National Representative Survey Research Articles

Need and Interest in Nature Prescriptions to Protect Cardiovascular and Mental Health: A Nationally-Representative Study With Insights for Future Randomised Trials.

"Nature prescriptions" are increasingly being adopted by health sectors as an adjunct to standard care to attend to health and social needs. We investigated levels of need and interest in nature prescriptions in adults with cardiovascular diseases, psychological distress and concomitants (e.g. physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, obesity, loneliness, burn-out). A nationally-representative survey of 3,319 adults across all states and territories of Australia was completed in February 2021 (response 84.0%). Participants were classified across 15 target groups using validated health indicators and surveyed on (1) time and frequency of visits to green and blue spaces (nature spaces), (2) interest in a nature prescription, and (3) potential confounders (e.g. age, income). Analyses were done using weighted logistic regressions. The sample was 50.5% female, 52.0% were aged ≥45 years, 15.2% were living alone and 19.3% were born overseas in non-English-speaking countries. Two-thirds of the sample spent 2 hours or more a week in nature, but these levels were generally lower in target groups (e.g. 57.7% in adults with type 2 diabetes). Most participants (81.9%) were interested in a nature prescription, even among those spending fewer than 2 hours a week in nature (76.4%). For example, 2hours a week or more in nature was lowest among sedentary adults (36.9%) yet interest in nature prescriptions in this group was still high (74.0%). Lower levels of nature contact in target groups was not explained by differences in access to or preference for local nature spaces. High levels of interest in nature prescriptions amid low levels of nature contact in many target health groups provides impetus for developing randomised trials of interventions that enable people to spend more time in nature. These findings can inform intervention co-design processes with a wide range of community stakeholders, end-users in target health groups, and the health professionals who support them.

Gender Attitudes Across Generations in Contemporary Armenian Society (Comparative Analysis)

Contemporary gender norms and attitudes in Armenia have been shaped by a complex interplay of pre-Soviet traditional culture, the legacy of the Soviet socialist modernization project, and the post-Soviet spread of western ideas and values. The paper examines generational differences in gender norms and attitudes in Armenian society, by comparing three generational groups. The mixed-method analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative data, including the nationally-representative household-based Gender Barometer Survey conducted in 2014, as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions among members of different generational groups in Armenia during 2015-2020. The results of the factor analysis show considerable generational complexity in gender norms and attitudes. We find that the majority of Armenian society, regardless of gender and generation, strongly adheres to the core family values and the corresponding gendered family roles. At the same time, the analyses show that individuals who belong to the older generation, i.e., the generation whose socialization took place under Soviet rule, display the most conservative patriarchal gender attitudes. The middle generation, whose coming of age occurred during the period of the early radical post-Soviet transformation, demonstrate inconsistent gender attitudes: while adhering to conservative gender norms, they are also most dissatisfied with the state of gender equality and in some aspects, such as achievement of status and wealth, display considerable gender egalitarianism. Finally, the youngest generation generally subscribes to the most egalitarian attitudes, but this group is far from homogenous, demonstrating a sharp divide between urban dwellers, who are very egalitarian-minded, and rural ones, who are remarkably conservative. Notably, young women living in cities display by far the most egalitarian attitudes. Moreover, among men, the generation is not a significant predictor of the level of egalitarianism in gender attitudes, compared to education and area of residence (city/village). However, it has a more significant impact on women’s perception of the traditional gender scheme. We conclude with a discussion of the role of changes in gender norms and attitudes in a broader transformation of Armenian society.

Masturbation Prevalence, Frequency, Reasons, and Associations with Partnered Sex in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey.

