Representative Tree Research Articles

<i>Magnolia Officinalis</i>, a Chromosome-Scale Genome Reveals Evolution Position of Magnoliids and Contributes to Lignan Biosynthesis

Magnolia officinalis, a representative tall aromatic tree of the Magnoliaceae family, is a widely used medicinal plants with diverse medicinal values and applications, such as afforestation, ornamental and so on. We report a chromosome‑scale draft genome of M. officinalis, in which ~ 99.66% of the sequences were anchored onto 19 chromosomes with the scaffold N50 of 76.62 Mb. We found that a high proportion of repetitive sequences was a common feature of three Magnoliaceae with known genomic data, and M. officinalis was the plant in Magnoliaceae with the highest ratio of repetitive sequences found so far. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that magnoliids are as sister to the eudicots-monocots clade, which provides insight into the phylogenetic position between eudicots and monocots. WGD analysis showed that an ancient duplication event occurred in the M. officinalis genome, is shared by Lauraceae. Based on gene functional annotations and RNA-seq, we identified several key enzyme-coding gene families associated with the biosynthesis of lignan in the genome. In addition, the floral fragrance of M. officinalis is mainly attributed to its terpenes, we classified many putative genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpene synthases. The construction of the M. officinalis genome sequence map will serve as a reference for further studies of Magnolia as well as other Magnoliaceae.

Waterlogging as an environmental filter to tree recruitment in tropical wet grasslands

Wet grasslands from the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) are open-canopy vegetation dominated by subshrubs and herbaceous plants. Although they frequently occur between gallery forests and savannas, tree species are rarely observed colonising these grasslands. Here, seed germination and seedling development of Cerrado trees under waterlogging conditions were evaluated in order to elucidate how soil waterlogging constrains tree regeneration in tropical wet grasslands. We used seeds of 11 representative Cerrado tree species that have different requirements for soil moisture (non-flooded v. flooded environments). Short periods (15 days) of waterlogging drastically decreased or inhibited germination and seedling development in four species, whereas long periods (30–45 days) of waterlogging reduced or inhibited germination and seedling development in 6 of the 11 species. As expected, we found fewer waterlogging-resistant seeds associated with those species from non-flooded environments. By contrast, more waterlogging-resistant seeds were associated with species that eventually or typically occur in flooded environments. Our results suggest that soil waterlogging is an important environmental filter constraining tree recruitment in tropical wet grasslands. However, some species can overcome this environmental filter by possessing waterlogging-resistant seeds or avoid it by establishing in less waterlogged locations.

Analysis of xylem anatomy and function of representative tree species in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest of mid-subtropical karst region

Analysis of xylem anatomy and function of representative tree species in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest of mid-subtropical karst region

Biophysically Informed Imaging Acquisition of Plant Water Status

Vegetation controls carbon and water fluxes because of the fundamental tradeoff between carbon dioxide uptake and water loss occurring when stomata are open. Quantifying the rates of this exchange typically requires either intensive gas exchange or destructive harvesting of tissues and mass spectrometry analyses. Recent developments in high-throughput methods have enhanced our capacity to empirically test plant-environmental interactions. The vast integration characterizing satellite remote sensing methods masks organ-level physiological mechanisms limiting the predictive capability of current process models. Hence, more ground truth studies are necessary to determine the amount of mechanistic information needed to improve our understanding of forest, crop, and land management. Imaging methodologies, such as thermal and chlorophyll a fluorescence, are currently used to collect information for relevant traits such as water use, growth, and stress response. We tested these techniques during progressive drought across species with different susceptibility in controlled greenhouse conditions. We chose two highly represented tree species in North America: the gymnosperm Pinus ponderosa and the angiosperm Populus tremuloides. To better explore the whole drought response parameter space, we also tested a crop (Brassica rapa) and desert shrub (Artemisia tridentata). Thermal and fluorescence images of the canopy were coupled with leaf-level measurements as we performed three tests to predict drought response using 1) leaf temperature, 2) chlorophyll a fluorescence, and 3) the combination of the two. At five days of drought, leaf temperature increased 7 and 10%, accounting for 63% and 73% of the variation in stomatal conductance for both tree species, respectively. The fluorescence signal from images decreased ~12% and ~83% in moderately and severely droughted leaves respectively, reaching zero at mortality. Leaf water status was then predicted using a Bayesian approach that incorporated measurements’ uncertainty and parsimony in the analysis of the parameters. Changes in canopy temperature provided confident predictions for the reductions of daily evapotranspiration at the onset of drought. Empirically combining thermal and fluorescence measurements improved predictions (R2 = 0.81) of midday leaf water potential compared to univariate models. Our results represent an important step towards quantifying plant water status during drought using first principles that do not require species-specific information.

