Representatives Of Civil Society Organizations Research Articles

Challenging the boundaries of citizenship: Alevi citizens’ pursuit of equal citizenship in Turkey

ABSTRACT Marking Turkey’s 101st anniversary since the founding of the Republic in 1923, this article explores the enduring demand of Alevi citizens for recognition and equality. Addressing a gap in citizenship literature, this study scrutinizes the century-long struggle for equitable citizenship among Alevi citizens. Grounded in classical and critical perspectives, it delves into citizenship dynamics, specifically the quest for equal citizenship by Alevi citizens. Guided by the Alevi issue, the research examines the interplay between theoretical constructs, lived experiences, and the ongoing pursuit of equitable civic recognition. Drawing insights from in-depth interviews with five Alevi civil society organization representatives, this study provides first-hand perspectives on challenges to conventional citizenship definitions. Emphasizing historical grounding and geographical responsiveness, the article underscores the experiences of marginalized communities, challenging state-centric perspectives. This research contributes to the evolving understanding of citizenship, emphasizing the continued importance of equal citizenship in Turkey and beyond.

Survivors of Modern Slavery and Their Digital Inclusion: A UK Qualitative Study from the Perspective of Survivors and Organizations That Support Them

ABSTRACT This paper considers how to better support the social inclusion of survivors of modern slavery using digital technologies. As such, it explores the under-researched views and experiences of survivors themselves and representatives of civil society organizations supporting them, in relation to how they access and use digital technologies in the UK. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 survivors and 18 organization representatives, and the data collected was thematically analyzed. Key findings suggest that, to support survivors’ (re)integration, it is essential to provide them with access to technology and the digital skills to be safe and pursue opportunities online. However, while survivors value digital technologies to access support and undertake everyday activities, funding for the provision of such technologies is both limited and inconsistent. Meanwhile, in terms of digital skills and safety training, balance between individualized, tailor-made support and formal training is often lacking. Bridging research on survivors of modern slavery with broader digital inequalities work, this paper argues that digital access and digital literacy are crucial to survivors’ material and socio-cultural (re)integration in the UK. Recommendations are provided for research, practice, and policy aimed at facilitating the social and digital inclusion of survivors.

Strengthening the effectiveness of community health system: Assessing the factors that enhance or constrain the delivery of health services within communities in Nigeria

IntroductionSub-optimal community health service delivery (CHSD) has been a challenge constraining community health systems (CHS) globally, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. This paper examined the key factors that either enhance or constrain CHSD in Nigeria at the individual, community/facility and governmental levels while recommending evidence-based solutions for sustaining and improving CHSD within the framework of CHS.MethodsData were collected through a qualitative study undertaken in three states (Anambra, Akwa-Ibom and Kano) in Nigeria. Respondents were formal/informal health providers, community leaders and representatives of civil society organizations all purposively sampled. There were 90 in-depth interviews and 12 focus group discussions, which were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using codes to identify key themes.ResultsFactors constraining community health service delivery at the individual level were poor health-seeking behaviour, preference for quacks and male dominance of service delivery; at the community/facility level were superstitious/cultural beliefs and poor attitude of facility workers; at the governmental level were inadequate financial support, embezzlement of funds and inadequate social amenities. Conversely, the enabling factors at the individual level were community members’ participation and the compassionate attitude of informal providers. At the community and facility levels, the factors that enhanced service delivery were synergy between formal and informal providers and support from community-based organizations and structures. At the governmental level, the enhancing factors were the government’s support of community-based formal/informal providers and a clear line of communication.ConclusionsCommunity health service delivery through a functional community-health system can improve overall health systems strengthening and lead to improved community health. Policy-makers should integrate community health service delivery in all program implementation and ultimately work with the community health system as a veritable platform for effective community health service delivery.

