Representative Figures Research Articles

Major clinical research advances in gynecologic cancer in 2020.

In 2020 series, we summarized the major clinical research advances in gynecologic oncology with providing representative figures of the most influential study for 1 of each 3 gynecologic cancers: cervix, ovary, and uterine corpus. Review for cervical cancer covered targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, adjuvant radiation therapy or concurrent/sequential chemoradiation therapy after radical hysterectomy in early cervical cancer, radical surgery in early cervical cancer; and prevention and screening. Ovarian cancer research included studies of various combinations of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors with chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and/or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors according to the clinical setting. For uterine corpus cancer, molecular classification upon which the decision of adjuvant treatments might be based, World Health Organization recommendation of 2-tier grading system (low grade vs. high grade), sentinel lymph node assessment and ovarian preservation in clinically early-stage endometrial cancer were reviewed. Molecular targeted agents including immune checkpoint inhibitors which showed promising anti-tumor activities in advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer were also included in this review.

Forecasting the red lentils commodity market price using SARIMA models

Canada is the world’s largest producer of lentils, accounting for 32.8% of total production in the world. However, the production of lentils are prone to fluctuate due to the impact of erratic factors such as weather conditions and economic crises. Consequently, the price of the commodity will be changed and volatile. Therefore, the approach of modeling and forecasting future price based on the preceding data will provide representative figures to make decisions regarding the lentil production for growers and end users. Hence, the objective of this study is to model and forecast the red lentil prices using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (SARIMA). Eight years of weekly data starting from 2010 to 2019 which comprise 521 observations, obtained from Saskatchewan.ca were used in this study. The average red lentil price in Saskatchewan was dollar 24.75 per 100 lb, and weekly prices were highly fluctuating over time. The seasonality and volatility of red lentils are modeled and forecasted by calculating the seasonal index and applying SARIMA models to the time series. The results reveal that the SARIMA (2,1,2)(0,1,1)[52] model provides the best in sample and out-sample performance when predicting the red lentil prices. Hence, this model can be utilized by both growers and end users in making optimal production decisions and in managing overall price risk.

북송 소철 춘추학의 왕안석 비판과 그 함의

The fact that Su Zhe(1039∼1112) in the North Song Dynasty commented on the Spring and Autumn Annals was not well known compared to his literary reputation. But he spent a lot of time writing ‘Collections of interpretation on Spring and Autumn Annals’ for about 20 years. He was a member of an academic school formed around the Sichuan area, along with his father Su Xun and brother Su Shi, who opposed and criticized Wang"s reform and ideas during the North Song period. The purpose and intention of his writing of the book was to criticize Wang An Shi"s reform and new academic work, while also gaining the upper hand in ideological competition with the academic circle centered on the Chung brothers.<BR> It should be noted that officials and scholars in North Song, who opposed Wang’s reform and ideas, studied almost all of the Spring and Autumn Studies. The most prolific book of the Song Dynasty of Spring and Autumn Studies has come from this era, with the greatest number of commentators throughout all ages of China. He strongly protested Wang"s exclusion of Spring and Autumn Annals from the civil service examination subjects and his enactment of a new book on three scriptures as an official government commentary.<BR> In particular, rumors that Wang An Shi called Confucius"s Spring and Autumn Annals “an old and stale official document” have sparked heated debates in the political and academic circles, regardless of its authenticity. He was the most representative figure of the time when he criticized Wang An Shi through Spring and Autumn Studies.

El Occidente islámico en la obra de al-Muqaddasī

En el presente artículo se hará una aproximación a la obra geográfica de al-Muqaddasī (380/990), Kitāb aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm (La mejor división para el conocimiento de las provincias). Su concepción geográfica y su metodología sistemática lo convierten en uno de los mejores representantes de la literatura geográfica del siglo X. Aunque su obra abarca la geografía del imperio controlado por los musulmanes (mamlaka), el trabajo se centrará exclusivamente en Occidente islámico, del que al-Muqaddasī ofrece una visión muy interesante, tanto por su origen oriental como por las fuentes utilizadas (no viajó a al-Andalus y es poco probable que lo hiciera al Mágreb, lo cual no resta objetividad a su trabajo). Como cultivador del género de al-masālik wa-l-mamālik (Los caminos y los reinos), se ocupó de los topónimos y rutas principales occidentales, los cuales detalla exhaustivamente en su obra. Pero su labor de especialista fue más allá, interesándose por aspectos propios de la geografía física y humana. Por esta razón, en su obra ofrece muchos detalles sobre las poblaciones de las zonas descritas (costumbres, tipos de comida, vestimenta, religión etc...), aportando un testimonio único y preciso de gran valor para todos los interesados el Occidente islámico medieval.

