Representation Of Situation Research Articles

A comparative sociopragmatic analysis of the dialogues in Turkish and Azerbaijani B1-B2 EFL textbooks

Different communities assess social distance, social power, rights and obligations, and degree of imposition used in specific speech acts differently. As a result of this difference, foreign language learners are likely to make sociopragmatic failure. This kind of failure is harder to correct because of the learners’ justifiable sensitivity in social (or political, religious, and moral) matters. Nevertheless, the research has proven the effectiveness of instruction on development of learners’ awareness of sociopragmatic aspects of language use. However, there is almost no investigation on the representation of sociopragmatic variables in second or foreign language textbooks. Considering that textbooks are essential for providing input for the learners in development of their sociopragmatic competence, we compared EFL textbooks designed for and employed in public schools of Turkey with those designed for and employed in public schools of Azerbaijan, to evaluate how sociopragmatic and related variables have been addressed in dialogues present in these textbooks. The results of the investigation revealed that there are some significant differences between Turkish and Azerbaijani textbooks regarding representation of speech acts, vertical distance, and strength of socially defined rights and obligations. These differences, on the other hand, can be accounted for by the inadequate representation of speech situations. By this study, we aspired to draw textbook writers’ attention to such inadequacies elimination of which may result in sociopragmatically more adequate textbooks, and attract second- or foreign language teachers and learners’ attention on the significance of sociopragmatic competence for appropriate language use.

Urban Fire Situation Forecasting: Deep sequence learning with spatio-temporal dynamics

Understanding the evolving discipline of urban fire situations is a basic but challenging task for urban security and fire-fighting decisions. Traditional methods forecast the urban fire situation through mathematical modeling and statistical learning, which could be interpretable but generally lack of efficiency and practicality. Recently, some deep neural network methodologies, especially convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN), are presented as paradigms to capture dynamics in spatial–temporal complex phenomenon, which tally with the characteristics of fire situation forecasting. In this paper, we propose a novel deep sequence learning model as the fire situation forecasting network (FSFN) to better process the information and spatio-temporal correlations in regional urban fire alarm dataset. FSFN model integrates structures of Variational auto-encoders and context-based sequence generative model Seq2seq to obtain the latent representation of the fire situation and learn the spatio-temporal dynamics. Furthermore, we augment the network structure of FSFN from a simple deep sequence generative model to adversarial fire situation forecasting network with auxiliary information(Adversarial FSFN-A). The experimental studies demonstrate the effectiveness of Adversarial FSFN-A has superior spatio-temporal distribution prediction of multi-type urban fire situation.

Static internal representation of dynamic situations reveals time compaction in human cognition

IntroductionThe human brain has evolved under the constraint of survival in complex dynamic situations. It makes fast and reliable decisions based on internal representations of the environment. Whereas neural mechanisms involved in the internal representation of space are becoming known, entire spatiotemporal cognition remains a challenge. Growing experimental evidence suggests that brain mechanisms devoted to spatial cognition may also participate in spatiotemporal information processing. ObjectivesThe time compaction hypothesis postulates that the brain represents both static and dynamic situations as purely static maps. Such an internal reduction of the external complexity allows humans to process time-changing situations in real-time efficiently. According to time compaction, there may be a deep inner similarity between the representation of conventional static and dynamic visual stimuli. Here, we test the hypothesis and report the first experimental evidence of time compaction in humans. MethodsWe engaged human subjects in a discrimination-learning task consisting in the classification of static and dynamic visual stimuli. When there was a hidden correspondence between static and dynamic stimuli due to time compaction, the learning performance was expected to be modulated. We studied such a modulation experimentally and by a computational model. ResultsThe collected data validated the predicted learning modulation and confirmed that time compaction is a salient cognitive strategy adopted by the human brain to process time-changing situations. Mathematical modelling supported the finding. We also revealed that men are more prone to exploit time compaction in accordance with the context of the hypothesis as a cognitive basis for survival. ConclusionsThe static internal representation of dynamic situations is a human cognitive mechanism involved in decision-making and strategy planning to cope with time-changing environments. The finding opens a new venue to understand how humans efficiently interact with our dynamic world and thrive in nature.

