Representation Of Americans Research Articles

Cory Pesaturo: A Musician on a Mission

Cory Pesaturo: A Musician on a Mission

Representation and Preparation Matters

This interview provides insight into the lack of representation for educators of color in schools across America and explicates the importance of having education programs that are designed to develop culturally intelligent educators. The purpose of this piece is to enlighten, empower, and encourage educational entities and communities to address the gap in representation of African American and Latinx educators and educator preparation programs directly and collaboratively—not only to increase representation within the education profession but to create and implement mechanisms that will retain educators of color in the profession over the long term. The principle of ongoing professional learning typically involves educators seeking and receiving training and learning from education experts. LaTisha Cole argues that educators should instead seek authentic learning opportunities from the students and families they serve.

Dysfunctional american dream reflected in arthur miller’s death of a salesman

The research aims to find the dysfunctional American Dreams; the causes of dysfunctional American Dreams and the effects of dysfunctional American Dreams experienced by the main character, Willy Lowman, as a representation of American society.This paper is examined by applying descriptive qualitative research paradigm which is naturally interpretative. Thus, the key instrument is the researcher herself who has the authority in managing and analyzing the data, and certainly producing meaning in the process of discussion and interpretations. Moreover, to facilitate her in collecting and identifying the data, she used supporting instrument in the form of table. This study, theoretically, applied the mimetic theory as the research approach.The researcher found that Arthur Miller uses the character of Willy Loman to represent the failure of the American Dream. Willy’s quest for the American Dream leads to his failure because throughout his life he pursues the illusion of the American Dream and not the reality of it. The unachievable part of Willy’s view of the American Dream is perfection. He has subordinated by the capitalism in which Willy belongs to the proletariat where his dream is a utopia. 
 HIGHLIGHTS:
 
 The character of Willy Lowman represented the failure of American Dream because throughout his life he pursues the illusion of American Dream.
 Some misperceptions of American Dream have made Willy living in utopia and committing a suicide.
 The study represented that not all Americans or immigrants have the same perception of the American Dreams and not all of them can reach the dreams

Enrollment of Black Americans in Pivotal Clinical Trials Supporting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy Approval in Hematological Malignancies

INTRODUCTIONBlack Americans are under-represented in clinical trials that supported FDA drug approvals of various hematological malignancies. (Al Hadidi et.al. Ann Intern Med 2020) CAR-T cell therapy, a new significant advancement in hematological malignancies, is currently approved for use in multiple myeloma (MM), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL). Enrollment of Blacks in clinical trials that supported those approvals are not well described.METHODSWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 7 pivotal clinical trials that resulted in approval of of tisagenlecleucel for ALL in 2017, axicabtagene ciloleucel for DLBCL in 2017, tisagenlecleucel for DLBCL in 2018, brexucabtagene autoleucel for mantle cell lymphoma in 2020, lisocabtagene maraleucel for DLBCL in 2020, axicabtagene ciloleucel for follicular lymphoma in 2021 and idecabtagene vicleucel for multiple myeloma in 2021. Prevalence-corrected estimates for enrollment of Blacks were calculated as the percentage of Blacks among clinical trial participants divided by the percentage of Blacks in the disease population (participation to prevalence ratio [PPR]).A range between 0.8 and 1.2 reflects similar representation of Black Americans in the trial and disease population Data on drug products and demographic subgroups were extracted from Drugs@fda which include publically available data from the FDA.RESULTSEfficacy was reported in 74% (782 of 1051 patients) of enrolled patients across all the approved CAR-T products. Blacks constituted only 3.6% (28 of 782) of treated patients. Most treated patients had DLBCL (58%) or MM (16%). Two of seven studies (29%) didn't report ethnicity/race and/or included Blacks under others ethnic category. Blacks constituted only 4% of DLBCL patients, 6% of MM patients and 1% across other indications. Adjusted prevalence measures showed very low PPR in MM (0.17), a disease that is more common in Blacks and relatively better enrollment, though still sub-optimal, in DLBCL (PPR: 0.6).CONCLUSIONSBlacks are under-represented in clinical trials that supported CAR-T therapies for various hematological malignancies especially in MM. Efforts should be made to enroll more Blacks in clinical trials that include novel, potentially beneficial CAR-T products. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Book review: Oana-Celia Gheorghiu, British and American Representations of 9/11: Literature, Politics and the Media

