Repressive Policies Research Articles

L’isola ribelle: Procida nelle tempeste della Controriforma, by Giovanni Romeo

Giovanni Romeo’s new book is an important and beautifully written contribution, concerning the effects of the Counter Reformation on the island of Procida in the Bay of Naples during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. He clearly accomplishes his goal of analysing the causes and development of resistance by the islanders against the repressive policies of the archbishops of Naples to fight moral and religious disorder. Such policies turned out to be mostly ineffective. This text, divided into four chapters, stands out owing to its broad and substantial archival research. For the entire sixteenth century Procida was entrusted to abbots who were not subordinate to any bishop but the Pope. They did not live on the island, and instead handed over control to local vicars who favoured the traditions and interests of the community. Only in 1600 was the island incardinated into the diocese of Naples. This sixteenth-century autonomy apparently led Romeo, in the early stages of his research, to believe that it facilitated the attachment to traditions at odds with Church teachings. Gradually, he found this idea unsatisfactory in explaining the profound challenges faced by the Church in applying the reforms of the council of Trent. Several causes underpin the failed attempts. One was the presence of clergy, or at any rate a large section of them, who were uninterested in the reforms. Cases of deeply corrupt vicars, such as Don Sebastiano, the first vicar after the Council of Trent, made acceptance of the reforms even harder. His only aim was to enrich himself, with the support of most of the chapter. However, the emphasis in this research on abuses and the harshness of ecclesiastical policies at times risks understating the importance of distinct cases (p. 148). Moreover, the connections with dynamics already present in the late Middle Ages could have been better identified given that similar policies to those promoted by the Council of Trent started before Trent.

Review: Performing Power in Zimbabwe: Politics, Law, and the Courts since 2000, by Susanne Verheul

Review: <i>Performing Power in Zimbabwe: Politics, Law, and the Courts since 2000</i>, by Susanne Verheul

АЛМАТЫДАҒЫ 1986 ЖЫЛҒЫ ЖЕЛТОҚСАН КӨТЕРІЛІСІ

The December uprising was one of the first actions against the totalitarian Soviet system and imperial Communist ideology. The decisive actions of the Kazakh youth had a serious impact on the awakening of the national consciousness of other peoples of the Soviet Union, opened the way for the nationalindependence of the Soviet peoples. The Kazakh people began to realize that only the creation of an independent state would ensure the realization of its national interests. The heroism, selflessness and steadfastness of the participants in the uprising became an example for the population of the entire Republic to follow. None of the participants in the December uprising expressed regret or asked for mercy from the authorities, although they were beaten and repressed by special detachments and state security agencies.The truth about the December uprising has reached the world community. The world community unanimously condemned the violent and repressive policy of the leadership of the CPSU. Itsupported the actions of Kazakh youth for national values. After the December uprising, the processes of national and ethno-political identification of the Kazakh people noticeably intensified. Measures to develop the language, history, humanistic traditions and spiritual values of the autochthonous Kazakh people have noticeably intensified. At the same time, inter-ethnic conflicts in the multi-confessional and multi-ethnic Kazakh society did not intensify. The traditional friendship and interethnic harmony of the people of Kazakhstan has been preserved. During theseyears, approximately 40% of the population of the republic were Kazakhs. Large diasporas of Russians, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Uighurs were sympathetic to the demands of the Kazakh people in the field of the spiritual sphere. The December uprising laid the foundation for the formation of an independent Kazakh state.

Документи архівної кримінальної справи історика В’ячеслава Заїкина як джерело до вивчення його біографії

The study is devoted to the analysis of the documents of the criminal case of historian Vyacheslav Zaikyn, which is stored in the Sectoral State Archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. The aim of the publication is the elucidation of previously unknown pages of V. Zaikyn’s biography as of a victim of the bloody «Sovietization» of Galicia, through the prism of the analysis of his environment, professional activity and the introduction of new information from the investigative case into the scientifi c circulation for a more complete construction of the life history and intellectual biography of the historian. The methodology of the research is based on the strategy of biographical studies, prosopography and comparative studies, which allow combining diff erent factual layers, in particular archival sources, to construct an intellectual biography of the historian. The scientifi c novelty of the work lies in the actualization of previously uninvolved into the scientifi c use sources and the reproduction of unknown stories from V. Zaikyn’s life on their basis, as the biography of this repressed historian-intellectual is still little clarifi ed in historiography. During the research, the scientifi c value of the documents of the criminal case was determined, the submitted information was compared with the facts given in other sources and investigation. The prospect of further research is based on the elucidation of the biographical portrait of V. Zaikyn through the prism of his epistolary and scientifi c achievements. The study of Zaikyn’s connection with the emigrant environment is also relevant for future investigations. Conclusions. The materials of the archival criminal case of V. Zaikyn have signifi cant source value for the reproduction of the biography of the scientist. Analysis of information from case documents made it possible to clarify a number of unknown facts from diff erent periods of his life, during the revolution of 1917–1921, as well as in emigration, to determine the specifi cs of accusations, to highlight important prosopographic information, to supplement the information about the circle of communication and personal contacts of the scientist. Interrogation records recorded important information about V. Zaikyn’s family and circle of friends. In addition, the case materials are important evidence of the repressive policy of the Soviet government towards the Ukrainian scientifi c intelligentsia.