Brokerage in urban networks on diversity and inclusion: The case of Rotterdam

Urban governance research posits a trend towards more cooperation between state and non-state actors. We also know that civil society organizations working on common issues often reinforce each other to secure a stronger voice. However, little research so far brings together urban governance and civil society coordination. This is particularly interesting for the action and policy field of diversity and inclusion, given its constant flux, multi-dimensionality, and political salience, as well as the many competing actors and agendas. Based on an in-depth case study of the city of Rotterdam, this article investigates the relations among organizations that focus on the interests of migrants and other marginalized residents and between these organizations and the municipality. We use qualitative and quantitative Social Network Analysis and draw on 27 semi-structured qualitative interviews as well as 25 network maps carried out with and drawn by representatives of civil society organizations. Our findings show a stratified governance network of actors working on diversity and inclusion in Rotterdam, where only a few large organizations serve as brokers, facilitating exchange but sometimes also reinforcing existing power relations. These findings underscore the importance of critically reviewing the collaborative character of urban governance in practice.

ГРАНТОВІ ПРОГРАМИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ КОМІСІЇ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТИ РОЗВИТКУ: МОЖЛИВОСТІ ТА БАР’ЄРИ

The article examines the main grant tools of the European Commission for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, representatives of executive power and local self-government, education and medicine. The main possibilities of using European grants for community authorities and entrepreneurship of Ukraine are outlined. The main and largest grant programs from the European Commission are described: Horizon Europe (HORIZON), Creative Europe (CREA), Erasmus+ (ERASMUS+), Digital Europe Programme, EU4Health Programme, Program for the Environment and Climate Action, Single Market Programme. The prospects of using grant instruments within each program are demonstrated. Emphasis is placed on their priorities and areas of support for the projects of authorities, local governments, representatives of business and the public sector in the member countries of the European Union and program partners. The main goals and tasks of each program are highlighted, with the areas of support in Ukraine highlighted. The sluggish process of participation of representatives of small and mediumsized businesses, local self-government bodies, executive authorities and organizations of the non-profit sector in grant programs of the European Commission is analyzed. The reasons for the non-active use of grant, irrevocable, targeted assistance from the highest executive body of the European Union are emphasized, namely: the lack of understanding among potential grant recipients about who can receive a grant for what and how, an acute shortage of professional project managers, grant writers and fundraisers, obligation of partnership. It is concluded that the involvement and use of grant instruments of the European Commission by representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, bodies of executive power and local self-government, representatives of civil society organizations, educators and doctors is an effective tool for their development, implementation of innovative solutions, interaction with partners from the European Union, as well as strengthening the spheres of economy, education, health care of Ukraine. Overcoming barriers and obstacles is possible under the condition of broad informational support from representatives of programs in Ukraine, national contact points, authorities and mass media.

Strategies for health services in women, newborns, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in countries of Americas

The article analyzes the perceived challenges and strategies implemented in five Latin American and Caribbean countries to ensure continuity of care and access to health services for women, newborns, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study corresponds to a quick assessment based on semi-structured interviews with key informants in countries selected by convenience: Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Grenada, and the Dominican Republic. Interviews were conducted with 23 key informants: (a) decision makers at the national and/or subnational level, (b) healthcare professionals, and (c) representatives of civil society organizations; from December 2020 to January 2021. Among the findings, at the beginning of the pandemic, priority was given to the COVID-19 care, with measures to limit the flow of people to health facilities in the countries involved, closing or limiting outpatient visits and restricting care schedule. For women, this affected family planning services and access to contraceptive methods, implying a reduction in prenatal check-ups. As a result of this deinstitutionalization of care, among newborns, a decrease in pediatric check-ups, a decrease in timely immunization and late detection of pathologies or growth problems were reported. Among adolescents, a strong restriction of family planning services, the limitation of other friendly counseling spaces and difficulties in accessing contraceptives were observed.