From ‘the mind isolated with the body’ to ‘the mind being embodied’: Contemporary approaches to the philosophy of the body

In the interpretation of the body in the 20th century, philosophy placed less emphasis than before on its natural composition and sought to integrate value judgements from different perspectives. The philosophy of the body addresses the deepest essential problems of human society and culture, it generates a uniquely detailed analysis of human nature and its various roles and performances in social operations, and it reveals contemporary society’s operating mechanisms and deep internal contradictions. Accordingly, philosophy no longer gives the mind any priority or superiority in terms of cognition, and the focus of research has moved away from pure consciousness and towards the body. Contemporary philosophical exploration of the body covers both the concept of belongingness and the feasibility of bodily freedom. It not only foregrounds the impossibility of viewing the body and the mind as separate entities but also leads us to examine the connections between humans and the world, taking meaning, reason and the body as their basis. This paper explores the connections between body and thought in modern philosophy, traces the development of philosophy’s increasing concern with the body, elucidates the main contributions of representative figures in the field of philosophy of the body, and analyses the methodological significance and influence of the philosophy of the body as a contemporary philosophical trend.

The Gospel of John as Model for Literate Authors and their Texts in Epistula Apostolorum and Apocryphon of James (NHC I,2)

The Gospel of John (GJohn) bears a striking resemblance to two later Jesus books, Epistula Apostolorum (EpAp) and Apocryphon of James (ApocrJas) (NHC I,2), in making authority claims that appeal to the socio-cultural significance of the textual medium. In all three, these claims are twofold: (1) internally ascribing authorship to representative figures of the early Jesus tradition portrayed as literate; (2) explicitly emphasizing the written medium of these authors’ compositions. GJohn can provide an instructive model for understanding these features in EpAp and ApocrJas, as both are demonstrably familiar with GJohn. EpAp and ApocrJas consequently can be examined alongside GJohn’s editorial expansion in ch. 21 as examples of early readers and users of GJohn exhibiting comparable claims regarding literate authors and their texts – applied to the Beloved Disciple (GJohn), the ‘Eleven’ apostles (EpAp) and James (ApocrJas).

An analysis of Yongseong Jinjong’s attempt to modernize Buddhism and its limitations