The very concept of language contact in light of contemporary interest in translanguaging

This paper makes a case for viewing the concept of translanguaging as one that puts a heavy strain on a good deal of the time-honoured concepts of language contact, language code, code-switching, discrete languages as self-contained entities, hermetically sealed off from one another, and so forth — that is to say, the entire conceptual paraphernalia with the help of which we are used to working when dealing with the phenomenon of multilingualism. Far from being an exception to a rule, multilingualism is recognised as the norm in today’s world, the much-touted monolingualism having been exposed as the product of repressive policies enacted in the past in the name of geopolitical expediencies. Among these repressive policies is the formation of nation-states, historically brandished as the bulwark of a collective identity and also of differentiation vis-à-vis those with whom one no longer feels any common bond — an exception foisted upon the natural order of things. In other words, monolingualism is a point totally out of the curve, a fact that is historically attested, though overshadowed by its ‘contamination’ with factors that have to do with deep-seated geo-political interests.

Repressive Policy of the Occupiers During Hybrid War Against Religious Communities of Ukraine, 2014-2022

The article analyzes the repressive policy of the occupiers during the undeclared Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war against the religious communities of Ukraine in 2014–2022. It has been established that the “russian world'' is a neo-imperial, geopolitical, ideological doctrine aimed at the theoretical substantiation and practical restoration of the "great historical Russia" within the borders of the Russian Empire at the peak of its power in 1914. By way of the "russian world," an important "soft power" of the Kremlin, Russia first planned to capture the mental space of Ukraine and the brains of its citizens; then, if necessary, they would deploy troops and annex this territory to their state. The Russian Orthodox Church played an important role in Russia's neo-imperial plans, as it was an active embodiment of the “russian world" in the spiritual, political, cultural, and humanitarian spaces of Ukraine. Russia's undeclared war against Ukraine and Ukrainians, which began in 2014 and temporarily occupied a large part of Ukraine, was a real ordeal for the Ukrainian state and its citizens and a terrible tragedy for believers of all faiths. Examples of crimes against humanity committed by Russian terrorist forces on the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine against religious communities are highlighted. The consequences of the criminal and aggressive policy of the Kremlin and the "russian world" introduced by the Russian terrorist forces and its impact on the situation of believers are shown. There are two tendencies that characterize the attitude of the Russian aggressors and their servants towards the believers of different denominations in Ukraine. During the first stage of the hybrid war (February 20, 2014 – February 23, 2022) the occupiers and their proxies on the temporarily occupied territories of Eastern Ukraine (parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions) and Crimea in accordance with the "russian world" doctrine favorized the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches of the Moscow Patriarchate, because they rightly considered it their ally in the conquest of Ukraine. During the second phase of the fullscale aggression of Russian troops (February 24, 2022) and the collapse of the so-called Russian blitzkrieg, the occupiers became inhumane and began destroying religious buildings, killing clergy and believers regardless of religion.

Regional Study of Holocaust

An objective study of Holocaust events by Ukrainian scholars is based on the determination of their consequences and lessons of universal significance. The essence of the Nazi genocide against the Jewish population as one of the most shameful phenomena in the history of civilization is clearly crystallized in modern scientific work. Full knowledge of the real events of the Holocaust and awareness of their tragic consequences should serve as a warning and incentive to prevent the revival of such phenomena in the future. In domestic historiography, the analysis of the occupiers' repressive policies aimed at the extermination of the Jewish population during World War II allows us to form a multi-vector view of the recent history of Ukraine and identify the tragic events of the Holocaust by regional realities. The historical and scientific field created in Ukraine about the research has considerable potential for further research in the future.

Історія в Українському таємному університеті (1921–1925 рр.)