Despite well-documented individual, relational, and health benefits, masturbation has been stigmatized and is understudied compared to partnered sex. In a US nationally representative survey of adults, we aimed to: (1) assess the prevalence and frequency of participants' prior-year masturbation, (2) describe reasons people give for not masturbating, (3) describe reasons people give for masturbating, and (4) examine the association between masturbation frequency and actual/desired partnered sex frequency in the prior year. Significantly more men than women reported lifetime masturbation, past month masturbation, and greater masturbation frequency. The most frequently endorsed reasons for masturbating related to pleasure, feeling "horny," stress relief, and relaxation. The most frequently endorsed reasons for not masturbating were lack of interest, being in a committed relationship, conflict with morals or values, or being against one's religion. Among women, those who desired partnered sex much more often and a little more often were 3.89 times (95% CI: 2.98, 5.08) and 2.07 times (95% CI: 1.63, 2.62), respectively, more likely to report higher frequencies of past-year masturbation than those who desired no change in their partnered sex frequency. Among men, those who desired partnered sex much more often and a little more often were 4.40 times (95% CI: 3.41, 5.68) and 2.37 times (95% CI: 1.84, 3.06), respectively, more likely to report higher frequencies of past-year masturbation activity than those who reported that they desired no change in their current partnered sex frequency. Findings provide contemporary U.S. population-level data on patterns of adult masturbation.

Lopsided inclusion: The impact of multi‐employer bargaining and class‐based unionism on non‐regular employment in South Korea

AbstractThis study examines the impact of multi‐employer bargaining on non‐regular workers across different unions and types of non‐regular employment. Using national representative survey data from South Korea, I find that multi‐employer bargaining increases the likelihood that a workplace union would address a pay increase for non‐regular workers when the union was affiliated with a confederation espousing class‐based as opposed to business‐unionism. However, such a relationship was weaker for temporary agency workers and subcontractors than for direct‐hire fixed‐term workers. This mechanism is further illustrated through a second round of data collection and analysis, namely in‐depth interviews. I identify two factors that characterize the class‐based confederation: (1) centralized pressure from the union and (2) activists and their identity work. Altogether, these results further an understanding of how the identities of national union confederations can influence local representatives’ approach to representing non‐regular workers and how those influences are manifested through workplace‐level collective bargaining.

UNEQUAL LOSS: DISPARITIES IN RELATIONAL PROXIMITY TO A COVID-19 DEATH AMONG US OLDER ADULTS

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated communities of color in the U.S. at disproportionate rates. Racial-ethnic and language disparities in COVID grief may be even more extreme than those in individual mortality. We drew on the National Social Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) COVID Study, a supplement to the nationally-representative longitudinal survey. The analytic sample consisted of 2,554 community-dwelling older adults in the U.S. interviewed between September 2020 and January 2021. We used descriptive analysis to evaluate disparities by race/ethnicity/language subgroups in relational proximity to a COVID-19 death (aquaintaince < friend/family member < household member < spouse) and multiple logistic regression to evaluate disparities in experiencing at least one COVID-19 death in one’s social network. English-speaking, Non-Hispanic Black and Latino older adults were over-represented in every category of proximity to a COVID-19 death, but overrepresentation in proximity to a COVID-19 death was greatest among Spanish-speakers of any race. Although Spanish-speaking respondents were only 4.6% of the full sample, half of the respondents who lost a spouse to COVID-19 were Spanish-speakers. Disparities by language and race/ethnicity persisted even with the inclusion of controls for age, sex, marital status, education, and nativity. The most extreme disparities in closeness to COVID-19 death were experienced by Spanish-speakers of any race/ethnicity. It is unclear if this disparity is driven by language alone or the intersection of language and nativity and associated systemic vulnerabilities. Observed disparities could also reflect variation by language and immigrant identity in network size and structure, including connections to relatives in other countries.

Maternal Centric Measurement and Data Gaps in Addressing Maternal Morbidities: A Scoping Review.

The objectives of this project were to (1) describe maternal-centric measures and survey data which are publicly available to evaluate the incidence, frequency, and distribution of maternal morbidity in the postpartum period, and (2) to identify postpartum care quality improvement targets and outline the types of measurement and data required to support them. We conducted a scoping review of two types of data sources: maternal health quality measures used by providers and payers and nationally-representative survey data sets administered by federal agencies. Each source was searched for keywords associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period. We included quality measures and survey questions that are maternal-centric and addressed the postpartum period. We excluded infant-centric measures and data. Quality measures were organized according to the Donabedian quality model. Our analysis demonstrates that existing maternal-centric quality measures and survey data offer limited insight into diagnosis and patient care delivery experiences associated with maternal morbidities during the postpartum period. There is inadequate maternal-centric data on the incidence, frequency, and distribution of postpartum maternal morbidities and associated care use. This gap reduces the ability of research to estimate the incidence of illness and injury among postpartum women and create targeted quality improvement efforts. Our findings highlight the need for quality measure stewards and data sponsors to enhance data collection and methods to become more inclusive of maternal-centric outcomes during the postpartum period.