용성에 대한 기존 연구는 민족불교론에서 접근한 성과가 대부분이지만, 그의 생애 후반기는 오히려 불교 근대화를 추진하였던 면모가 두드러지게 드러난다. 이러한 경향은 선을 여성에게 개방한 것과 불전 번역에서 잘 드러난다. 용성은 대각교에서 부인선원을 개설하고 여성에게 선을 개방하였다. 다만 용성이 전통적인 선을 지향하였던 만큼 근대 여성이 각성하는 지도원리로서 선이 작용한 것이 아니라는 한계를 갖고 있다. 한편, 용성의 불전 번역은 근대 계몽기 지식인들이 번역과 출판 사업을 문명화의 과제로 공유하던 문제인식이나 기독교에 대한 대응에서 자극을 받아 이루어졌다. 특히 용성의 번역은 1920년대 전반기에서 국한문체 위주의 번역에서 1920년대 후반 이후에는 순한글로 문체가 변화하였다. 용성은 불교 잡지를 통해 이러한 글쓰기의 변화를 이해하고 수용한 것으로 추측된다. 다만 그의 번역은 조선시대 이래 성행된 전통적인 불전을 대상으로 한 것이고, 근대학문적인 방법론이나 근대적인 재해석을 거친 것이 아니라는 한계가 있다. 용성이 불교의 근대화를 모색하면서 보인 한계는 이른바 ‘대처’ 문제에 대한 현실인식에서 드러난다. 승려의 결혼이 확산된 현상은 일본에서 근대 국민국가의 수립과 관련된 정책에서 비롯된 것이며, 재가주의 불교를 중심으로 한 불교의 근대화를 모색하는 과정과 관련된다. 나아가 식민지조선에서 지식인승려들의 결혼은 불교의 사회적 실천과 관련된 문제인식과 관련된다. 이러한 문제와 현실인식을 배제하고 승려의 결혼이라는 현상을 단순히 계율의 문제로 환원하거나 일본불교의 영향이라고 단순화시켜 이해하는 것은 당대 역사상과 거리가 있다.Considering Yongseong is a traditional Zen Master, it is notable that he presented various directions for Buddhist reform and made an effort to materialize those ideas. In particular, Yongseong’s achievement is representative of the practices in pursuit of the modernization of Buddhism, such as opening up of Zen to women and the translation of various Buddhist scripture, which have remained relatively unnoticed. Yongseong opened the Zen Center for Women in Daegakgyo[大覺敎] which he founded. In the Zen Center, women not only practiced Zen but also held leadership positions. Given the exclusion of women from Zen centers as customary practice, Yongseong’s decision to get women engaged with practicing Zen in the center can be viewed as a sign of modernization of Buddhism. However, there are limitations in that Zen did not function as a guiding principle for women to be awakened, as well as to act as an individual subject. Yongseong is a representative figure who translated the Buddhist sacred text during the Japanese occupation of Korea. The way in which he translated Buddhist text changed from a mixed style of writing Korean with Chinese characters, in it in the early 1920s, to that of only Han-geul in the late 1920s. This stylistic change reflected the establishment of the Korean language, especially the formation of unity of speech and writing in the 1910s, which has been pursued since the late Chos&#251;n Dynasty. However, Yongseong s translation of Buddhist scriptures showed some limitations. For example, most of the Buddhist texts translated by Yongseong were valued in the Buddhism of the Chos&#251;n Dynasty, and they did not go beyond the structure of pre-modern Buddhist thought. Furthermore, his translation has some shortcomings in that it was neither informed by the methodology of the modern disciplinary approach nor by a renewal of given interpretations of the text. The limitations of Yongseong’s pursuit of the modernization of Buddhism can be exemplified in his opposition to marriage for monks. Yongseong criticized marriage for monks from the perspective of seeing the issue as a matter of discipline. However, the prevalence of monk marriage can not be regarded as a traditional discipline issue nor as a unilateral influence of Japanese Buddhism. The practice of marriage for monks became prevalent in modern Japan as a result of the government s policy of reclassifying being a monk to a vocation, rather than being one of status, which was promoted as part of modernization of Japanese Buddhism. In addition to this, emphasis needs to be put on the fact that the formation of modern Buddhism in East Asia was dominated by the Buddhist circles who led the ascetic life of Buddhism in their own homes.

Modny „pan władza”. O strojach funkcjonariuszy MO w polskiej powieści milicyjnej lat 1956–1989

Creation of the militiaman — treated as a representative figure for the specific type of literary character typical for militia literature — was functionalised in such a way to present militiamen as heroes on and off duty. This is why they used their inconspicuous appearance as a “weapon” for fighting against criminals. The worldly gentleman allowed the creation of the image of an “ideal mil-itiaman”. These two strategies were supposed to evoke trust towards the investigative and policing organs, overused during the Stalinist period. In that way, “the supermen in blue uniforms” (a term created by Stanisław Barańczak) (re)gained their humanity becoming appealing to the readers; all in compliance with the ideological premises, however, due to different reasons than the national policymakers wished. Thus, the reconfigurations of the image of the militia official in “neo-militia literature”, having a demystifying tone, show to what extent the image created by the writers of militia literature remained artistically prominent. However, nowadays not only this demystifying notion, but also militia literature is regaining its popularity, the proof being the activity of its readers on the internet. The reason why these stories — very often full of propaganda — are interesting for readers may be their documentary values. It seems, however, that it is especially the depiction of the heroes perceived not as represent-atives of the policy, but as single units coping with the everyday struggles of living in the PRL (The Polish People’s Republic), that has the greatest influence on the popularity of this genre.