Illiberal and Populist Political Narratives on Gender and Underreporting of Sexual Violence: A Case Study of Hungary

Sexual violence is underreported all over the world. In this article, I argue that democratic backsliding undermines the reporting of sexual violence even further. The author’s team conducted in-depth interviews (n = 15) with representatives of civil society organizations, victims’ services, clinical practitioners, and child and family welfare in Hungary in 2017 and 2018, in search of organizational and structural causes to why sexual violence remains vastly underreported in the country with the least reported case numbers in Europe. The small but diverse sample helped identify associations between the reporting of sexual violence and repressive, gender-related political decisions such as threatening the existence of civil organizations undertaking victim support roles and providing victim services, a family-centered political narrative, and confining women’s roles solely for reproductive purposes. It is not possible to maintain causation since there are other factors interfering the association. Thus, instead of discussing it as a single cause of underreporting sexual violence, I present the Hungarian case to illustrate the consequences of illiberal politics on reporting. Furthermore, utilizing Slovič’s risk-benefit model, I argue that recent products of illiberal politics such as politicizing “gender” undermine trust, a precondition of asking for help and providing support for victims of sexual violence.

In defence of common values: The Finnish EU Council Presidency 2019

Finland promoted a value-based agenda as the President of the European Union (EU) Council in 2019. The focus was especially on the defence of the rule of law principle. A role as a strong value promoter departs from the pragmatic and cautious tradition of Finnish EU policy. In this article, I will ask why Finland chose to promote values, and what kind of political debate preceded its Presidency term. Second, I will look at the actual promotion of the common values during the Presidency. Third, I will provide some evaluations of the success of Finland’s value-based approach. The analysis draws from comprehensive documentary sources related to Finnish EU policy and her Presidency term, and from 33 semi-structured research interviews among the key Finnish politicians, civil servants and civil society organization representatives in 2020. The article shows that values were thoroughly debated before the term and their relevance increased as the Presidency approached. Finland also succeeded in promoting several values, especially by linking them to practical questions. The article argues that evaluating the success of Finland’s approach is more contentious, which may be tackled several ways.

Nutrition care as a health policy in the 21st century: A phenomenological study.

Addressing the high prevalence of disease-related malnutrition (DRM) requires political will. The aim of this study is to define DRM as a health public policy issue from the point of view of the stakeholders. We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study consisting of grey data search and individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with stakeholders (policy-makers, academics, and civil society organization representatives) from 17 Latin American countries. The analyzed themes reflected ideas repeatedly found across the interviews. 26 respondents were interviewed (5 policy-makers, 18 academics, 3 civil society organizations representatives). The grey data research and interviews showed that Brazil and Costa Rica were the only countries in the Region that had developed a specific public health policy addressing DRM and nutrition care issues. The rest of the Latin American countries had a nutrition policy which neither addressed DRM specifically nor included nutrition care, with important heterogeneity existing in terms of national regulation of selected nutritional care categories. Stakeholder opinions allowed to identify heterogeneity in the understanding of the nature and causes of DRM, confusing DRM with malnutrition caused by food insecurity and lack of food availability. Policy in the field of clinical nutrition can be addresses from two approaches: interdisciplinarity and a human rights-based approach. DRM is an unaddressed problem by health policy. Due to internal and external factor related to the health systems DRM has not been able to become a public policy issue. The study highlights the need for the development of public policy in clinical nutrition aimed at improving access to nutrition care.

Preventing and Controlling Pneumonia among Under-Five Children: A Qualitative Study of Civil Society Organizations’ Roles in West Java and East Nusa Tenggara

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of under-five children mortality in the world, including in Indonesia. Various programs were developed both nationally and internationally to overcome this disease. One of the programs is cross-sectorial collaboration and community involvement as part of pneumonia prevention and control programs, including the involvement of civil society organizations (CSO). However, the limited research has explored through the role of CSO in this program. AIM: This study aimed to explore the roles of CSO in preventing and controlling the childhood pneumonia. METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study interviewed 15 participants who were representatives of CSO in West Java and East Nusa Tenggara. These CSO have focused on health activities programs. In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides. Data were analyzed using the comparative analysis technique for qualitative descriptive research. RESULTS: Three main themes have been found from the data analysis, including community empowerment and integrated actions to prevent childhood pneumonia, providing pneumonia services and advocacies to overcome childhood pneumonia, and the expectation versus challenges of CSO. The three themes showed that CSO have significant roles in various aspects of the prevention and control programs of under-five pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Various roles have been done by CSO. However, several functions were not performed optimally. Further research that was analyzing factors the influence CSO’s roles is needed as fundamental information to develop strategies in improving the functions of civil society organizations in childhood pneumonia.