Book review: Oana-Celia Gheorghiu, <i>British and American Representations of 9/11: Literature, Politics and the Media</i>

An Empirical Examination of Representational Equity in Consolidated Governments, 1965–2002

Research on the impacts of city–county consolidation often focuses on issues relating to efficiency, effectiveness, and economic development; yet, relatively few studies have addressed the issue of racial and ethnic minority representation. Although existing research is limited, findings indicate that consolidating city and county governments dilutes minority voting strength and has a disparate impact on minority representation. However, it is not clear if this is a nationwide trend, particularly in preclearance states previously covered by the Voting Rights Act. Thus, the question becomes, does consolidation negatively affect minority representation, and to what extent? This study employs a quasi-experimental interrupted time-series analysis to ascertain the overall impact of consolidation on the descriptive representation of African Americans since 1965. Results indicate that while descriptive representation has generally increased in recent decades, there are discernible declines following consolidation and noticeable representational disparities in counties previously covered by the Voting Rights Act.

Asian Americans’ Emerging Racial Identities and Reactions to Racial Tension in the United States

Asian Americans hold a complex racial position in the U.S. They have been considered “honorary Whites,” unaffected by racial discrimination while simultaneously viewed as perpetual foreigners in their homeland. This study was conducted in the context of a historic uprising against racism and police brutality. Semi-structured interviews with 12 Asian American emerging adults explored how participants defined “Asian American” and their position in sociopolitical dialogue. An inductive/deductive thematic approach revealed: participants (1) challenged a monolithic Asian American identity, (2) experienced discrimination and stereotyping related to anti-Muslim sentiments, the “perpetual foreigner” stereotype, and the model minority myth, and (3) described a lack of visibility and representation of Asian Americans in the racial dialogue. In this time of increased racial tension, Asian American emerging adults face discrimination and stereotyping due to misconceptions about Asians. Participants demonstrated active engagement in racial meaning making and found solidarity in relationships with other racial minorities.

Diversifying the economics profession: the long road to overcoming discrimination and sub-representation of Hispanics and African Americans. An analysis of the United States between 1995-2019.

This paper analyses the dynamics related to the representation of African Americans and Hispanics in every level of economics within U.S. post-secondary institutions from 1995 to 2019. I show that there is underrepresentation of Hispanics and African Americans in economics and evaluate some of the possible reasons for the persistence of socioeconomic barriers, including discrimination and attitudes of self-isolation, which block minorities from advancing in academia and professional areas. I discuss some of the advances in economics that address the discrimination problem and some models that try to explain its existence. I present ways in which each member of the economics community could help to alleviate the underrepresentation of minorities in the field and relate some of the posible effects of this problem to non-U.S. institutions that teach economics. Finally, I discuss why addressing underrepresentation and discrimination in economics is important.

The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804–1824, by James Forde

The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804–1824, by James Forde

Altered mental status predicts length of stay but not death in a community-based cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients

IntroductionAltered Mental Status (AMS) is a common neurological complication in patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 (Umapathi et al., 2020; Liotta et al., 2020). Studies show that AMS is associated with death and prolonged hospital stay. In addition to respiratory insufficiency, COVID-19 causes multi-organ failure and multiple metabolic derangements, which can cause AMS, and the multi-system involvement could account for the prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality. In this study, we built on our previous publication (Chachkhiani et al., 2020) using a new, larger cohort to investigate whether we could reproduce our previous findings while addressing some of the prior study’s limitations. Most notably, we sought to determine whether AMS still predicted prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality after controlling for systemic complications such as sepsis, liver failure, kidney failure, and electrolyte abnormalities. ObjectivesThe primary purpose was to document the frequency of AMS in patients with COVID-19 at the time of presentation to the emergency room. Secondary aims were to determine: 1) if AMS at presentation was associated with worse outcomes as measured by prolonged hospitalization and death; and 2) if AMS remained a predictor of worse outcome after adjusting for concomitant organ failure and metabolic derangements. ResultsOut of 367 patients, 95 (26%) had AMS as a main or one of the presenting symptoms. Our sample has a higher representation of African Americans (53%) than the US average and a high frequency of comorbidities, such as obesity (average BMI 29.1), hypertension (53%), and diabetes (30%). Similar to our previous report, AMS was the most frequent neurological chief complaint. At their admission, out of 95 patients with AMS, 83 (88%) had organ failure or one of the systemic problems that could have caused AMS. However, a similar proportion (86%) of patients without AMS had one or more of these same problems. Age, race, and ethnicity were the main demographic predictors. African Americans had shorter hospital stay [HR1.3(1.0,1.7),p = 0.02] than Caucasians. Hispanics also had shorter hospital stay than non-Hispanics [HR1.6(1.2,2.1), p = 0.001]. Hypoxia, liver failure, hypernatremia, and kidney failure were also predictors of prolonged hospital stay. In the multivariate model, hypoxia, liver failure, and acute kidney injury were the remaining predictors of longer hospital stay, as well as people with AMS at baseline [HR0.7(0.6,0.9), p < 0.02] after adjusting for the demographic characteristics and clinical predictors. AMS at baseline predicted death, but not after adjusting for demographics and clinical variables in the multivariate model. Hypoxia and hyperglycemia at baseline were the strongest predictors of death. ConclusionAltered mental status is an independent predictor of prolonged hospital stay, but not death. Further studies are needed to evaluate the causes of AMS in patients with COVID-19.