News, Programs, Publications, and Awards

News, Programs, Publications, and Awards

Unlocked in translation: techniques for the translation of Spanish and British courtroom figures

Abstract Legal and courtroom figures always entail severe difficulties for both expert translators and translation trainees. They are a very fair reflection of the current society, and its organisation. When the translator is working with diverse legal systems (the British and the Spanish one), their complexity becomes stronger. Therefore, in this paper we will deal with the (English-Spanish) translation of the most representative and challenging courtroom figures from the UK and Spain by using the translation techniques applicable to court terminology.

“Wild Beasts of the Philosophical Desert”: Religion, Science, and Spirituality in a Post-secular Age

This article explores the popular genre of “spirituality and science” against the backdrop of the dominant religion-secular-science classifications. Science has come to exemplify secularity in the modern social imaginary, clearly differentiated from, and often in a conflictual relationship with, religion. The power and prestige of techno-science, tightly linked to the narrative of modern secular progress, helps to secure its claims to capturing what is real and true—over against religion that has increasingly lost traction on claims to the real. This article explores some representative figures in the genre of science and spirituality, considering the aims, dominant themes, and authorizing strategies of their writings. I argue that this largely grassroots movement challenges the dominant meanings and relations among religion, secular, and science in its quest to articulate an integrated vision. It turns to new scientific thinking, including quantum physics and biological sciences, and mystical experience to articulate an empirically grounded, and scientifically inflected and supported, spirituality. Through a series of cases, I show the variety within this popular genre that is challenging both traditional religion and modern secular science. Developing the optics, vocabularies, and sensibilities to make sense of these proliferating hybrid cultural formations remains a fundamental challenge.

Del derecho natural al pacto fiduciario: gobierno y propiedad en la economía política republicana

El republicanismo cada vez suscita mayor atención por parte de la filosofía política. Sin embargo, a menudo se emplea una aproximación meramente hermenéutica que tiende a desatender las circunstancias políticas, sociales y económicas que, en efecto, dieron forma a esta tradición de pensamiento. Este artículo aborda la concepción moderna de la libertad republicana a través del caso norteamericano y francés mediante la obra de dos de sus máximos representantes, Thomas Jefferson y Maximilien Robespierre. El artículo defiende que el gobierno político, jurídico y económico –la economía política republicana– ideado por ambos, guarda importantes similitudes que la filosofía política actual no puede obviar. Para ilustrar dicha relación, se muestra que ambos pensadores recibieron una honda y similar influencia de la filosofía del derecho natural y de la teoría fiduciaria a la hora de pensar y tratar de implementar sus modelos de gobierno y su idea de propiedad.

El chiste y su uso contemporáneo. Un acercamiento a partir de Freud y Lacan

A partir de El chiste y su relación con el inconsciente de Sigmund Freud, así como del Seminario 5 de Jacques Lacan, se analizan las figuras del chiste, del stand up y de los memes como figuras representativas de las problemáticas sociales y psicológicas contemporáneas. El chiste devela en gran medida la realidad inconsciente del hombre, además de ser un mecanismo que permite la liberación de energía psíquica y la resolución de la formación de compromiso. Tal propuesta se sistematiza en un esquema que representa la dinámica energética del chiste.

Parenting apps and the depoliticisation of the parent

In educational research, digital technology has received considerable attention, and in early childhood studies this has largely focused, understandably, on children. Our concern here is with the figure of the parent and on a specific digital technology – apps designed for parents. While apps can be seen as a digital extension of existing information and advice that has proliferated in the turn to parenting, and exhibits many of the characteristics of the parenting culture – for example, positioning parents as in need of education, drawing predominantly from developmental psychology and neuroscience – the particular affordances of apps draw attention to a more profound shift in how we understand what it means to raise children today, particularly if we reassert the representational – political, pedagogical – dimension of the figure of the parent. This article considers the implications of parenting apps for the position of the parent in the parent–child relationship. Key focuses in the critical sociological literature on the ‘parenting culture’ and the increasing digitisation of our daily lives are summarised to show how parenting apps can be seen as an extension of the instrumentalisation, scientisation and psychologisation identified therein. A pedagogical-philosophical register is introduced, however, informed by Stanley Cavell’s account of initiation in forms of life and Klaus Mollenhauer’s account of upbringing, that brings out the political aspect of the figure of the parent as a representative figure situated between child and world. With reference to a selection of apps aimed at the period from pregnancy to three years old, we illustrate how, while sharing similarities with the existing sources of information and advice for parents, parenting apps are distinctive due to the personalisation, visualisation and notion of community they offer. Hence, what appears as a politicisation of parents through a sociological lens is seen as a depoliticisation of parents through a pedagogical-philosophical lens.

