation of insect population.

Reproduction curve with two equilibrium points : A consideration on the fluctuation of insect population.

Analysis of flowering dynamics heritability in the perennial warm‐season grass Paspalum dilatatum

AbstractUnderstanding the flowering cycles of perennial warm‐season grass species may be very important to the design of management practices and breeding. However, developmental dynamics are not well understood. As most plant traits associated with flowering dynamics do not follow a normal distribution, the use of general linear models to describe and compare these variables might be misleading. The aims of this study were (i) to find a methodology to compare panicle accumulation curves and (ii) to estimate heritabilities for flowering curve attributes. Panicle counts were recorded during a complete flowering cycle on a diverse collection of dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum). We compared the efficiency of different linear mixed models based on whole plot or individual plant data; then, we adjusted nonlinear regression curves for individual plants to estimate several curve attributes and compared this approach to the area under the curve. Finally, we calculated the broad‐sense heritabilities of the estimated curve parameters. The following reproductive curve attributes were obtained: panicle production potential, panicle accumulation rate and days until 3, 5, 10 and 15 panicles. We found that monitoring individual plants is more efficient when studying flowering attributes. Significant differences among genotypes for several flowering cycle attributes were found. Heritabilities were very high for all flowering cycle initiation and duration attributes. We also showed that the number of days until the emergence of a given low number of panicles can be used as a highly heritable measure to characterize flowering cycles.

Intelligent Image Rendition

The traditional image rendition process assumes an ideal output imaging system where each image pixel will be perfectly reproduced regardless of different image formation processes. In reality, each individual imaging system can be approximated as a linear system with its own unique transfer function characteristics, which could exhibit spatial and/or temporal variations. Consequently, it will produce inconsistent tone scale reproduction curves during the print production run. The objective of this paper is to investigate the tone reproduction curve variations caused primarily by the interaction of neighboring imaging pixels. An intelligent image rendition algorithm is presented to compensate for this macroscopic imaging process deficiency. Experimental results will be demonstrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which has been deployed commercially on a digital printing press.

AN IMPROVED HDR IMAGE PROCESSING USING FAST GLOBAL TONE MAPPING

People always try to reconstruct images that look like original scene. But it is not succeeded up to the expected level because the display devices cannot accommodate the actual r ange of illumination. The original scene is having high dynamic range (HDR) and the display devices are having low dynami c range (LDR) of values. Tone mapping can be used t o display HDR image in an LDR device. In this paper we are trying to de velop a better tone mapping method. A number of i mages with different exposure are fused to form an HDR image.. Here we u sed average method for this which is the simplest o ne. Then by using tone mapping the HDR image is converted into LDR. We tri ed Tone Reproduction Curve (TRC) based global tone mapping. TRC method results faster operation The global tone map ping operator algorithm is simple and does not int roduce ghosting. The image will also free from blur and halo like artifa cts. We took log average of the images to keep the pixel values within limit.

Lattice-Based $n$-Point Time-Sequential Sampling and Two-Stage Process Control for Maintaining Tone Consistency of Xerographic Processes

This paper proposes: 1) a lattice based time-sequential sampling approach that requires the printing and measuring of the smallest number of tonal samples to characterize the high-dimensional tone reproduction curve (TRC) at each print cycle, and 2) based on this characterization, the design of a two-stage control strategy to maintain tone consistency of a xerographic printing process. The printer's TRC maps the desired tones to the actual printed tones and it is high dimensional due to the large number of desired tones. To avoid using many sensors, the measurement of the TRC is achieved by sampling it time-sequentially and by reconstructing the TRC from the samples via a Kalman filter. In time-sequential sampling, only a few distinct <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$n$</tex></formula> tones are printed and measured at each print cycle. Using a lattice-theoretic framework, an optimal time-sequential sampling sequence with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$n=1$</tex></formula> is designed. This is then extended to the case of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$n&gt;1$</tex></formula> to enable the tradeoff between sampling time and sampling resources. With the reconstructed time-varying TRC, a two-stage control strategy uses both the physical xerographic and the image processing processes to compensate for the TRC variations from the desired TRC. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed TRC stabilization system is effective for practical implementation. By stabilizing all the cyan, magenta and yellow primaries of the color xerographic print system, color consistency can be maintained. Furthermore, the proposed time-sequential sampling approach with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$n=1$</tex></formula> exceeds the capability of conventional three-fixed-point sampling (light, middle, and dark tones) approach while requiring three times fewer samples.

30.3: Comparison of On‐Screen Display‐based and ICC Profile‐based Calibration for OLED Displays

AbstractThe tone reproduction curves of an OLED display were measured and modeled as a function of three on‐screen display (OSD) settings. The optimal OSD settings, derived from the model, outperformed two ICC profile‐based color calibration kits by reducing the calibration errors from 2.89% to 0.25% and the quantization errors from 9.28% to 0%.

Relating the Progeny Production Curve to the Speed of an Epidemic

The dependence of the initial infection rate, r, on the basic reproductive number, R(0), and the temporal moments of the progeny production curve are examined. A solution to the linearized Kermack-McKendrick equation is presented and used to analyze a variety of theoretical models of pathogen reproduction. The solution yields a relation between r and the basic reproductive number, R(0); the mean time between pathogen generations, μ; and the standard deviation about this mean, σ. A transformation using the dimensionless variables rμ and rσ is introduced, which maps the solution onto a one-dimensional curve. An approximation for the value of r in terms of R(0) and the first four temporal moments of the reproductive curve is derived. This allows direct comparison of epidemics resulting from theoretical models with those generated using experimentally obtained reproduction curves. For epidemics characterized by a value of rμ < 5, the value of r is well determined (<2%) by this fourth-order expansion regardless of the functional form of the reproduction curve.

Managing Populations with Unimodal Dynamics

In this work, we analyzed the impact of interventions on populations which exhibit unimodal dynamics. The six landmarks that characterize the “shape” of the unimodal reproduction curve f ( x ) of the difference equation, X n+1 = f ( X n ) , are defined and used in order to examine and determine the behavior of dynamics of populations. By using the Li-Yorke criterion for determination of chaos we propose a qualitative intervention rule that can be applied without any explicit population equation. This proposed strategy for intervention brings out many interesting behaviors in population dynamics. A qualitative decision rule can be applied with a straight edge without any population equation and therefore offers a robust strategy for the management of populations.

Time Scales of Inoculum Production and the Dynamics of the Epidemic

Time Scales of Inoculum Production and the Dynamics of the Epidemic

Bottom-up derivation of population models for competition involving multiple resources

This paper provides first-principles derivations of population models for competition involving multiple resources with different competition types, based on resource partitioning between individuals. The following two cases are investigated. The first is the case in which the resource competed for and its competition type change depending on life stages from scramble to contest competition, or from contest to scramble competition. The second is the case in which individuals compete for two resources simultaneously with scramble and contest types, respectively. In both cases, population models are derived analytically, and in particular, the Hassell model is derived in the second case. The nature of reproduction curves and the stability properties of three population models derived are compared with each other. These models provide three representative models for competition involving both scramble and contest types.