The article considers and analyzes the origin and the activity of Ukrainian Secret University (USU) in Lviv through 1919–1925 and presents its significance for the development of Ukrainian national culture after the defeat of the Ukrainian liberation struggle in 1917–1921. Special attention focused on the reconstruction of historical studies at this university. General features of the USU history represented today in a number of essays and articles wrote by Ukrainian authors. This article offers new facts about the activities of USU teachers from unpublished materials of historians Myron Korduba and Ivan Krypiakevych, in particular about the organization and conduct the historical studies, conditions of teaching and learning. USU was established in Lviv in 1919 after the capture of the city and Eastern Galicia by Polish troops as a result of the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1918–1919 and the Polish administration introduction there. The defeat of the Ukrainian national liberation movement led to a policy of repression and persecution by the Polish authorities. There was a threat of liquidation the Ukrainian national life due to the lack of opportunities for national professionals training. The Ukrainian intelligentsia sought to use the organizational and cultural-scientific potential accumulated in the previous period to preserve and develop national culture and education, contrary to the prohibitions of the Polish administration. In 1919, Ukrainian scientists, united in the Shevchenko Scientific Society and with the support of leading Galician politicians, created “university courses”, which in 1921 were transformed into a Ukrainian university. Under the conditions of bans and persecution by the Polish authorities, the activities of the university took place semi-legally, and the institution itself in journalism and literature was soon called a “secret university”. Despite the persecution and repression USU went down in history as a powerful factor in the consolidation and mobilization of Ukrainian society after the defeats in the struggle for national statehood. During the existence of UTU more than 1,300 students studied there, and 55 professors and associate professors taught them. The Faculty of Philosophy of USU managed to create a “history department”, which in different years studied from 20 to 50 students, and teaching was conducted by famous Ukrainian historians Myron Korduba, Ivan Krypiakevych and some others. The article lists the subjects they taught, as well as the high level of history teaching. In particular, for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the courses “Methodology of History” by M. Korduba, “Ukrainian Historiography” and “History of the Ukrainian State of the XVII-XVIII centuries” by I. Krypyakevych were read and later published here. The Polish authorities created constant obstacles for the work of USU and historians, used attacks, pogroms and arrests of participants, did not allow the creation of scientific societies, in particular the Ukrainian Historical Society in 1924. Despite the generally modest results of the Ukrainian Secret University in Lviv in 1919–1925, it was noted that what was done by the efforts of USU teachers in the scientific and didactic spheres was worthy of respect. The creation of the national higher school foundations in the conditions of the defeat of the national-state building and in spite of the power of the occupying state was a bright manifestation of the high patriotic consciousness and moral qualities of the Ukrainian Galician intelligentsia. The responsible attitude of the representatives of Ukrainian historical science to the fulfillment of their civic and professional duty deserves special mention. They were able to create the professional historical studies, through which many figures of national science and culture have passed. Historians who have made a great contribution to the preservation of the national consciousness and culture of the Ukrainian population of Galicia in the unfavorable conditions of the defeat of the liberation struggle, have managed to preserve and later increase the historical capital of national history. They continued to build a network of national public scientific, cultural, and educational organizations and societies in Poland, which replaced state institutions and thus ensured the further development of the Ukrainian cause.

The Stigmatisation of Family in the Biography of the Soviet Leader (on the Example of Army General A. V. Khrulev)

Creation of Soviet leader official biography assumed using of class patterns. This formed an exclusion zone connected with stigmatization of a family. The soviet leader – “faithful son of the party” – was a man out of nowhere, a production of social industry. However, social experience linked with the family could determine the character’s attitude to major landmarks of the epoch. But some information about the true origin didn’t disappear. It was accumulated to be used as a tool of social control within the framework of repressive policies. The stigmatization of a family as an important part of social rise during the soviet period is studied basing on the biography materials of Army General A. V. Khrulev. The official biography contained mix of real and fictional information, which were constructed following ideological patterns. The true status of Khrulev’s family was reconstructed on the basis of non-published archival materials. The status of Khrulev’s family caused problems for its members who occupied high positions in soviet hierarchy: they were accused of using hired labor (being kulaks) in 1930; of using position by some family members (Mikhail was a deputy chairman of the Murmansk Executive Committee, Andrei – a high ranking military commander). In 1938 Mikhail Khrulev was convicted under article 58 of Criminal Code of RSFSR, and that transformed the status of all relatives: they became “family members of traitor to Homeland”. In this research, the influence of these facts is studied, forming the attitude of Army General A. V. Khrulev to repressive policy of the Soviet state at 1930s – early 1950s, and, namely, to those persons who were responsible for carrying out repressive policy in practice.