Reevaluating the Substantive Representation of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Americans: A Multiverse Analysis

Social scientists are facing a crisis of confidence in quantitative results. Multiverse analysis provides concerned scholars a tool for verifying the robustness of findings. This article introduces political scientists to multiverse analysis through an application. It identifies how differing approaches to data processing led to divergent conclusions about the representation of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) Americans in Congress in a 2015 Journal of Politics article. The analysis casts doubt on the original conclusion that the size of the LGB population in a district is significantly associated with the bill sponsorship activity of its representative. More broadly, it demonstrates how researchers can keep a running tally of data-processing decisions and parsimoniously present the consequences of those decisions for the findings. Multiverse analysis can help scholars publish replicable results in original work as well as replicate and extend previously published work.

The Content of Our Caricature: African American Comic Art and Political Belonging

The Content of Our Caricature: African American Comic Art and Political Belonging

The Content of Our Caricature: African American Comic Art and Political Belonging

The Content of Our Caricature: African American Comic Art and Political Belonging

Representations of Native Americans in U.S. culture? A case of omissions and commissions

ABSTRACT In settler colonial societies, colonizers often omit contemporary Indigenous Peoples from representations, while controlling signifiers of indigeneity to legitimate their interests (e.g., stereotypes). Both omissions and commissions, including stereotyping, are central to oppression experienced by contemporary Native Americans. We employ a sample of over 5,500 non-Native survey participants to examine the extent of omissions and commissions in recalled representations of films and television shows with Native American characters and famous living and deceased Native Americans. Then, we analyze the content of the most commonly recalled representations. We find that many participants are unable to recall representations of Native Americans, especially contemporary representations. The most commonly experienced representations involve stereotyping, as well as little content that is not stereotypical. We discuss the implications of our findings, and situate them in the context of settler colonialism in the United States.

Cover Image

Ecological ApplicationsVolume 31, Issue 6 e02171 Cover ImageFree Access Cover Image First published: 01 September 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2171AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract COVER PHOTO: “The Diversity Challenge Confronts Ecology” Forum published in this issue of Ecological Applications presents perspectives on structural and cultural problems within institutions, mentorship practices, professional development programs, and research experiences which have caused and perpetuated low representation of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders in the environmental workforce and in academia. The papers in the collection emphasize the need for building cultural competency and implementing interventions to better support a sense of belonging among minority ecologists. Pictured is Cristal Dominguez Vasquez, a recent graduate of Colorado State University’s Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Program and a student from the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation, looking out at Phelps Lake in Grand Teton National Park, USA in summer 2020. Dominguez Vasquez participated in the Pollinator Hotshot Program, a field ecology project sponsored by the National Science Foundation looking at pollinator diversity in U.S. National Parks. Photo credit: Gillian Bowser. Volume31, Issue6September 2021e02171 RelatedInformation

VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN COLONIAL AMERICA

The article presents some of the most common visual representations of Native Americans from the colonial period and the Age of Exploration of the Americas. Visual representations were a part of a broader colonial discourse and were based on the representational practices applied by the dominant Western European culture. After establishing a broader theoretical framework based on the post-colonial and cultural studies insights, the author singles out and analyzes several visual representations of Native Americans. The emphasis is on the Noble vs. Ignoble Savage stereotypes and tropes and how they are reflected in visual arts.