Mixing with broad-leaved trees shapes the rhizosphere soil fungal communities of coniferous tree species in subtropical forests

Although replanting broad-leaved trees in coniferous forest has been proven to increase stand soil quality, it is unclear how this prevalent forest management regime affects the soil fungal communities of individual conifers in mixed forest. Herein, we chose two representative coniferous tree species (Pinus massoniana and Pinus elliottii) and employed high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR to investigate fungal community composition and function in rhizosphere soils under monoculture and in mixed forests (replanted with Schima superba for 13 years) in subtropical China. Mixing with broad-leaved trees resulted in increased rhizosphere soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient (total nitrogen, NH4+ and available phosphorus). Rhizosphere soil fungal abundance (ITS gene copy numbers) and community diversity of conifers were increased after mixing. Meanwhile, the soil fungal abundance and ACE richness index in Masson pine were higher compared with slash pine whether in monoculture or mixed forests. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Glomeromycota were the dominant phyla in soils. Mixing with broad-leaved trees decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota, while it increased Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota in the rhizosphere soil of conifers. Moreover, there was a decrease in the relative abundance of animal pathogens and wood saprotrophic fungi, while soil saprotrophic fungi, ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were increased in rhizosphere soil of conifers after mixing, suggesting changes from saprotrophic fungi to symbiotrophic fungi to increase soil nutrient supply and enhance tree nutrient uptake. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the fungal communities in mixed forests clustered closely and were separated from monoculture forests. Fungal community composition and function were mainly dependent on SOC. Our results indicate that mixing with broad-leaved trees increases fungal abundance, alters fungal community composition and function and thus potentially contributes to soil quality improvement and tree nutrient acquisition of conifers. Masson pine is more adaptable than slash pine to establish mixed forest in subtropical China.

Speciation of cesium in tree tissues and its implication for uptake and translocation of radiocesium in tree bodies

Since the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents, extensive research has focused on the distribution and cycle of radiocesium in forest systems. Nevertheless, direct chemical speciation analyses of Cs by spectroscopic methods are limited by the low abundances of stable Cs as well as radiocesium in trees. In this study, we investigated coordination structures of Cs in 133Cs-doped bark, sapwood, heartwood, needle, and branch samples of trees collected in Fukushima by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. We examined four representative tree species in Fukushima, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, and Eleutherococcus sciadophylloides. EXAFS spectra suggested that Cs was adsorbed as an outer-sphere complex on all parts of the four species, with electrostatic binding to negatively charged functional groups in components of tree tissues. These results were supported by extraction experiments where more than 98.5% of the sorbed Cs was desorbed from all parts of each tree species using 1 M CH3COONH4. Sorption experiments of Cs on cellulose, an important component of plant cell walls, were carried out in ultrapure water, NaCl, and KCl solutions. The Kd values for cellulose and solutions were not high enough to fix Cs, considering the composition of sap in trees. Overall, the results of this study are consistent with previous field observations indicating that radiocesium is translocated in mobile form to metabolically active tree parts.

Consumo de folhas de diferentes espécies arbóreas pelo diplópode Trigoniulus corallinus