Women's perceptions on peace and justice: The case of the Kurdish issue in Turkey

The lack of resolution of the Kurdish issue in Turkey has been a major source of grievance affecting the lives of many, particularly women. Research shows that conflict has gender-specific effects. Considering the particular ways in which women are impacted by long-term political tensions which also involve armed conflict, their standpoint seems highly valuable to corroborate the urgency of a democratic and peaceful resolution of this issue. Based on in-depth interviews with the representatives of civil society organizations, initiatives and women's organizations, the article explores women's perceptions of peace and justice, and it investigates their possible contribution towards a peaceful resolution of the Kurdish issue. We argue that the intersectionally diverse standpoint(s) of women, due to the particular gendered effects of conflict on their everyday lives, living conditions, bodily integrity and affective relationships, greatly contributes to an adequate conceptualization of peace and justice and the relation between them.

Advancing Breast Cancer Advocacy in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Findings From Women's Empowerment Cancer Advocacy Network (WE CAN) Summits.

PURPOSEBreast cancer civil society organizations have emerged in Eastern Europe and Central Asia to raise awareness about cancer as a survivable disease and provide patient support. We explored the experiences and priorities of these organizations with the goal of making recommendations to advance cancer advocacy and improve cancer care.METHODSWe conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with representatives of civil society organizations attending the 7th Women’s Empowerment Cancer Advocacy Network Summit in Romania in 2015. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for key themes. Findings were discussed at the 8th Women’s Empowerment Cancer Advocacy Network Summit in Ukraine in 2017 to ensure accuracy.RESULTSWe conducted nine in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions with a total of 36 participants. Survivor- and oncologist-led organizations played an important role in filling existing gaps in public health care systems through awareness raising, patient support, and advocacy to improve early detection and access to treatment. Barriers to these efforts included persistent stigma, mistrust of patients toward the public health care system, limited access to evidence-based guidelines, difficulty adapting existing best practices to their setting, and insufficient involvement of policymakers. Key facilitators of advocacy efforts included effective local and international partnerships with physicians, like-minded organizations, and policymakers to facilitate access to educational resources, improve breast cancer early detection and care, and catalyze meaningful policy change.CONCLUSIONOur findings highlight the value of providing opportunities for advocates to connect and share experiences. To advance cancer advocacy and improve cancer care, the following needs were identified: dissemination of resource-adapted information for improving outcomes; needs assessments; improved program-monitoring practices; and fostering and promotion of collaboration between advocates, medical professionals, and local governments.

Partnership in Times of COVID-19: Government and Civil Society in Austria

Abstract How did the relation between Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and government develop during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, once governments had taken restrictive measures to lock down economic and public life? Austria is used as an example of a corporatist welfare state whereby collaboration between government and CSOs occurs particularly in the fields of social services, health-care, and youth. Our analysis focuses on the social service sector and differentiates between several social policy fields. We hereby analyze data from qualitative interviews with CEOs from 30 CSOs, four group discussions with another 30 representatives of CSOs, public agencies and authorities, and from a standardized questionnaire (n = 99 CSOs). We also utilize our own experiences as participant observers in meetings between CSOs and government. Results indicate that CSOs suffered financially partly due to a decrease in income, though mostly due to an increase in cost. In social services in particular, they also faced hardships caused by the need to reorganize operations and human resources, and by the increased demands of customers. Federal government took responsibility for supporting CSOs financially, though such support was hampered by unclear competencies in Austria’s multilayered federal system.