Mariquitas, ‘Marvellous Race Created by God’: The Judicial Prosecution of Homosexuality in Francoist Andalusia, 1955–70

This article argues that the mariquita's subjectivity became a prevalent trope when individuals were prosecuted under charges of homosexuality in Franco's Spain. The mariquita was a liminal homosexual male who was expected to be family-oriented, devout, and involved in flamenco culture and Catholic festivals. I focus on judicial records to underscore the mariquita trope as a popular strategy for questioning the implementation of a stringent legal regime while demanding the social conformity of sexual minorities. The interventions of this article in the literature on nonconforming sexualities are twofold: (1) It contributes to the international scholarship by tracing the centrality of Catholicism and southern Spanish folk culture on mariquita subjectivity and social attitudes towards sexual minorities. This complicates the premise that liberalism has historically been the primary ideological frame informing sexual minorities’ resistance to repressive policies. In Spain, under a dictatorial regime, sexual minorities’ adaptative strategies and identities incorporated aspects of traditional rural femininity alongside modern forms of queer self-expression, such as drag shows in urban cabarets. (2) It contributes to the Spanish historiography, by revising the existing metrocentric research on homosexuality under Francoism and emphasizing the discrepancy between medico-legal discourses and recurring expressions of conditional toleration by rural communities.

Ecclesiastical Politics of Leonid Brezhnev: 1965-1982

The religious policy of the Soviet government is particularly urgent in modern Georgian, Russian and Western scientific literature. Special investigations, aimed at the study of the state of religious organizations in the Sor- viet Union and, particularly, of the Orthodox Church, are being developed. It is noteworthy that a large part of the existing research includes the study of the ecclesiastical policy of the Soviet government in the 20s and 60s of the last century. Only in recent monographs do we find attempts of the scientific study of the relationship between church and state in the Soviet Union of the 1970s and 1980s. The study of religious policy issues of the Soviet period is being successfully conducted in Georgian scientific reality, however, the chronological framework of the research herein only includes the period of 20-60s of the XX century. More specifically, the upper limit of this period is defined to be the final years of Nikita Khrushchev’s rule, namely the first half of the 1960s. Less attention is paid to (and is actually not investigated) Leonid Brezh- nev’s ecclesiastical policy and its development tendencies. The aim of our paper is to elucidate the bases of the ecclesiastical policy of the Soviet government during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev, its main aspects, domestic and foreign factors and the consequences of their influence; to analyze and evaluate the works of modern Russian, European, American and Georgian historiography, written and visual historical sources and published and unpublished archival documents. In terms of research methodology, the work is based on historical cognitive, content analysis, historical-typo- logical, comparative, biographical, retrospective, historical-genetic and systematic research methods, which needless to say envisages a comprehensive historical study of the historical sources around the issue; it is also an attempt to restore the images of historical past. The results of the research can be chronologically divided into 2 stages: A) The ecclesiastical policy of Leonid Brezhnev from the second half of the 1960s to the second half of the 1970s; B) The ecclesiastical policy of Leonid Brezhnev from the second half of the 1970s to 1982. Each stage is characterized by different tendencies, internal and external challenges, orientations and results that the Soviet Union used to face. For example, if at the beginning of his rule Leonid Brezhnev’s government considered it a priority to condemn Nikita Khrushchev’s repressive ecclesiastical policies and to take a relative- ly compromising approach to relations with religious organizations, from the second half of the 1970s, under the intensification of the dissident movement, the rapprochement of the society with the Church, and the success of Western states diplomacy, the chosen course was being changed and Brezhnev’s sophisticated policies be- came more radical and rigid. The transformation of the form (and not the content) of the ecclesiastical policy of the government was obviously preconditioned by certain reasons and was serving the respective purposes. In the paper, we discuss the above-mentioned reasons, goals, measures taken by the official authorities in the field of religion, both at the legislative and social levels, and the way of transforming its course from the second half of the 60s to the beginning of the 80s. Naturally, it is impossible to settle this complex issue within one paper, however, we think that this research will contribute to the development of further studies in Georgian scientific world.