About visual education in the context of artistic illustration: historical and contemporary aspect

This article presents the aspect of aesthetic education using issue of artistic book graphics for pre-school children and early school education students. It presents the assumptions of education in this field. Particular attention was focused on the educational impact of book illustrations. A brief historical outline of Polish artistic illustration in the children's book was presented. Key development trends and representative figures of Polish illustration have been pointed out. Examples of the use of an outstanding author's book by the authors for workshop forms of book culture animation among children were presented. They constitute a reference and justification of activities initiated in the implementation of the “ZA PROGIEM – wyprawy odkrywców” project at the pedagogical faculty of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin and “Warsztaty językowo-czytelnicze” [en. “Language and reading workshops”] conducted by Małgorzata Centner-Guz. In the era of new media, which for the young generation are an extremely important element of their life, not just communication life, for the youngest recipients contact with the book is still important.

Das Gedächtnis Zentraleuropas: Kulturelle und literarische Projektionen auf eine Region by Moritz Csáky

Reviewed by: Das Gedächtnis Zentraleuropas: Kulturelle und literarische Projektionen auf eine Region by Moritz Csáky Joseph W. Moser Moritz Csáky Das Gedächtnis Zentraleuropas: Kulturelle und literarische Projektionen auf eine Region. Vienna: Böhlau, 2019. 392 pp. Cultural definitions of Central Europe are important to Austrian Studies, with the Republic of Austria at the center of this region in Europe, and the Habsburg Empire was certainly emblematic of this territory that spread over several successor states of the Danube Monarchy and beyond. Nine [End Page 119] years before the publication of the book under review here, Moritz Csáky published Das Gedächtnis der Städte: Kulturelle Verflechtungen—Wien und die urbanen Milieus in Zentraleuropa (Böhlau, 2010), in which he examined how Vienna and Austro-Hungarian cities constituted a space of cultural memory in Central Europe, with the former Habsburg Empire at its core. In his current book, Das Gedächtnis Zentraleuropas: Kulturelle und literarische Projektionen auf eine Region, Csáky continues to examine memory in Central Europe from a cultural and literary perspective with a focus on Franz Kafka, Hermann Bahr, Joseph Roth, Miroslav Krlezas, and to a lesser degree Rilke and Hofmannsthal. The book is structured in eight chapters; the first longer chapter that comprises the first third of the book "Zentraleuropa—Kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven" gives an overview of the topic. This chapter could have well been a book of its own, covering a variety of topics, which lays the foundation for the literary analysis that follows. Some of the tropes, among many in this chapter, include the role of Jews in Central Europe, a world of contradictions, and hybrid identities. The author also answers the question why he chose the term Zentraleuropa over Mitteleuropa, the latter of which derives from Friedrich Naumanns 1915 essay by the same name, which served German political and national interests, and thus does not describe this complex multicultural region. Zentraleuropa in essence is a direct translation of the English and French terms. The idea here is a multicultural region that does not serve the interests of a single nation-state. This first chapter illustrates well the depth of the author's understanding of this region. Chapters 2-5 are each devoted to Kafka's "Beim Bau der chinesischen Mauer," Bahrs Austriaca, Joseph Roths Das falsche Gewicht, and Krlezas's Illyricum sacrum. With Kafka, the author illustrates China as a metaphor for multiculturality while also criticizing the monarchy. In Bahr's text, we also see the formation of a multicultural empire striving for federalization and democratization. Meanwhile, Roth's text expresses inner colonization as well as postcolonial perspectives. Chapter 6 deals with "Sprachenkonflikt und Sprachkritik im Kontext von Mehrsprachigkeit." One of the defining aspects of Central Europe is its polyglot identity, which simultaneously provides diversity and the challenge of comprehending one another across linguistic barriers. The author examines this phenomenon with Fritz Mauthner, Kafka, and Rilke as representative literary figures. Chapter 7 continues with an examination of constructions of foreignness, with an appropriately entitled chapter [End Page 120] "Konstruktion von Fremdheiten." Here the author discusses Wilma von Vukelich, Franz Werfel, Robert Michel, and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. The final chapter, "Zentraleuropa—Ein Laboratorium für lokale und globale kulturelle Prozesse," serves as a conclusion. This book is especially praiseworthy for its interdisciplinary approach, in which a historian uses literature to examine a cultural phenomenon. The book's strength may also be its weakness. There is a wealth of information presented in this volume by an expert who has a profound understanding of the concept of Central Europe. While the ideas of a Central European space with the former Habsburg Empire at its core are not necessarily new, the book does not so much teach Central Europe but rather elaborates an advanced theoretical understanding thereof, and it is thus not an easy read for the uninitiated, as it expects readers to cover a tremendous volume of topics, in which they must already have a strong footing, without providing clear transitions between topics. Advanced graduate students and experts in the field, however, will undoubtedly appreciate this theoretical approach, which is well researched and rounded out by a helpful bibliography and index. Joseph W...