LOBBYING OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN ORDER TO CREATE PUBLIC POLICIES

The paper "Lobbying of civil society organizations aimed at creating public policies" presents integration of theoretical, normative and comparative analysis for the civil society organizations and the application of managerial lobbying in practice. A special quality in the paper presents the empirical part of the survey in which are covered interviews with authorities from the European Parliament, the Parliament and the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia, managers of Lobbyists‘ Associations from the countries in the region, representatives of civil society organizations and institutions that are directly related to the civil sector in the country and abroad. The civil sector in Europe founds the base of its activity and creation of public policies in the management and managerial skills thus implementing the mission of civil society organizations more efficiently. It was just one of the challenges for the author of this paper to offer an appropriate model for lobbying of the civil society organizations in the RN Macedonia, but also to warn of the anomalies that have to be eliminated through the clear, methodically offered suggestions for strengthening the capacity of the management in civil society organizations. The paper contextually and conceptually follows the modern trends on academic basis which enables to enrich the scientific thought, to expand the knowledge with real examples, but also to contribute to the legality and legitimacy of the phenomenon lobbying as a relatively new scientific discipline that will generate genuine results in our region.

Nonprofit Marketing: Does Strategic Planning Help?

This article generally discusses the role of marketing strategies in promoting the nonprofit civil society sector in its efforts to reach and engage the audiences. Many non-profit organizations consider the use of tactical marketing strategy as useful and essential. The success of the non-profit sector is related to the wider environment in which it operates, such as the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological. Therefore, a carefully designed marketing strategy can help the non-profit sector properly address the needs of the different target groups. The purpose of this paper is to explore ways in which marketing ideas and strategies are created and implemented in the non-profit civil society organizations and the tools used to achieve its mission. Part of this process is to determine how management in nonprofits views marketing, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with marketing efforts. In-depth interviews were conducted with leading representatives of civil society organizations working in the field of media and journalism, and the results were processed with the Atlas.ti software. Analysis of secondary data, including findings from past research, documents, and different publications, is also used to elaborate the research problem.The article notes that although there is an understanding in civil society organizations of the importance of strategic communication in marketing, it is not implemented enough due to lack of human resources and finances. The article discusses in detail the consequences of these findings.

Health needs: a temporary analysis of the social representations of the concept

Abstract Background This study aims to analyse the social representations of health needs in a Brazilian municipality, questioning the capacity that public policies developed and implemented by the Brazilian Health System (SUS) had to meet these needs. Methods Qualitative case study in which the data were analysed by: 1) the Health Needs Taxonomy (Matsumoto, 1999), as an instrument for assessing health needs, formatting the interview guide and organizing the empirical data; 2) the Theory of Social Representations (Jovchelovitch, 2000), to capture health needs; 3) Content Analysis (Bardin, 2004), as an instrument of analysis and comparison of perceived needs. The methodological path used was the same in the two moments in which this research is based (2009 and 2016). The entire municipal territory was analyzed and 26 representatives of civil society organizations were interviewed. Results Based on the results given, we state that health is a permanent and timeless need, but the mediations for its satisfaction have changed historically. The interface between quantitative indicators and subjectivity in assessing needs reveals the authoritarian architecture of its decision-making process, which has ruined the necessary democracy for prioritising and meeting those needs. The asymmetrical relationships present in the Brazilian society have both undermined the collective character of health needs and promoted the distance between who care and who are cared for. Most of the priorities listed by the interviewees in 2009 remain composing the social context of the municipality in 2016. Conclusions The challenges for comprehensive health care remain critical given both the decrease in popular political participation and in institutional spaces, which leads to the annulment of the right to a universal health. Interdisciplinary and participatory diagnostics remain essential to understand the complexity of social changes and the challenges for the consolidation of meeting health needs. Key messages The capacity that public policies developed and implemented by the Brazilian Health System (SUS) had to meet these needs. The challenges for meeting health needs remain critical given both the decrease in political participation and in institutional spaces, which leads to the annulment of the right to a universal health.