O descarte e a incineração de resíduos vegetais oriundos das podas de espécies arbóreas geram impactos ambientais. Com o intuito de mitigar estes impactos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo de diferentes folhas de espécies arbóreas pelo diplópode Trigoniulus corallinus (Gervais), a fim de determinar quais espécies vegetais da arborização urbana do munícipio do Rio de Janeiro seriam mais indicadas à gongocompostagem. Foram realizados bioensaios de mensuração do consumo de folhas e produção de coprólitos pelo T. corallinus em dois experimentos distintos, sendo o primeiro composto por 17 espécies arbóreas mais representativas no município do Rio de Janeiro e o segundo com duas espécies escolhidas a partir do primeiro experimento, o qual apresentou valores médios superiores em consumo, produção de coprólitos e sobrevivência para a espécie Delonix regia (Flamboyant) e os menores valores de produção de coprólitos e sobrevivência para Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Orelha-de-negro). O delineamento experimental adotado nos bioensaios foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os indivíduos de T. corallinus consumiram as folhas de todas as espécies arbóreas em ambos os bioensaios. Diplópodes da espécie T. corallinus são capazes de ingerir e transformar folhas e galhos finos de diferentes espécies arbóreas em coprólitos, porém, o consumo e a mortalidade dos indivíduos estão relacionados às características químicas inerentes a cada espécie arbórea

A study of selected features of Shan Tong variety of plantation paulownia and its wood properties

A study of selected features of Shan Tong variety of plantation paulownia and its wood properties. The study was conducted on three-year-old and representative paulownia tree of the Shan Tong variety, from a plantation in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship, Poland. The three-year-old paulownia tree was 4.2 m high and its diameter at butt level was of 11 cm. The tree provided material for the study from its three-year-old shoot, which was divided into three parts: leaves, branches and the main trunk. According to calculations, this typical paulownia tree (a three-year-old shoot) from a plantation accumulated 4.664 kg of carbon in the part above the ground level, which corresponds to the absorption of 17.101 kg of CO2 from the atmosphere. Taking into account the underground part of this plant, it can be estimated that it absorbed over 30 kg of CO2 (on average, ca. 10 kg CO2 per year). The density of paulownia wood in absolute dry state was ca. 250 kg/m3. The width of annual growth rings was ca. 1.5 cm. This kind of wood is highly porous, with porosity of about 85% (good thermal insulation), and at the same time it has favourable resistance properties characterized by the modulus of elasticity of 4.05 GPa.

Dead wood carbon density for the main tree species in the Lithuanian hemiboreal forest

Aboveground dead wood has a range of important ecological functions, including carbon (C) storage. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories established on the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, Lithuania is encouraged to quantify C pools in forests, including C in living biomass, soil and dead wood. The aim of this study was to assess species-specific dead wood density (DWD) and carbon content (CC) per decay class for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), silver birch or downy birch (Betula pendula Roth or Betula pubescens Ehrh.), European aspen (Populus tremula L.), grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), common oak (Quercus robur L.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), as the main representative hemiboreal forest tree species. The study findings revealed that mean DWD significantly decreased, while mean CC slightly increased during the wood decomposition process, which led to carbon density (CD) reduction over five decay classes. The mean CC showed little variation among the eight tree species and ranged between 47 and 54%. The lower CDs in the dead wood of decay classes 1 and 2 were more associated with coniferous than deciduous species. The estimated CD significantly decreased in all species with increasing decay class. Dead wood at decay class 5 of Scots pine, silver or downy birch, European ash and common oak had the highest CD, followed by Norway spruce and grey alder, and the lowest CDs were obtained for European aspen and black alder.

Evaluation of electrical signals in pine trees in a mediterranean forest ecosystem

ABSTRACT Electric potential differences in living plants are explained by theories based on sap flow. In order to acquire more advanced knowledge about the spatial distribution of these electric potential measures in trees, this research aims to analyze electrical signals in a population of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis Mill.) in a representative Mediterranean forest ecosystem. The specific research objective is to assess some of the most significant factors that influence the distribution pattern of those electric signals: tree age, measurement type and electrode placement. The research has been conducted in representative forest stands, obtaining measurements of different representative trees. After a statistical evaluation of the obtained results, the main conclusions of our research are: A.Tree maturity influences directly on electric potential. B.Maximum electrical signals can be measured in young pines showing values of 0.6 V and 0.6 µA for voltage and current, respectively. C.The distribution patterns of both voltage and short-circuit current depending on electrode placement are uniform.