Living without Partnered Sex in Germany. Results From the First Representative, Population-based German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD)

Broader insights into the life situations of sexually inactive adults in Germany are widely unexplored. Within the nationally-representative survey GeSiD (German Health and Sexuality Survey), undertaken 2018-2019, data of 4,758 participants with lifetime interpersonal sexual experience aged 18-75 years (men: n = 2234; women: n = 2524) were analyzed in regards to partnered sexual inactivity in the past 12 months (PSI; no genital-involving sexual contact with another person). Overall, advanced age, being single and impaired health conditions were associated with PSI. Data showed gender-specific associations with PSI, such as less alcohol, smoking and drug use in women. PSI was associated with lower general life satisfaction throughout different age groups.

Challenging the linearity assumption of intra-brand image confusion

The purpose of this study is to clarify and consolidate the components and consequences of intra-brand image confusion (IBIC). In addition to validating previous research results on IBIC in a fresh context (different product category with its brands), this study challenges the linearity assumption usually underlying studies of branding impacts and IBIC. A national representative online survey was conducted in the United Kingdom investigating the smartphone market. Explorative factor analyses were conducted in order to assess the components of IBIC. Structural equation modeling reveals the extent and consequences of IBIC. Multiple regressions were conducted to further explore non-linear response at the sub-domain and higher-order construct level. The results confirm and solidify previous results on the relevance of the construct of IBIC. This study supports the relevance of intra-brand image confusion’s three components. A novel contribution arises from the fact that customers with a moderate involvement level are more confused than people with lower involvement levels. A U-shaped response indicates that lower involved prospective customers are at higher risk of a confusion by too broad assortments. Brand managers are well advised to pay strong attention to the structure of an assortment and to sub-brands to prevent the occurrence of an IBIC.

Gaps in available published data on abortion in Uganda and the missed opportunity to inform policy and practice.

Globally, 25% of pregnancies end up in induced abortion, the majority of which are unsafe. Abortion is safe when conducted according to WHO recommendations. The objective of the present study was to identify gaps in the data published on abortion and make recommendations to the Ministry of Health, Uganda. The search strategy included PubMed, Google Scholar articles (from October 2020 to May 2021) on unsafe abortion in Uganda, reviewed data from the Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Uganda (AOGU) members' baseline survey (2019), Health Management Information System (HMIS) summary data (2015-2016 to 2019-2020), and the Uganda Demographic and Heath Survey (DHS) report (2011, 2016). From the 200 articles and national health surveys identified, 37 articles and two national representative surveys met our criteria: prevalence, factors, estimating cost of induced abortion, and complications associated with safe and unsafe abortion in both low- and high-income countries. There are many unsafe abortions in restrictive environments. Abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal and morbidity. Physicians favor dilatation and curettage over manual vacuum aspiration and medical methods for the evacuation of retained products. Several gaps still exist in the published articles, HMIS data, and DHS data, leading to missed opportunities for data to inform policy and practice.

Maize price variability, land use change, and forest loss: evidence from Ghana

This paper documents the relationship between maize price variability and forest loss in Ghana. Using the fixed effects regression technique while controlling for weather variables and accounting for spatial dependence, the study finds that an increase in maize price variability is associated with an increase in forest loss. Drawing on nationally-representative panel household survey data, the analysis further reveals that an increase in maize price variability contributes to forest loss through changes in household land use decisions. The finding indicates that an increase in maize price variability in the previous year positively correlates with a household’s total cultivated farm size. This increase in cropped area is primarily due to a rise in the household cultivated area of cocoa – an export crop with a guaranteed price set annually by the government. The study highlights an important linkage between agricultural price stabilization policies and environmental externalities.