Preface

It is our great honor and pleasure to introduce the Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Informatics, Engineering, Science, and Technology (INCITEST 2020). The event is valuable and meaningful since it brings together scientists, engineers, researchers, practitioners, students, and civil society organization representatives to nurture research networks between universities and industries. With its main theme on “Humanized Technology, the Digital Journey to Win Competition”, this event is expected to serve as a platform of gathering for anyone interested in exploring potential solutions and answering issues and challenges to enter the 5.0 society. Amid the worldwide spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the uncertainty surrounding the end of this pandemic, there are several issues we should describe as follows:1. Universitas Komputer Indonesia (UNIKOM) as the organizer of INCITEST 2020 will hold the conference on 11th June 2020 in an online or virtual format. The organizing committee will manage the conference from our campus which is located in Bandung, West Java Province, Indonesia.2. In this correlation, we should adhere to the regulation of the government of West Java Province and the government of the Republic of Indonesia which currently is implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions to reduce the risk of virus transmission. Therefore, the online conference is considered the best way we can do to serve our participants concerning the fact that people safety is second to none. In this condition, there is no specific date deemed safe to which we could postpone the conference until either worldwide travel or crowd-gathering is safe again. We have all put so much effort in preparing the papers, organizing the event, as well as conducting the review process, working on the program, and everything surrounding it that we feel very motivated to pull this through3. The conference is divided into two sessions: plenary and parallel sessions. In the plenary session, we will use zoom as the media. Besides, to assure the dissemination of the conference to all participants, we will also broadcast the plenary session live using Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) connected to YouTube live streaming and IG TV. Moreover, we will use live chat on YouTube and Google forms for the discussion session.4. The plenary session will be chaired by one moderator who will not only be critically summarizing the keynote presentations but also handling participants’ enthusiasm in asking any possible questions. In doing so, the participants will be following the conference at their respective personal corners through YouTube live streaming and IG TV.5. The plenary session will be presented by our keynote speakers in online format (via Zoom) from each country such as Prof. Abdulkareem from Malaysia, Prof. Yuto Lim from Japan, and Irfan Dwi Sumitra, Ph.D. from Indonesia. Each keynote has 45 minutes duration including the discussion session.6. Following the success of INCITEST 2018 and 2019, the enthusiastic responses to the call-for-papers in the third INCITEST were increasing. More than 450 papers were submitted to the organizing committee from both local and foreign participants. A peer-review process has been conducted to all the articles based on their originality and quality, resulting in 347 accepted papers to be presented.7. Of 347 accepted papers, 216 of them will be presented via Zoom in the duration of 10 minutes for each paper. Additionally, 129 papers will be displayed in the poster session (the link of the posters will be available on the INCITEST website).8. The parallel session will be divided into 10 classes; each class will be participated by around 21 to 22 presenters. A parallel session chair will manage the presentation time and discussion session in each class. Each presenter should present their paper within 5 minutes via Zoom. 5 minutes after the presentation will be given to each of them for the discussion session.We hope that with the above arrangement, we can serve our participants in the best way we could. The conference’s success is also due to the hard work of all involved parties. Therefore, the organizing committee would like to express appreciation to all supporters, sponsors, and participants for a great contribution to the conference’s success. Many thanks go as well to all of the reviewers who helped us maintain the quality of manuscripts included in the Proceedings published by IOP. We also express our sincere thanks to the members of the organizing team for their hard work.Finally, our continuing success of this conference series can be one of indicator that we have through our right pathway to realign technology with the best interests of humanity. We hope this first time experience of the online conference in the 3rd INCITEST will bring fruitful outcomes as well as give the participants great experience in an online conference.Thank youBest Regards,Dr. Poni Sukaesih Kurniati, S.IP, M.Si.The Chief of the Conference

Guidelines for Operationalizing Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) as a Methodology for the Design and Implementation of Sustainable Development Strategies

Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) is considered a pillar of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. It aims to promote whole of government approaches to sustainable development. Despite its prominence in development cooperation discussions, many national development professionals or stakeholders have not heard of PCD, indicating that its effectiveness is significantly limited. This article contends that the impact of PCD has not been maximized because it has been presented as a political objective or a policy tool by multilateral organizations and their member states. Instead, the article argues that PCD should be implemented as a methodology that can be adopted by domestic government and non-governmental actors alike, in order to understand trade-offs and co-benefits within and between policy sectors, thus promoting a participative approach. I-GAMMA is a research project in Mexico that examines data-driven public policy in order to promote PCD. It is based on in-depth reviews of policy documents and interviews with development actors. It is committed to open data, evidence-based policymaking, and collaborative dialogue between academics, government officials, and representatives of civil society organizations in sustainable development discussions. In the results section of this article, the project proposes participative PCD as a methodology for policy analysis through which a plurality of actors can identify mechanisms that either reinforce or undermine sustainable development strategies. This section then applies the methodology to the governance of protected natural areas in Mexico. The discussion section and the conclusions highlight the relevance of this approach for participative policymaking in sustainable development.

Analyzing big tobacco\u2019s global youth marketing strategies and factors influencing smoking initiation by Nigeria youths using the theory of triadic influence

BackgroundMajor transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have identified Nigeria, the seventh most populous country in the world, as a market with a significant revenue potential, given its high youth population and growing gross domestic product (GDP). This research analyses tobacco industry-related strategies and activities targeting youth (aged 15 to 24 years) in Nigeria involving existing, but most importantly, future tobacco users. Nigeria is the focus of this study because the tobacco industry has viewed it as a major emerging market since the 1990s. Successful marketing in Nigeria could provide the industry with a template for similar initiatives in other emerging markets in low- and middle-income countries.MethodsThe research began with a systematic review of secondary literature to determine how the tobacco industry has targeted youth globally and factors contributing to youth smoking initiation. It then used the theory of triadic influence as a heuristic framework to categorize the various factors influencing youth smoking initiation and industry strategies related to increasing tobacco use among youths. Quotations from internal tobacco industry documents were organized into the three streams of the theory of triadic influence: biology/personality, social and cultural/environmental streams. A total of 12 interviews were conducted with 6 policymakers and governmental officials, 2 civil society organization representatives, a high school principal, a journalist and 2 researchers to investigate how the tobacco industry had targeted youth in Nigeria.ResultsThe findings indicate that TTCs have actively targeted youth in Nigeria since the 1990s, focusing on changing behaviour through the biology/personality, social and environmental/ cultural streams.ConclusionThe study suggests that Nigeria implement and vigorously enforce its 2015 National Tobacco Control Bill as well as a package of other measures to prevent tobacco companies targeting youth.

Inclusão produtiva com segurança sanitária de pequenos produtores na área de alimentos: um olhar a partir do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária

Introduction: In 2011, the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), with the purpose of strengthening the country’s socioeconomic development actions, released the Sanitary Productive Inclusion Project (PIPSS) to support the sanitary regularization of microentrepreneurs who produce activities and services of health interest. Objective: To analyze the formulation stage context and the implementation process of the Project for Productive Inclusion with Safety (PIPSS), considering the food segment, within the scope of the National Health Surveillance System, from the launch of PIPSS, in June 2011, until three months after the project was transformed into a program, in June 2017. Method: A descriptive study with a qualitative approach was conducted. The primary data source was 6 interviews with Anvisa professionals and representatives of civil society organizations and, as secondary data source, documentary research (news and official documents) and consultation with the Management Report Support System (SARGSUS). Data collection was conducted from May to August 2017. Results: Relevant points of discussion such as the importance of social participation in the process of construction of RDC no 49/2013 and the dissent among the actors responsible for implementing the actions were identified. Few actions related to productive Inclusion with safety in the three spheres of government were found, prevailing those of training for micro entrepreneurs or state and municipal health surveillance agents, mostly in the planning phase. Conclusions: These initiatives undertaken by health surveillance agents in partnership with different actors and institutions mean a lot to health promotion. The transformation of the Project into a Program is expected to tone partnerships, so that this debate reaches civil society and local institutions.