Methodological slip for the figurative of graphical folds narratives: between network analysis and discursive conjunctions

The ARS is not, nor does it turn out to be defined, to "fix" the graphical representation of a relational situation, since, in the condition of apprehending the "relational situations" to present and represent from a graph, the problem of recognizing alternative explanations begins, given the broad interpretative horizon of talking about social relations, in view of the type of actors-agents that are observed, given the types of networks that are deployed, given the traces that are "drawn" in a clear reference to their engines, its extensions, its links and connections, its externalities that unfold in its event. The interesting thing here in the pretensions of the discussion that comes throughout the document is to enter a system with the analysis systems and the coding with its reading under its graphics language that brings the Analysis of Social Networks -ARS-, to enter in a much more qualitative perspective of a narrative nature. A reflection arises on the conditions and situations of information collection, on the nature of the data and its contextualization, on interpretation, trying to examine here the support that qualitative analysis techniques such as "Conversational Analysis" and "Discursive Practices" can provide. We can also recognize the narratives and with them their stories and their versions available to the ARS, an analytical resource based on visualizing a network of relationships and transactions, oriented to the production of graphical narrative folds.

Relational Memory at Short and Long Delays in Individuals With Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Memory deficits are a common and frequently-cited consequence of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, we know less about how TBI influences relational memory, which allows the binding of the arbitrary elements of experience and the flexible use and recombination of relational representations in novel situations. Relational memory is of special interest for individuals with TBI, given the vulnerability of the hippocampus to injury mechanisms, as well as a growing body of literature establishing the role of relational memory in flexible and goal-directed behavior. In this study, participants with and without a history of moderate-severe TBI completed a continuous relational memory task for face-scene pairings. Participants with TBI exhibited a disruption in relational memory not only when tested after a delay, but also when tested with no experimenter-imposed delay after stimulus presentation. Further, canonical assessments of working and episodic memory did not correspond with performance on the face-scene task, suggesting that this task may tap into relational memory differently and with greater sensitivity than standardized memory assessments. These results highlight the need for rigorous assessment of relational memory in TBI, which is likely to detect deficits that have specific consequences for community reintegration and long-term functional outcomes.

DIGITALIZATION, COMPETITIVENESS AND EMPLOYMENT. A SYSTEMIC VIEW THROUGH SYSTEM DYNAMICS

This paper aims to clarify the relations between new technologies (mainly robotics, AI, drones, 3D/4D printing, , IoT, and autonomous driving, that we will resume as R+AI or digitalization) and employment, in order to be able to apply these new technologies with the best possible effects to employment. We start with an intense literature revision for understanding how the main authors explain the effects of digitalization on the displacement, or not of tasks and on the creation of new jobs. From the understanding from the literature review, start our contribution defining the variables with more influence in the relation between digitalization, competitiveness and employment, (some variables come directly from the literature and other from our knowledge and experience, but no one is opposed to our conclusions from the literature review). Our next step is to use System Dynamic as methodology to build the CLDs- Causal Loop Diagrams- and the SFD-Stock and Flow Diagrams- and we finish applying the SFDs to companies and institutions to prove that us much the variables as the diagrams are a trusted representation of the real situations and can be used for making digitalization strategies improving the effects on competitiveness and employment. Our conclusion is that it is possible to apply the digitalization creating more employment than the one displaced, if the correct decisions are taken, following our models. Keywords: employment, technology, robotics, artificial intelligence, displacement of tasks, new tasks, System Dynamics

Urban ride-hailing demand prediction with multiple spatio-temporal information fusion network

