Inequality Representation Research Articles

Evaluation of the Zipper System in Efforts to Increase Women’s Representation to 30 Percent in Parliament

The low representation of women in parliament is a global problem, especially in Indonesia. The status quo shows that the role and representation of women in parliament is still very low, which has implications for legislation products that are not inclusive. Women are vital in legislation, especially in micro-policy aspirations related to welfare, education, equality, and household issues. The affirmation policy with a minimum female candidacy quota of 30 percent in Indonesia is implemented through the zipper system. However, unfortunately, it is still ineffective because women's representation is still very low. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the inequality of women's representation in the Indonesian parliament. The data used secondary data, which has been collected and processed by other parties. The result of this study is an evaluation of the zipper system, which is still ineffective because it depends on the placement of candidate sequence numbers and political party awareness. The placement of women in number 1 is only 19 percent, while in number three, it reaches 67 percent, and in number 6, 65 percent. It has a big impact on the probability of low electability. With women's representation, women's voices can be heard and fought for in government, thus realizing an equal and inclusive government. Revamping the zipper system by requiring the placement of female candidates at number 1 is an effective solution to increase women's representation in parliament in line with descriptive representation theory, which emphasizes the importance of proportional representation from various groups of society in government.

Gender Inequality Representation in Novels Air Mata Maharani Vennia Lestari's Work

The background of this research is because there is gender inequality experienced by women in a story, they often become objects that are cornered and are always considered to be wrong. The purpose of this study is to find out how gender equality is represented through critical discourse analysis by Sara Mills on the stories contained in the novel Air Mata Maharani; the position of the subject-object and the position of the reader, then analyzed based on the form of gender equality. There are five forms of gender equality, namely; subordination, gender stereotypes, double burden, marginalization, and violence. The object of this research is the novel Air Mata Maharani by Vennia Lestari. The data were analyzed using critical discourse analysis by Sara Mills. The research results show that the representation of gender equality includes; Subordination, gender stereotypes, double burden, marginalization, and violence. In addition, this study shows that the text that becomes the data positions men as subjects and women as objects. Readers are directed to position themselves as men.

Understanding Intersectionality through Tequila Leila’s Experience in 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World (2019)

The article aims to explore intersectionality and its societal impact on the characters as portrayed in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds In This Strange World (2019). This issue was extensively discussed to comprehend the representation of gender inequality and patriarchy in the story. Although the text has been the subject of discussion among a limited number of scholars, the novelty of this study lies in its adoption of a theoretical perspective that has not been utilized previously, specifically Kimberly Crenshaw’s framework of intersectionality. Methodologically, this qualitative study identified and collected the primary data from the text by selecting direct and indirect quotations relevant to the issue discussed. This approach was complemented by secondary sources from previous and related studies which were drawn from books and journal articles. Having analyzed the text by applying Crenshaw’s theory of intersectionality, the authors found that Shafak represented gender inequality and patriarchy in Turkey as a hegemonic and systematic belief. The text also discovered that the perpetuation of the patriarchal system, rooted in the practices frequently justified by religious rhetoric, is effectively prolonged by the continued male dominance in shaping public policies. It also indicates that the main character, Tequila Leila, and the other characters in the story possess overlapping identities, leading to numerous unfortunate experiences. Tequila Leila’s oppressed experiences unveiled the structural and representational intersectionalities.

Finding the Potholes in Academic Career Pathways for Underrepresented Groups in Otolaryngology.

To assess inequities in representation among ranks and odds of promotion by race in academic otolaryngology. Cross-sectional study. USacademic medical centers. Demographic data was collected for medical students, residents, and faculty in the Association of American Medical Colleges and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education databases for the academic year 2020 to 2021. The rank equity index (REI) was used to make pairwise comparisons between ranks to determine groups' representation between levels. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) demonstrating the likelihood that an individual of a particular rank/race would advance in their academic career were determined. Representation comparing medical students with full professors for black, Latine, and Asian otolaryngologists was below parity (REI: 0.27, 0.85, 0.85, respectively). Black (OR: 0.20, CI: 0.15, 0.26), Latine (OR: 0.61, CI: 0.50, 0.75), and Asian (OR: 0.62, CI: 0.55, 0.71) medical students all faced lower odds of becoming otolaryngology residents compared to their white counterparts. Similar findings occurred when comparing resident and assistant professor representation. American Indian/Alaskan Native (AIAN) and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI) REIs and ORs could not be assessed as only 1 self-reported AIAN and no NHPI faculty are present in the studied data. Underrepresented in Medicine and Asian physicians faced worsening representation at each rung of the academic otolaryngology ladder. The greatest losses occurred when medical students transitioned to residents and residents transitioned to assistant professors. AIAN and NH faculty were absent in otolaryngology, indicating vital targets for recruitment efforts.