Potential importance of Socotra dragon’s blood tree cloud forests and woodlands for capturing horizontal precipitation

The importance of populations of the Socotra dragon’s blood trees (Dracaena cinnabari Balf.f., 1882) for horizontal precipitation capture was estimated for the first time. Dragon’s blood trees (Asparagaceae) inhabit semiarid cloud forests with low levels of rainfall that strongly depend on additional moisture from fog and clouds. Our estimation was based on a detailed description of the aboveground biomass structure of stands of the dragon’s blood trees on Socotra Island. The aboveground biomass was described using non-destructive methods. An example of a well-preserved forest was measured in terms of the basic biometric characteristics of each tree, and the trees were divided into three classes based on crown projections. For each class, we took detailed measurements of one representative tree. All measured and counted growth characteristics were converted to the stand level. The tree population at the whole island level was investigated using remotely sensed data. The estimation of horizontal precipitation was performed using detailed and precise evaluation of the available climate data in half-hour intervals over the period of June 2009 and June 2010 and the ambulatory direct measurements (12.6.2009–26.6.2009). The mean annual horizontal precipitation below the crown of the dragon’s blood tree was estimated to be 792 mm in the highest (951–1545 m a.s.l.), 373 mm in the middle (601–950 m a.s.l.) and 46 mm in the lowest (180–600 m a.s.l.) altitudinal zones. Our model showed that the horizontal precipitation exceeded 40% of the total annual precipitation. The decline in the dragon’s blood tree forest could therefore cause the loss of additional water from the island’s hydrological cycle.

Nonlinear Height-DBH Model Analysis For Three Tropical Tree Species In Mt. Makiling, Philippines

ABSTRACT Nonlinear growth functions have been commonly used for modeling tree height–diameter at breast height (H-DBH) relationships. The development of a simple yet accurate H-DBH equation to predict the height of individual tree species is a need because using the appropriate model will give precise estimation of the forest inventory resources. In this study, six H-DBH models (CR, EX, KF, ML, SC, and WE) were used to derive and estimate the height of three species in Mt. Makiling, specifically Parashorea malaanonan, Diplodiscus paniculatus, and Celtis luzonica using the DBH as the only predicting variable. The DBH and tree height of the representative trees per species were measured for this study through nondestructive and random sampling. A total of 175 trees represented the P. malaanonan; 178 trees represented D. paniculatus, while 191 trees were measured to represent C. luzonica. Based on the evaluation criteria which include R2, RMSE, Ē, AMD, AIC, and AICw, the performance of the WE model was determined to be the best in predicting the height of P. malaanonan species while the performance of the KL model was the best both for the D. paniculatus, and C. luzonica species.

Drought Primarily Reduces Canopy Transpiration of Exposed Beech Trees and Decreases the Share of Water Uptake from Deeper Soil Layers

Research Highlights: During drought, reduced soil water availability and increased vapor pressure deficit diminished transpiration in a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica L.). Dominant trees were more affected than suppressed trees. The share of soil water uptake from deeper layers decreased. The ability of individual trees in the forest stand to save water during drought was apparently dependent on their social status. This would be relevant for forest management. Objectives: We investigated which basal area classes of trees contribute more or less to total transpiration under wet and dry conditions, and from which soil layers they took up water. We hypothesized that dominant trees have a better adaptability to drought and diminish transpiration more than suppressed trees. Methods: The water budget of the forest stand was continuously monitored throughout the entire observation period. Xylem sap flux measurements using thermal dissipation probes were performed during the vegetation period at different depths in the trunks of ten representative trees. A radial distribution model of the sap flow density pattern was used to compute whole-tree and stand transpiration. Water budget was simulated using a physiology-based model. Results: During drought, the fraction of suppressed trees to whole-canopy transpiration of the forest stand increased and the share of soil water uptake from deeper layers decreased. Conclusions: The behavior of dominant trees under drought conditions could be interpreted as a water-conserving strategy. Thinning by removing suppressed trees should be employed to stabilize forests.

The Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of Tea Tree Unveils Recent Bursts of Non-autonomous LTR Retrotransposons in Driving Genome Size Evolution

The Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of Tea Tree Unveils Recent Bursts of Non-autonomous LTR Retrotransposons in Driving Genome Size Evolution

Carbon Storage in Old-Growth Homestead Windbreaks of Small Islands in Okinawa: Toward the Sustainable Management and Conservation

Research Highlights: This study contributes to the improvement of the understanding of ecosystem functions of trees growing outside the forest, by quantifying the carbon sequestration function of a homestead windbreak, for example, a linear forest belt planted bordering a farmhouse in small islands. Background and objectives: Carbon storage in small-scale stands of forests have been less studied compared to that in large-scale forests. The aims of the present study were to clarify the ecological functions of carbon storage and the economic value of homestead windbreaks to propose effective conservation strategies for old-growth homestead windbreaks in the face of climate change. Materials and Methods: On the small islands of Okinawa Prefecture, the dominant tree species used for the homestead windbreaks is fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica Merr.). We collected data on the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the height of 23,518 fukugi trees in 10 villages from 2009 to 2018. Results: The total amount of carbon stored in the remnant fukugi homestead trees of the 10 surveyed hamlets was 6089 t-CO2. The amount is equivalent to the carbon amount that is stored in a 40-year-old Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forest, a representative tree species in Japan, of 20.9 ha area. Furthermore, the estimated economic value of the homestead trees was equivalent to USD 235,433, in terms of the plantation and management costs of 40-year-old Japanese cedar forests. This study revealed that homestead trees planted in an orderly line usually have a high density; hence, they have a high potential for biomass accumulation, carbon sequestration, and climate change mitigation. Moreover, homestead trees could contribute to a reduction in carbon diffusion, by cooling the house and reducing potential energy consumption. The findings related to homestead trees are consistent with those of other types of trees outside forests or small patches of trees: not adding to future land use competition and highly effective at carbon sequestration. Conclusions: The finding related to the carbon storage of homestead trees will provide basic information, as well as a new perspective on future local conservation and its contribution to climate change mitigation. This study suggests the necessity of the existing trees being properly managed, recruiting trees to be planted to replace old-growth trees, and replanting trees near newly established houses or old homesteads where trees have been cut.

An Application of Non-Parametric Method and Simple Linear Regression in Rainfall Partitioning in Tropical Lowland Forest of Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah

This study was conducted in the alluvial forest and heath forest in the lowland tropical forest of Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. The main objective was to assess how forest structure regulates rainfall partitioning in both forests. Field monitoring involved a series of forest inventory work to determine the forest stand characteristics. Mann Whitney U test was performed to compare physical characteristics between the two forests. Meanwhile rainfall partitioning was quantified by measuring the throughfall (Tf) for a period of 12 months in ten (15 x 15 m) Tf plots and a simple linear regression was conducted to obtain a regression model to estimate Tf. In terms of stand structure characteristics, data in the alluvial forest indicates wider variation. Percentage of Tf as of gross rainfall (Pg) is higher in the heath forest than in alluvial forest with the value of 89.5 % and 76.8 %, respectively. Representative trees were selected for stemflow (Sf) estimation at each forest type. The estimated Sf is 0.2 % in alluvial forest and 0.5 % in heath forest. In this study, tree diameter at breast height (Dbh) and height as well as aboveground biomass were identified to have some influence in Tf and Sf production. Keywords: rainfall partitioning; gross rainfall; throughfall; stemflow; Mann Whitney U; simple linear regression

Divergence of 3' ends as a driver of short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) evolution in the Salicaceae.

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are small, non-autonomous and heterogeneous retrotransposons that are widespread in plants. To explore the amplification dynamics and evolutionary history of SINE populations in representative deciduous tree species, we analyzed the genomes of the six following Salicaceae species: Populus deltoides, Populus euphratica, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides, Populus trichocarpa, and Salix purpurea. We identified 11 Salicaceae SINE families (SaliS-I to SaliS-XI), comprising 27077 full-length copies. Most of these families harbor segmental similarities, providing evidence for SINE emergence by reshuffling or heterodimerization. We observed two SINE groups, differing in phylogenetic distribution pattern, similarity and 3' end structure. These groups probably emerged during the 'salicoid duplication' (~65million years ago) in the Salix-Populus progenitor and during the separation of the genus Salix (45-65million years ago), respectively. In contrast to conserved 5' start motifs across species and SINE families, the 3' ends are highly variable in sequence and length. This extraordinary 3'-end variability results from mutations in the poly(A) tail, which were fixed by subsequent amplificational bursts. We show that the dissemination of newly evolved 3' ends is accomplished by a displacement of older motifs, leading to various 3'-end subpopulations within the SaliS families.