Women’s Agency, Catholic Morality, and the Irish State

Abstract The text reviews four new books in Irish women’s history and the history of sexuality: Mary McAuliffe’s biography of the revolutionary Margaret Skinnider; Jennifer Redmond’s Moving Histories, exploring the discourses about Irish women migrants to Great Britain in the first few decades of the Irish state, and their everyday lives in Britain; Lindsey Earner-Byrne and Diane Urquhart’s The Irish Abortion Journey, which documents the repressive discourses and policies surrounding abortion in twentieth-century Ireland and relates stories of traveling to Great Britain to obtain it; and finally, Sonja Tiernan’s book examining the ultimately successful political and legal campaign for marriage equality in Ireland. These highly readable, well-researched books place gender and sexuality at the center of Irish history; provide insight into the contradictory political, religious, and medical discourses about Irish women, gays, and lesbians; and document the lives of women both in and out of Ireland.

FORCED RELOCATION OF KOREANS TO UZBEKISTAN IN 1937-1938

As a result of the repressive policy pursued by the Soviet authorities, even a small part of the nationalities living in the country were unjustifiably expelled from the territories where they lived. As a result of this policy, it was relocated to Uzbekistan, along with other republics of the former Soviet Union. The mass forced relocation of Koreans to Uzbekistan, along with other minorities, began in 1937-1938. In short, this article discusses the history of the resettlement of Koreans.

Participation of NKVD and Prosecutor’s Office in Ensuring Construction of Kuibyshev Defensive Line (November 1941 — January 1942)

The article discusses the activities of the NKVD and the prosecutor’s office to ensure the mobilization and suppression of desertions from the construction of the Kuibyshev defensive line. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the experience of the activities of the NKVD structures and the prosecutor’s office, aimed at ensuring defensive construction in the extreme realities of military operations, is an indispensable source for military engineers of the Russian Federation. Based on the introduction into scientific circulation of previously secret archival documents from the funds of RGASPI, SOGASPI and GANI UO, they paid attention to the process of building a defensive line, the situation of the mobilized and analyzed the problems of the activities of the NKVD and the prosecutor’s office. It was revealed that the employees of the internal affairs bodies and the prosecutor’s office, in order to prevent desertions, first of all sought to normalize the supply of workers with food, clothing and equipment, the establishment of exact production standards, based on the gender and age characteristics of the builders. In the course of the work, it was proved that by mid-December 1941 the repressive policy had been curtailed, and local authorities took measures to improve the food supply for workers.

Football, Propaganda and International Relations under Francoism: The 1960 and 1964 European Nations Cup and Their Impact on the International Press

The image projected by Franco’s regime during the 1960 and 1964 European Nations’ Cup via the international press, showed the strong internal contradictions that existed within his governments. In addition, the role played by the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in this process and the importance of football in Franco’s foreign policy were part of a new diplomatic policy initiated in the early 1960s. The negative impact on the international press of the regime’s decision to refuse to play against the Soviet Union team in the first edition of the 1960 European Nations’ Cup, impaired the political interests of the dictatorship. Four years later the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was able to convince Franco’s government of the benefits that holding this tournament in Spain would offer to the foreign image of the regime. The new strategy of using the politics of sport served Francoism as a counterpoint to the fierce criticism that the repressive policies of the dictatorship were receiving from certain areas of international popular opinion.

The repressive policy of the Soviet government towards the Church and clergy in 1918-1941 . (on the example of the Tobolsk diocese)

The article characterizes the influence of political repressions carried out by the Bolsheviks on the situation of the church and clergy in the 1918-1941-ies. on the example of the Tobolsk diocese. The object of the study is the repressive policy of the Soviet government in 1918-1941, the subject is the church and clergy of the Tobolsk diocese. The influence of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government on the functioning of churches in the country as a whole, its impact on the work of churches and monasteries in the Tobolsk diocese is considered. Special attention is paid to the study of the reflection of the anti-religious policy of the Bolsheviks in the destinies of the clergy and parishioners of the Tobolsk diocese, the analysis of statistical data on the number of victims of repression among the clergy. Conclusions are drawn about the results of the anti-church policy of the Soviet government in the diocese: mass closure of churches, removal of bells, seizure of church valuables, arrests of clergy, deprivation of their voting rights, executions. In the Tyumen region during the years of the "great terror" 176 representatives of the acting or former clergy were shot. Of these, 17% are women, mostly former nuns. The persons against whom the execution sentence was carried out were divided into several age categories, and the average age of the murdered clergy was determined. The results of the study show the scale of the tragedy in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church caused by the irreconcilable position of the new government in relation to religion.