The "Slave" as Cultural Artifact: The Case of Mary Prince

The "Slave" as Cultural Artifact:The Case of Mary Prince Kerry Sinanan (bio) The History of Mary Prince was first published in 1831 in London and Edinburgh and ran to three editions that year as its popularity proved integral to the success of the Emancipation Bill. It remains a much discussed text that frequently appears on courses that deal with transatlantic slavery and abolition. So much rests on this slim volume because it is the only text that recounts, in a first-person narrative, the experiences of an enslaved woman female slave in the British Caribbean. Despite its importance to the moment of Emancipation, in the Preface to the first edition, Thomas Pringle, then secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society, goes to lengths to emphasize that Prince's narrative is her own story, published at her request: "[T]he Anti Slavery Society have no concern whatever with this publication, nor are they in any degree responsible for the statements it contains. I have published the tract, not as their Secretary, but in my private capacity; and any profits that may arise from the sale will be exclusively appropriated to the benefit of Mary Prince herself."1 From the beginning, then, there has been an explicit tension between Mary Prince "herself" and her own motivations to tell her story, and the needs of the broader antislavery movement and its history. This tension between Prince and her contexts is ongoing as she continues to serve as a representative figure for the history of British abolition. In this essay I want to examine some of the ways in which Mary Prince and her text have been commemorated in Britain, the Caribbean, and the United [End Page 69] States, especially since Abolition 200 which commemorated the passing of the Abolition Bill in British Parliament in 1807, banning the trade in slaves.2 These public and digital commemorations of Prince interact with the archives of slavery in ways that highlight significant problems with remembering slavery in the multimedia age on both sides of the Atlantic. Moreover, as I shall show, both the public and digital commemorations of Prince create new archives of slavery that rewrite not only historical fact but Prince's History itself. Not much attention was given to Prince outside of academic arenas prior to 2007. Since then, however, the politics of commemoration in the context of present-day abolitionism have worked to recreate and represent Prince as a much more popular and public figure in ways that pander to our current concerns. Her brief text, that was already the product of complex historical forces through which Prince attempted to speak, becomes, once again, subjected to the demands of cultural politics that threaten to overwhelm what The History might have to tell us. As in the 1830s, post–2007, Prince has been reconstituted as a cultural artifact for the present but is presented to us in ways that obscure her presentation in the present as an artifact. The cultural desire to access the "real" Mary Prince as a historical subject occludes the forces at work to fulfill this mode of consumption within antislavery commemoration to the neglect of what we really do or can know about Prince. Before looking at these commemorations it is worth recounting the context of the production of The History and some of the key critical debates that it generates in scholarship today. Prince's narrative was transcribed by Susanna Strickland, later Susanna Moodie, who was to write Roughing it in the Bush (1852), while she was a servant in the household of Thomas Pringle, secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society. Prince was technically still enslaved but had left her owners, the Woods, in order to test Lord Mansfield's decision of 1772 on the James Somerset case which had fudged the issue of slave status in England by stating that "The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of being now introduced by justice upon mere reasoning … it must take its rise from positive law."3 This had left uncertain the issue of the rights of slave owners in a post-revolutionary culture. In 1829, under the direction of the Anti-Slavery society...