P021National levels of support for legalizing and not criminalizing people involved in self-managed abortion (SMA): A national representative survey

<h3>Objectives</h3> Despite the growing number of people who have been prosecuted for self-managing an abortion in the US, few studies have examined people's attitudes toward legally restricting and punishing people who self-manage an abortion. We assess national attitudes about the legality and criminalization of self-managed abortion. <h3>Methods</h3> From December 2021 to January 2022, we administered a national probability-based online survey of English- and Spanish-speaking women and men regarding their attitudes about the legality and criminalization of self-managed abortion, using Ipsos KnowledgePanel. We estimated weighted proportions and conducted multivariable regression analyses to identify characteristics associated with support for self-managed abortion legality or criminalization. <h3>Results</h3> 7,016 people assigned female and 360 assigned male at birth completed the survey. Most females (79%) and males (59%) did not agree/strongly agree that it should be against the law to end a pregnancy on your own without medical assistance, including those living in states with laws that criminalize self-managed abortion (64% of females and 62% of males). Similarly, most did not agree/strongly agree that people who self-manage an abortion should be reported to the police (72% and 57%), reported to child protective services (67% and 54%) or go to jail (81% and 68%, respectively). In multivariable analyses, factors associated with supporting self-managed abortion legality or criminalization included sex, age, educational attainment, political party, and religious affiliation, but not residence in a state that criminalized self-managed abortion. <h3>Conclusions</h3> There is a general lack of public support for making self-managed abortion illegal and punishing the people involved, although support varied.

Examining Podcast Listeners’ Perceptions of the Journalistic Functions of Podcasts

Podcasting is a well-established medium with a rapidly growing audience but no established ethical standards or professional practices across a wide variety of genres. Through a representative national survey of American internet users ( n = 1,025), this research examined how much podcast listeners ( n = 529) trust podcasts as a source of news and how they evaluate their journalistic merit. Podcast listeners trust podcasts less than most other sources of information, with the exception of online news and satirical news programs. And though listeners agree that podcasting is a form of journalism, a way to stay informed about news and current events, and a valuable source of information, they’re more skeptical of podcasts when comparing them to traditional news sources of information. Age is the only demographic category that predicts listening frequency.

Missed opportunities for initiation of treatment and control of hypertension among older adults in India

Hypertension (HT) is a major public health problem globally. The unacceptably low treatment and control rates are a major concern for policy makers as they contribute to avoidable mortality and morbidity. This study quantifies the prevalence and the determinants of missed opportunities for the treatment and control of HT in older adults in India. The study utilized data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), a population-based national representative survey of 62,416 individuals aged over 45 years. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of missed opportunities for the treatment and control of HT was 29.9 % and 16.4 % respectively. Overall, more than 60 % of all missed opportunities were in the private sector, and 75 % were in outpatient consultations. Education, working status, diabetes, stroke, physical activities, smoking, monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) quintiles were positively associated with missed opportunities for both treatment and control of HT. Rural residents, individuals with no comorbidities, and those belonging to lower MPCE quintiles were positively associated with missed opportunities for treatment. This association was inverse in the case of missed opportunities for the control of HT. Significant missed opportunities exist with respect to the treatment and control of HT. We discuss the reasons behind low treatment and control rates, including failure to initiate treatment, suboptimal compliance, and lack of follow-up, in the context of significant financial barriers to access to health services and availability of free anti-hypertensive drugs in India.

Food consumption and dyslipidemia in middle-aged adults in Indonesia: A cross-sectional national study.

Background: Most people with abnormal lipid profiles are found in middle-aged adults in Indonesia. Unhealthy food consumption was positively associated with dyslipidemia. In contrast, healthy food consumption, including fruits and vegetables, was inversely associated with dyslipidemia. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the association between food consumption with dyslipidemia among middle-aged adults in Indonesia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the national representative survey of Indonesian Basic Health Research (IBHR) conducted by the National Institute of Health Research Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Indonesia, in 2018. The study recruited 10,608 participants aged from 45 to 59 years old. An unadjusted or adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and a multivariate logistic regression model were performed to evaluate the associations of food consumption with dyslipidemia. Results: Frequent consumption of barbecue and soft drink was significantly correlated with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.149, CI: 1.055-1.251 and OR = 1.202, CI: 1.041-1.388). Frequent consumption of soft drink, and inadequate intakes of fruits and vegetables were significantly correlated with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.254, CI: 1.012-1.553, OR = 1.178, CI: 1.013-1.388, OR = 1.219, CI: 1.011-1.471, respectively) in men. While, frequent consumption of barbecue was significantly correlated with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.203, CI: 1.068-1.355) in women. Conclusion: Frequent consumption of barbecue and soft drink increased the risk of developing dyslipidemia among middle-aged adults in Indonesia.