Challenging assumptions: investigating measurement sensitivity in substantive representation and its effects on policy satisfaction

In recent decades, a growing body of scholarship has shed light on the persistent inequalities in political representation, revealing that citizens are far from equal in their access to, and experience of, representation. While ample research has focused on the issue of under-representation, scarce attention has been given to the implications of descriptive and substantive under-representation on the perception of being substantively represented, as reflected in citizens’ satisfaction with implemented policies. This study aims to make a significant contribution to the existing literature by investigating the substantive representation of descriptively under-represented citizens in the context of Belgium. Specifically, this research examines the intricate dynamics of substantive (under-)representation with political institutions (government, parliament and political parties) and citizens’ perceptions of being represented in terms of satisfaction with government policies. The findings reveal intriguing variations in different measures of substantive representation, highlighting the need for critical review and further investigation in future studies.

Gender and Race-Based Differences in Negotiating Behavior among Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Four-Year Institutions

Abstract: Inequities in faculty representation and support have long been documented, though a potentially key contributor to these inequities—negotiation behavior—remains underexplored. We leverage descriptive analyses and hierarchical linear modeling with a sample of over 30,000 faculty to explore gender- and race-based differences across negotiating behavior and institutional responses. Results suggest significant differences in the likelihood of seeking and receiving external offers and negotiating employment. Men of color are less likely to engage in many behaviors, though women of color may be less successful in receiving changes to their employment context. Results have implications for faculty, institutional policy, and future research.

Visual and symbolic representations as components of algebraic reasoning

Sixty (35 girls) ninth graders were assessed on measures of algebraic reasoning and usage of visual and symbolic representations (with a prompt for visual use) to solve equations and inequalities. The study grouped visual representations into two categories: arithmetic-visual, which entailed the use of real-world objects to represent specific values of variables, and algebraic-visual, which involved formal representations like the number line and the coordinate plane. Symbolic representations, on the other hand, encompassed the use of standard algorithms to solve equations, such as changing the place of terms in an equation. The results reveal that the use of algebraic visuals, as opposed to arithmetic visuals, was associated with enhanced algebraic reasoning. Further, although the students initially relied on standard algorithms to explain equations and inequalities, they could produce accurate algebraic-visual representations when prompted. These findings suggest that students have multiple representations of equations and inequalities but only express visual representations when asked to do so. In keeping with the general relationship between visuospatial abilities and mathematics, self-generated algebraic-visual representations partially mediated the relation between overall mathematics achievement and algebraic reasoning.

Misconceptions: a multimodal study of Danish contraception information

With sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on the rise, recent reports have revealed ignorance and inequality in matters of sexual health among young people in Denmark. In this article, the authors use a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis approach to examine the use and functions of visual resources in Danish sexual health communication. They focus on the role visuals play in communicating content and framing certain reader identities, which may indicate possible connections between the nature of the available information and the findings of the reports. In the material that is available, they find that the visual information is inconsistent and unclear in relation to representations of different contraceptives and their use. Moreover, they find a tendency to foreground normative assumptions with representations of heterosexuality and gender inequality persisting in the contraception information and the responsibility for contraception predominantly falling to the woman.

Toward an Aesthetics of Waste: The Representation of Social Inequality and Human Rights Violations in Francophone Literature of the Indian Ocean Islands

Toward an Aesthetics of Waste: The Representation of Social Inequality and Human Rights Violations in Francophone Literature of the Indian Ocean Islands

Representations Of Caste And Social Inequality In Indian English Literature

Representations Of Caste And Social Inequality In Indian English Literature

GENDER (IN)EQUALITY IN THE UNDOCUMENTED YOUTH MOVEMENT

This article assesses gender dynamics in local campaigns of the undocumented youth movement. Analyzing data from several years of fieldwork in New York and New Jersey and 132 interviews with undocumented activists, community organizers, and elected officials, we find that young women experience inequality in workload distribution, visibility, and representation, which affects their postcampaign outcomes. Our research highlights the solutions implemented by young activists to address gender inequality, particularly in terms of movement goals, structure, and internal policies.

Age Inequalities in Political Representation: A Review Article

AbstractPeople in political decision-making across the globe tend to be much older than the average voter. As such, parliaments and cabinets are unrepresentative of the larger population. This has consequences: it risks favouring policies geared towards the interests of older cohorts, it might alienate youth from voting and could push parties to appeal (even more) to older voters. In this review, we synthesize the growing literature on youth representation. We do so by: (1) delineating the group of young politicians, (2) discussing why youth ought to be present in politics, (3) empirically depicting the state of youth representation, and (4) illustrating the factors that help or harm youth to enter politics. This synthesis shows the degree to which young people are absent from decision-making bodies across the national, subnational and supra-national levels and attempts to make sense of the reasons why there is such a dearth of youth as candidates and representatives. We conclude by discussing gaps in research and suggesting several avenues for future work.