Custodians: Commandants of the Special Settlements of Western Siberia in the Inter-War Period

The latest papers on the activities of the protective bodies of the Stalin era demonstrates a gap between the scale and depth of the study of the institutional aspects of the system itself, with a major focus on objects, the target groups of repression, and the degree of development of activity (behavioural practices of the corps of specific implementers of the state’s repressive policy). Thus, while the circle of initiators and the upper and middle links of the punitive system are part of scholarly research, the numerous nomenclature workers of the lower level and direct executors of directives remain outside analysis. The above is also true about the personnel of penitentiary institutions. During early Stalinism, the establishment of the largest segment of the system of isolation and forced labor (i. e., the special peasant settlements) required strict deadlines and the recruitment of commandants. Being a part of the GULAG apparatus, the commandant corps, whose basic functions were similar to those of camp workers (supervision, punishment, and organisation of industrial and everyday internal activities), occupied lower positions in the hierarchy of protective organisations. They had limited opportunities for promotion, tighter control over their activities by the local party nomenclature, and a multitude of conflicts with the latter. Based on the available sources and literature, the author reconstructs the basic aspects of the activity, everyday life, and nomenclature of the commandant corps of special settlements in Western Siberia. In addition to specific historical methods, the work refers to concepts developed by R. K. Merton and M. Foucault (functionality, disciplinarity, deviant behaviour) and the use of a database containing brief biographies of commandant office employees. These help us to identify the conditions, incentives, and motivation of their activities, and the typology of normative and deviant behaviour. It is concluded that the commandant corps was both an embodiment and a hostage of the Stalinist management model, in which the line between norm and deviance was blurred. The functioning of the special settlements system was ensured by high mobility, personnel “dropout”, and the ability of commandants to adapt their activities in extreme conditions.

THE STRUGGLE OF THE SOVIET POWER AGAINST THE MUSLIM CLERGY IN NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN IN THE 20-30S OF THE XX CENTURY: FROM THE STATUS OF ‘DISENFRANCHISED’ TO ‘PARTICIPANTS OF COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATIONS’

The article is devoted to the methods and strategies of the struggle of the Soviet government against the Muslim clergy based on the materials of the city of Petropavlovsk and the Northern Kazakhstan region. The purpose of the article is to show the growth of repression from methods of legal discrimination in the form of classifying the Muslim clergy as "disenfranchised" to the punitive and repressive methods of the National Security Forces (NKVD), which fabricated group investigative deals on accusations of the clergy as organizers and participants in counterrevolutionary organizations for overthrowing Soviet power. The main research method was the method of historical reconstruction, the source base of the research was archive materials of the investigative deals of rehabilitated Muslim priests. The Muslim clergy of Petropavlovsk and the Northern Kazakhstan region were active subjects of the religious and social life of the region with their own vision of social development, which did not correlate with the projects of a radical transformation of world by the Bolsheviks, where there was no place for religion. The anti-religious policy of the Soviet government included a set of propaganda, discriminatory and punitive-repressive measures aimed at undermining the influence of the clergy in society and, as a result, at its physical destruction. In the course of the intensification of repressions, the Muslim clergy acted not only as objects of a repressive policy, but also, while retaining their subjectivity, built strategies for protecting religion both through legal instruments in the form of official appeals to the authorities, and through the practice of “illegal mosques”, “underground mullahs”, “itinerant mullahs”. The author believes that the political rehabilitation of the Muslim clergy should include the restoration of the subjectivity of Muslim clergy, which is expressed in the reveal of their names, the reconstruction of their biographies, the defense strategies which they use, and the recovery of their discourses about Soviet power.

Home Street Home. Experiences of Homelessness in a City in French-Speaking Switzerland

Abstract In a city in western Switzerland (as in other cities), homeless people are targeted by three policies: a compassionate policy, specific to social emergency measures; a policy of repression; and, as far as residents are concerned, a traditional welfare policy. Based on accounts by homeless people, the article highlights their logics for using the night emergency system. It also shows how their vulnerabilities are produced by the simultaneous deployment of local, national, and European policies.

Diktatorskie rezhimy Bolivii i Chili v 1960-e — 1970-e gg.: sravnitel'naya harakteristika

This article is devoted to the study of specific features of the repressive policy of the Bolivian and Chilean dictators R. Barrientos Ortuno and A. Pinochet in the 1960s-1970s. The authors study the political strategy of these Latin American leaders and consider the internal situation in their countries at the moment of R. Barrientos Ortuno and A. Pinochet coming to power. The article provides a comparative analysis of the economic policies of the two dictators, as well as the peculiarities of their relations with the United States.