Will global change modify the distribution of the Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabales: Fabaceae) plant, a key species in dry tropical forest?

Introduction: Seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) are one of the most threatened terrestrial ecosystems on the planet as a consequence of global change. They harbor high biodiversity and provide a wide range of ecosystem services; therefore, their conservation is a priority worldwide. Climate warming, as well as land use patterns, are leading to species distribution range shifts. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the current and future potential distribution of a SDTF representative tree species (Anadenanthera colubrina) in the Argentinian Sub Andean Piedmont nucleus and to assess the effects of land use and climate changes. Methods: Current and future potential distribution was modeled with Maxent, using 49 presence points and 20 variables. Climate change effects were estimated in four different temperature and carbon dioxide concentration scenarios. Land use changes were determined subtracting the deforested area until 2017 to the current and future potential distribution of the species. Results: A. colubrina current distribution represents 18 % of Northwestern Argentina. Land use changes decreased almost 25 % of it and climate change will probably cause a retraction in the East and a slight expansion towards the West and South of the current distribution. The synergistic effect of land use and climate change projected to the worst scenario would reduce 63 % of its current distribution. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the central role of distribution range studies to assess the effects of anthropic activities. Climate change and land use change would have a negative and synergistic effect on the distribution of A. colubrina. Although a possible expansion of the Sub Andean Piedmont nucleus of SDTF would occur, this expansion may be limited by the Sub Andean mountain range that could act as an orographic barrier.

Aerobiological notes in the Biosphere Reserve “Sierras de Béjar y Francia” (MW Spain)

Aerobiological studies in urban areas are quite abundant in recent decades, but not in rural areas with a high environmental value. In this work, we analyze the airborne levels of pollen and fern spores in year 2012 collected by means of a volumetric sampler located in an ecological vineyard and in the Biosphere Reserve “Sierras de Bejar y Francia.” The results showed a high atmospheric representation of the natural vegetation of the environment, with almost half of the airborne pollen coming from the most represented tree formations such as chestnut and oak trees. Airborne concentrations of grass pollen reached approximately a 25% of the total, with high levels during 33 days of the year, 18 of them in January, February and March. The seasonal and intradaily behavior of the most abundant pollen types was focused on the months of May, June and July and the central hours of the day, respectively. Temperature had a positive influence on the levels of the main pollen types, while rainfall had a negative effect on pollen types from herbaceous species.

Urban Dendroflora of the Macedonia Park in the City of Skopje, North Macedonia

Subject of research in this article is the urban dendroflora of the Macedonia Park, situated on about 50,000 m2 in the Macedonian capital city of Skopje, i.e., identification and presence of the recent woody plants. Thus, observed are morphological and ecological features of the woody plants and their current state in this urban environment. The investigation relates to a seven-year period (since the establishment of the Park in 2012 up to late 2019). After the field research and the inventorisation of the woody plants in the Park, 82 taxa were identified, represented in 1,318 individuals. Most represented tree species is the hybrid Platanus × hispanica Mill. ex Münchh. with 103 individuals (7.81% of the overall urban dendroflora). Most frequent tree including infraspecific taxa is Fraxinus excelsior L. (including F. e. ‘Globosa’, F. e. ‘Jaspidea’, and F. e. ‘Pendula’) with a total number of 146 individuals (11.08%). Concerning other growth form, the mini and small tree roses of hybrid Rosa Floribunda Group outnumber all ornamental woody species with 225 bushes (17.07%). Climbers are represented with 3 taxa (3.66% of identified taxa) in pergolas (Wisteria sinensis /Sims/ Sweet, Parthenocissus quinquefolia /L./ Planch.), and wire cage topiary (Hedera helix L.). Likewise, 87 individuals (6.60%) of 10 species (12.19%) occur as remnants of the greening in the past of which 3 species are used as a green core of a small sacral architecture: Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis (Mill.) Loudon (with 10 trees), Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (3), and Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold (1). In general, the urban dendroflora is properly selected and used for greening, although certain species and individuals are withering (e.g. Betula pendula ‘Youngii’, Juniperus scopulorum ‘Skyrocket’, F. e. ‘Jaspidea’) or unsuitably used for avenue and in small alpine-like garden.