Why some places don’t seem to matter: Socioeconomic, cultural and political determinants of place resentment

Inhabitants of rural and peripheral areas in advanced democracies display higher levels of place resentment. They feel that their area is ignored by political elites, does not get its fair share of resources, and its values are disregarded by inhabitants of other areas. Place resentment is recognized in the literature as perceptions of socioeconomic, cultural and political inequalities. Existing quantitative work studied associations with objective local socioeconomic deprivation but not with cultural and political context characteristics. Based on geo-coded survey data from the Netherlands, this study shows that place resentment is related to spatial inequalities in unemployment and knowledge economy size, but also to linguistic distance between local dialect and Standard Dutch, and proximity to living places of national MPs. Adequately understanding place resentment thus requires not only studying socioeconomic local contexts, but also a deeper understanding of the role of cultural differences and inequalities in political representation between places.

Writing against white fragility in Haji Mohamed Dawjee’s Sorry, Not Sorry: Experiences of a Brown Woman in a White South Africa

Haji Mohamed Dawjee’s essay collection Sorry, Not Sorry: Experiences of Brown Woman in a White South Africa draws on personal experiences in its representation of inequality and racism in South Africa. This paper argues that the essay collection participates in the reshaping of discourses of race that have gained new urgency from texts such as Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race by Reni Eddo-Lodge and White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism by Robin DiAngelo. Sorry, Not Sorry introduces an urgently needed South African perspective, particularly through representations of white fragility in essays that are both personal and provocative. Dawjee’s essays embody the need to claim center stage and voice racial(ized) experiences, challenges, and concerns. In order to accomplish this, whiteness and white fragility are pushed to the margins.

Who Governs American Nonprofit Private Universities? An Analysis of Board Composition

Private universities’ governing board members, commonly described as “the guardians of universities'', play a vital role in directing and connecting the universities with external organizations. However, despite their important roles, we know very little about who are board members. Hence, this study seeks to bridge that knowledge gap by examining the governing board’s demographics, more specifically their social backgrounds, professional affiliations, managerial positions, and political involvement. Fifteen US non-profit private universities with the largest philanthropic donations are selected for this study. In addition to the gender inequality in board representation, our main finding is that people with business backgrounds are pre-dominant in non-profit university boards. This provides empirical evidence for the much-discussed affinity between higher education and businesses, and thus urges scholars, policymakers as well as the public in general to rethink the role of higher education.

There is no capitalist conspiracy and the rich are not all‐powerful

There is no capitalist conspiracy and the rich are not all‐powerful

Representations of Social Inequality in 21st Century Global Art Cinema. Edited by György Kalmár.

Representations of Social Inequality in 21st Century Global Art Cinema. Edited by György Kalmár.

Redressing the balance: how Australia’s approach under the Hague Abduction Convention is still endangering victims of domestic violence

Abstract This article explores how Australian courts consider allegations of domestic violence under Article 13(1)(b) of the Hague Convention on Child Abduction. As is now well known, there has been a paradigm shift since the Convention’s introduction, which has seen the circumstances and underlying reasons for international child abduction change. Through an examination of Australian case law from the past 5 years, this article reveals the issues that taking mothers continue to face in Australian return proceedings and the concerning reality that the courts continue to prioritise a prompt return over the safety and well-being of women and children exposed to domestic violence. This is despite feminist legal scholars and activists demonstrating for over 20 years that domestic violence is not being adequately dealt with in return proceedings and calling for change. The article discusses how the huge inequality in legal representation for taking mothers and left-behind fathers adds to the imbalance in these matters. Unfortunately, the recent Hague Conference Guide to Good Practice in such cases is unlikely to affect any substantive change to redress that imbalance. Suggestions for ways to redress the balance between taking mothers and left-behind fathers are suggested.

From Junkies to Victims

In the context of narcotic drug epidemics, racist logics can shape policy deliberation and delimit uptake. While critical public health scholars have situated the U.S. opioid epidemic as demonstrative of such logics, in rhetoric the opioid epidemic has failed to register as an important deliberative context for representational contestation regarding race and racism. Drawing on Jürgen Habermas’ (1985) steering mediums (steurungsmedium) and Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s (2015) racial formation theory, this essay analyzes the U.S. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and Purdue Pharma executive J. David Haddox’s testimony before Congress to show the extent to which racial hegemony saturates juridical engagements at the federal level. Where wide-scale opioid use is concerned, this analysis demonstrates that disparate policy outcomes are largely a reflection of structural and representational inequality along racial lines. This essay thus invites scholars of health and medical rhetoric to consider how processes of controversy and medicalization function to preserve racial hegemony.

The Unequal Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Political Interest Representation

The COVID-19 pandemic is viewed by many as the biggest global crisis since WWII and had profound effects on the daily lives of people and decision-making worldwide. Using the pandemic as a system-wide agenda shock, we employ a difference-in-differences design to estimate its causal effects on inequalities in political access, and social media prominence among business interests and NGOs. Our argument is twofold. First, the urgency and uncertainty of crises incentivized decision-makers to privilege providing access to business groups over securing inclusivity in the types of interests consulted. Second, NGOs compensated by increasing prominence in public communications. Our analysis of data from over 10,000 interest groups from over 100 countries registered in the European Union supports these hypotheses. Business interests successfully capitalized on the crisis in insider access, while NGOs increased prominence on social media. The results have wider implications for understanding how large-scale crises affect inequalities in representation.