Shifting priorities and employment choices among workers in Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal analysis

BackgroundEmployment is a determinant of health. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted working lives, forcing individuals to adapt to new ways of working. These shifts might shape people's priorities and their consideration of changes for future work. We examined how these outcomes differed depending on self-reported health status. MethodsIn this longitudinal analysis, we used data from the COVID-19 Employment and Health in Wales Study; a nationally-representative household survey of workers aged 18–64 years. Timepoint 1 (T1) data were collected between May 27, 2020, and June 22, 2020, and timepoint 2 (T2) data between Nov 30, 2020, and Jan 29, 2021. Participants who responded at both timepoints were eligible. Respondents selected five employment priorities at both timepoints, and the employment changes they considered during the COVID-19 pandemic at T2 only. We used multivariable logistic regressions (including sociodemographics, current employment factors, and self-reported health) and examined associations with health firstly for employment priorities, and secondly for the consideration of employment changes. Health measures were self-reported general health, limiting pre-existing health conditions (both using National Survey for Wales validated questions), and mental wellbeing (using the shortened Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale). FindingsWe analysed data from 592 respondents (382 [65%] women). 766 (56%) of 1358 T1 respondents were excluded as no T2 responses were provided. Those who self-reported poor general health were consistently more likely to prioritise flexible working arrangements than those rating fair or above (T1 adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2·06 [95% CI 1·10–3·88], p=0·033; T2 aOR 1·87 [95% CI 1·05–3·33], p=0·034). Those with low (as opposed to average) mental wellbeing were more likely to consider securing a permanent contract (aOR 5·49 [95% CI 1·32–22·81], p=0·023, and those with limiting pre-existing conditions were four times more likely to consider becoming self-employed (aOR 4·00 [95% CI 1·35–11·84], p=0·011) than those without. InterpretationPromoting the adoption of flexible working policies and supporting those in poor health to obtain flexible employment could benefit people in Wales. Those with low mental wellbeing might seek the security of permanent employment, and those with limiting pre-existing conditions might value the autonomy of self-employment. FundingNone.

Spatial and social mobility in England: The persistence of the ‘Escalator’ effect for the millennial generation

AbstractRegional disparities in social mobility have long been apparent in Britain. Recent decades have seen a growing level of spatial inequalities in terms of social, economic and employment opportunities. Empirical studies suggest not only what do your parents do, but also where do you come from, profoundly influences one's life opportunities, London and the Southeast are consistently shown to be areas with more social mobility than the rest of country. This study presents an updated estimate of the extent of social mobility across regions in England, and more importantly, how this has been conditional on cross‐region migration. By using national representative survey data covering a decade (2005–2015), the results show considerable variations in the regional estimates of both absolute and relative mobility. In particular, London was found to be leading on social mobility measures in nationwide comparisons, supporting previous findings that London plays an important national role in Britain's social mobility. In addition, separate analysis for samples of cross‐region ‘movers’ and ‘stayers’ suggests that migration is associated with social upward mobility, with London still functioning as an ‘escalator‘ region providing better opportunities for those who move there from elsewhere the country. This persistence of the ‘escalator region’ effect for the millennial generation in England underlines how unequal economic geography continues to shape opportunity and trajectories of mobility for individuals.