Health Lecturers and Students Views’ about Healthcare Workers’ as Healthy Lifestye Role Models: a Qualitative Study

Background : Health education institutions as producers of healthcare workers have a duty to demonstrate healthy lifestyles to the students as the future healthy role models. Objective : This research aimed to describe the views of health lecturers and students about their role and the effect of healthcare workers’ behavior as healthy lifestye role models. Method : An exploratory qualitative study with in-depth interviews was conducted in 2017. Six lecturers and five studentss were chosen as key informants, who were selected from the medicine, nursing, and health nutrition departments. We analyzed the data manually, by identifying categories then created into themes. Result : Healthcare workers were judged as a representative figure to demonstrate healthy lifestyles. Unhealthy lifestyle practice by healthcare workers was considered a violation of their responsibility. Furthermore, it will decrease the image and respect of healthcare workers which will cause people to trust less in the treatment process and health counseling, and finally, the society will imitate unhealthy lifestyles. Furthermore, in medical education, this influences lecturers’ self-efficacy in health counseling, causing guilty feelings and shame for not implementing a healthy lifestyle although they had already learned health science. Moreover, the students sometimes feel sadness and disappointment, since not all lecturers can become healthy lifestyle role models. Conclusion: Healthcare workers are role models of healthy lifestyles in society and expected to be in any setting. Therefore, they should appropriately respond to becoming someone who qualifies to be imitated and be a good example of a healthy lifestyle in society.

A Review of the Study of James’s Philosophy over the Past Century in China and a Prospect of Future Research Work

William James was a major representative figure for American pragmatism. The study of James’s philosophy and the translation and publication of James’s works, both in China, are closely connected with the spread and study of pragmatic philosophy therein. The spread of Jamesian philosophy in China has gone through three stages: 1) From around the May Fourth Movement in 1919 to the 1940s, pragmatism started its journey in China; James’s thought was introduced to the circles of scholars in China, and received criticism from Chinese scholars at the same time. 2) In the 1950s and 1960s, during the criticism against pragmatism among Chinese scholars, Jamesian philosophy was also fiercely attacked. 3) From the early 1980s to the present, scholars have tried to take the attitude of seeking truth from facts in commenting pragmatism, and attempted to re-examine pragmatism, including James’s philosophy. In carrying forward the academic research on Jamesian philosophy, Chinese scholars should present its landmark achievements in the collation, edition, translation and study of classics concerning Jamesian philosophy, investigate important conceptions in James’s pragmatism, study the clue of development and academic direction of thought therein, analyze and summarize James’s position in pragmatic philosophy, and make clear the position and influence of James’s philosophy both in the history of Western philosophy and in contemporary Western philosophy. Scholars should also do comprehensive multidisciplinary research on the philosophy of value, jurisprudential thought, philosophy of mind, political philosophy and religious philosophy in James’s pragmatism, and meanwhile explore the dynamic relationship between Jamesian and Chinese philosophies from the perspective of comparative philosophy.

In-hospital deaths attributable to healthcare-associated infections.

It is estimated that approximately one-third of in-hospital deaths in Norway are attributable to adverse events, while the proportion caused by infection is unknown. Oslo University Hospital provides a full range of medical specialties on a national and regional level while serving as a local hospital for a population of approximately 300 000. We wished to investigate in-hospital deaths associated with fatal adverse events, and healthcare-associated infections in particular. The study is based on a review of the medical records for all patients who died in Oslo University Hospital's somatic units in 2011. Infections were classified according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. Out of a total of 82 341 admitted patients, 1 126 died while in hospital. We identified life-shortening adverse events in 128 (11.4%) of these. The 87patients at Ullevål hospital had a mean age of 73 years, while the 41patients at Rikshospitalet/the Norwegian Radium Hospital had a mean age of 62 years. A total of 108patients (9.6%) died from a healthcare-associated infection, 49 of whom had a predicted survival of more than four weeks (4.4% of the fatalities). Fifty-eight patients had pneumonia. The proportion of deaths that were attributable to adverse events was lower than previously estimated in Norway. Oslo University Hospital, with its combined functions and broad patient base, can provide representative figures for healthcare-associated infections with fatal outcome in Norwegian hospitals.