Representation of U.S. Black Americans in neuropsychology research: how well do our reporting practices show that Black lives matter?

Objective Black American individuals comprise about 13% of the population in the United States (U.S.). It is estimated by 2045, approximately 50% of U.S. residents will belong to an ethnic minority group underscoring the importance of the provision of culturally competent services. The present study provides a critical/systematic review of the literature to examine the representation of Black Americans in recent neuropsychological research in U.S. neuropsychology journals. We examined the representation of U.S. Black American individuals across journals, year of study, and by study sample. Method We evaluated 1,151 journal articles published in 4 neuropsychology journals published in 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2019. Articles were coded for reporting of age, sex/gender, years of education, ethnicity/race, and if race was a focus of the study. We also recorded sample size and type of sample. Results Out of the 397 articles meeting inclusion criteria, 37.5% did not report ethnic or racial demographic information. Additionally, 96% of the articles were not racially/ethnically focused. Black participants comprised 10.7% of participants in articles that reported race/ethnicity. The proportion of Black participants increased by 3.7% between 2011 and 2019. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the underrepresentation of U.S. Black Americans in neuropsychological research over the targeted years. This highlights our shortcomings as a field in demonstrating the importance of including Black Americans in research.

Dynamics of indigenous identification and performance in the early twentieth century: The life and performances of Chief Caupolican as Mapuche and immigrant (1876–1968)

Chief Caupolican is Emile Barrangon, an early 20th-century performer in the US who was born in Chile to an indigenous Mapuche father and a French mother. Despite his fame, he has not yet been included in studies on indigenous agency in Native American representations, likely because of his immigrant origins. We situate his indigenous self-identification and media success within the broader context of ongoing pan-indigenous activism in the country and Native Americans’ efforts to engage indigenous representations in the media. The pan-indigenous movement that sought to unify indigenous political claims, regardless of tribal affiliation, enabled and encouraged foreign-born aborigines and persons of mixed ancestry to identify with indigeneity in ways that transcend nation-state borders. By presenting and examining his multi-faceted life, performance, and political views, this article contributes to better understanding the complex dynamics of the indigenous performance landscape in the early 20th century.

From the Search for the American Dream to the Journey Back to Southern Roots: Cinematic Representations of Black Migrations

African Americans are excluded from the myth of the ‘nation of immigrants’ due to the forced nature of their relocation to the American continent. Yet, this exclusion can engender an association of blackness with lack of mobility and agency in the national imaginary, which obscures historical constrictions produced by slavery, segregation, and racism. In the last years, new narratives, ranging from historiography to cultural productions, have emerged that highlight how black Americans, despite all odds, have always resorted to migration as a way to fight racism. Cinema has played a major role in the representation of African Americans’ migrations as a fight to become masters of their own lives and has influenced the current reclaiming of the South in important ways.

Shaping Stereotypes in a Space of Absence: A Linguistic Analysis of Wayne Wang’s “Chan Is Missing”

Wayne Wang’s Chan Is Missing (1981) was acclaimed by the critics and broadly appreciated by the public for its innovative style and its lively depiction of San Francisco’s Chinatown. Academic discourse has focused on the film’s ability to embody the essence of Asian Americans (Tajima 1990), and on the challenges it poses to the common assumptions concerning this specific minority within the United States (Feng 1996). Indeed, the film is a milestone for cinema in general, and for the representation of Asians and Chinese Americans in particular, for it manages to be many different films at the same time. The aim of this paper is to use Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis to investigate the linguistic image construction of Chan (whose name echoes the notorious Charlie Chan from the beginning of the 20th century) within the film. His identikit is (and at the same time fails to be) the outcome of a chorus of different voices. While the two protagonists, Jo and Steve, look for the missing Chan Hung, they talk to several people who have met him. Each character delivers a fragment of a shapeless portrait that does not help the protagonists finding him, actually causing even more confusion on his location and his identity. Each description has little to do with Chan himself, as it only represents the characters’ confrontation with the stereotypes attached to the Asian and Chinese American community. This attempt to use Chan as an image of what each character wants to detach from in order to define themselves is made possible and at the same time invalidated by his continuous absence, which represents the essence of the stereotype itself—only real in the words of the beholder.