Agricultural Production Services, Farm Size and Chemical Fertilizer Use in China’s Maize Production

Although various previous studies have explored the relationship between agricultural service adoption and its economic impact, little is known about how it may affect environmental quality, especially chemical fertilizer application. Our study examines the effects of agricultural production services (APSs) on chemical fertilizer use, as well as the effects mediated by farm size, using a national representative survey data set comprising 1321 farm households from 132 villages in China. We show that farms adopting APSs tend to decrease the usage of chemical fertilizer and, thus, have less deviation from optimal chemical fertilizer application. Farms with large sizes are more likely to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizer. Moreover, farm size has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between APS adoption and chemical fertilizer use. In particular, farms adopting APSs are more likely to expand farm size, resulting in chemical fertilizer reduction. Our results suggest that APSs contribute to promoting the scale operation and environmental quality in agriculture.

Economic burden of insomnia symptoms in Canada

ObjectiveTo estimate health care and productivity costs associated with insomnia symptoms in Canadian adults. MethodsThree pieces of information were needed to calculate estimates based on a prevalence-based approach: (1) the pooled relative risk estimates of health outcomes consistently associated with insomnia symptoms obtained from recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies; (2) the direct (health care) and indirect (lost productivity due to premature mortality) costs of these health outcomes using the Economic Burden of Illness in Canada information; and (3) the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in Canadian men (18.1%) and women (29.5%) obtained from a nationally-representative survey. ResultsThe direct, indirect, and total costs of insomnia symptoms in Canada in 2021 were $1.9 billion, $12.6 million, and $1.9 billion, respectively. This value represents 1.9% of the overall burden of illness costs for 2021 in Canada. The 2 most expensive chronic diseases attributable to insomnia symptoms were type 2 diabetes ($754 million) and depression ($706 million). The main contributor to the costs for type 2 diabetes and depression was prescription drugs. A 5% decrease in insomnia symptoms (from 23.8% to 18.8%) would result in an estimated $353 million in avoided costs while a 5% increase in insomnia symptoms (from 23.8% to 28.8%) would result in an estimated $333 million in additional expenditures yearly. ConclusionsInsomnia symptoms greatly contribute to the economic burden of illness in Canada. Reducing the prevalence of insomnia symptoms would reduce its societal burden.

Development and optimisation of a multi-component workplace intervention to increase cycling for the Cycle Nation Project.

The Cycle Nation Project (CNP) aimed to develop, test the feasibility of and optimize a multi-component individual-/social-level workplace-based intervention to increase cycling among office staff at a multinational bank (HSBC UK). To do this, we first explored barriers to cycling in a nationally-representative survey of UK adults, then undertook focus groups with bank employees to understand any context-specific barriers and ways in which these might be overcome. These activities led to identification of 10 individual-level, two social-level, and five organizational-level modifiable factors, which were mapped to candidate intervention components previously identified in a scoping review of cycling initiatives. Interviews with HSBC UK managers then explored the practicality of implementing the candidate intervention components in bank offices. The resultant pilot CNP intervention included 32 core components across six intervention functions (education, persuasion, incentivisation, training, environmental restructuring, enablement). Participants received a loan bike for 12-weeks (or their own bike serviced), and a 9-week cycle training course (condensed to 6 weeks for those already confident in basic cycling skills), including interactive information sharing activities, behavior change techniques (e.g., weekly goal setting), bike maintenance training, practical off-road cycling skill games and on-road group rides. Sessions were delivered by trained bank staff members who were experienced cyclists. The CNP pilot intervention was delivered across three sites with 68 participants. It was completed in two sites (the third site was stopped due to COVID-19) and was feasible and acceptable to both women and men and across different ethnicities. In addition, the CNP intervention was successful (at least in the short term) in increasing cycling by 3 rides/week on average, and improving perceptions of safety, vitality, confidence, and motivation to cycle. Following minor modifications, the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the CNP intervention should be tested in a full-scale randomized controlled trial.

How consumers budget

Although budgeting is widely considered a common method of managing household finances, surprisingly little is known about the budgeting process. Using a nationally-representative survey (N=3,826) of US adults, we examine budgeting behaviors and beliefs, including who budgets and why, how individuals categorize consumption, and how they adjust their behavior after over- or under-spending. We identify five facts that illuminate key features of budgeting and supplement findings with administrative data (N=194,678) from a large financial institution in Australia. Understanding systematic patterns in how individuals and households budget can serve a critical role in informing economic models of consumption-savings behavior.