Urban ride-hailing demand prediction is a long-term but challenging task for online car-hailing system decision, taxi scheduling and intelligent transportation construction. Accurate urban ride-hailing demand prediction can improve vehicle utilization and scheduling, reduce waiting time and traffic congestion. Existing traffic flow prediction approaches mainly utilize region-based situation awareness image or station-based graph representation to capture traffic spatial dynamic while we observe that combination of situation awareness image and graph representation are also critical for accurate forecasting. In this paper, we propose the Multiple Spatio-Temporal Information Fusion Networks (MSTIF-Net), a novel deep learning approach to better fuse multiple situation awareness information and graphs representation. MSTIF-Net model integrates structures of Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (GCN), Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) and Sequence to Sequence Learning (Seq2seq) model to obtain the joint latent representation of urban ride-hailing situation that contain both Euclidean spatial features and non-Euclidean structural features, and capture the spatio-temporal dynamics. We evaluate the proposed model on two real-world large scale urban traffic datasets and the experimental studies demonstrate MSTIF-Net has achieved superior performance of urban ride-Hailing demand prediction compared with some traditional state-of-art baseline models.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES FOR CHILD SPEECH DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The essay explores into factors for shaping a linguistic identity at an early childhood age in the context of massive Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism. Child speech is characterized on the level of primary social environment, which enables representation of the nation-wide linguistic situation; and helps identify trends and challenges. The correlation is studied between the parents’ mother tongue, a language spoken at home, and the Ukrainian language competence of children. The objective of the research is to consider sociolinguistic peculiarities for shaping child speech at an early age, on the basis of a large-scale survey of representatives of the child’s primary social medium. The aim is to address specific tasks, such as to describe a theoretical aspect of the problem on the basis of foreign research; to represent the findings of survey among adult population in the context of shaping a child’s linguistic identity; to trace a correlation between the parents’ mother tongue, a language spoken at home, and the Ukrainian language competence of children. The object of the research is child speech shaped in the settings of massive bilingualism. The subject matter of the research covers factors for shaping child bilingualism in Ukraine. The materials for research are represented by the data of large-scale survey of adult population conducted in May-July, 2019. The survey covered a broad geography as it was administered via Internet and reached over 100 places in Ukraine. Quantitative indicators of interaction between Ukrainian and Russian languages, both among adult population, and among children, indicate to a mass nature of the contact-based bilingualism in Ukraine, and its various forms in particular. It is the most important feature, among others, with a direct impact on the development of Ukrainian child speech. Despite the fact that many respondents consciously choose a strategy of non-developing UkrainianRussian bilingualism with their children, at least on the level of primary social environment (dominant Ukrainian language in families), the fact does not affect further spontaneous learning of the Russian language on a rather high communicative level in direct contact with native speakers, which is evidenced by the data on switching linguistic codes. The survey findings prove the negative effect of mass Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism on Ukrainian language competence of children. The latter fact is related to frequent switching of linguistic codes and leads to interference-caused mistakes, widespread mixed speech forms among bilingual children.

‘World Now Thou Seest What Tis to Be a Ward’: Representations of Wardship and Enforced Marriages on the Seventeenth-Century Stage

This article argues that the trope of the young ward being threatened with enforced marriage by their guardian remained popular on the late seventeenth-century English stage, despite changes in the law of wardship which offered more protection to wards. It offers an overview of the changing laws of wardship in the seventeenth century and links these to representations of wardship in the work of William Shakespeare and George Wilkins on the one hand, and Thomas D’Urfey on the other. That D’Urfey continued to use, as a main driving action in his plays, the character of the greedy guardian who tries to enrich himself by infringing on the rights of his ward, is, however, less a representation of the legal situation at the time, and more a continuation of a popular, earlier-seventeenth-century trope.

The assassination of experience by photography

This article suggests that when the engagement with photography is limited to questions of recognition and resemblance, such approach stifles our experience of the world and directs us towards monotonous homogeneity in which everything can be represented in a photograph, and a photograph is always a representation of something or other. And yet, a photograph has the potential to move our gaze beyond representation of events and situations in a way that allows us to penetrate the appearance of things and to sense their inner reality, rather than act as a mere illustration.

Дизайн как герменевтическое событие: построение коммуникаций между индивидом и окружающей средой

The study presents the results of a practice-oriented philosophical research of design as a hermeneutical event – a communicative representation of the aesthetic and technical meanings of project activities in an active sociocultural environment. In the context of the study, the cognitive possibilities of philosophical hermeneutics are clarified in relation to the question about the humanitarian meanings of ergo-design artifacts (where, as integration of design and ergonomics, objects that are justified aesthetically and ergonomically become possible). Design as a hermeneutic event occurs by analogy with the text, when design objects are understood as a symbolic system created by man. It is proved that understanding design (philosophically meaningful design practices) can be represented in the creative unity of rational and intuitive semantic aspects. The situational representation of design as a hermeneutic event in the article is made with reference to the author's results of design projection (the project of the Lipetsk hospital church in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God)

IMPLIKATUR YANG MENIMBULKAN HUMOR DALAM SERIAL ROKU NIN NO OKUSAN OLEH SHIMURA KEN

The purpose of this study was to describe the implicature of conversation that arise as the result of the violation of Grice’s cooperative principle. The result showed that the implicature of conversation that exist in those speeches had been preeceded by violation of 4 maxims. There are implicature of conversation which are; apology, threat, denial, sneer, order, rebuke, emphasize, change of subject, intimidate, influence, and rejection. Based on the violation cooperative principle, the were conversational implicature which gave humor effects. Implicature of conversation which gave humor effects to the audience are : (1) Implicature which is a representation of an unexpected situation or something contrary. (2) Implicature which has potential, soften, mistreat, bother, cornered the speaker or spoken partner. (3) Implicature whis is a representation of unwanted condition, rejection, disagreement, compulsion, anger, and resistance. Implicature used as a medium of humor from the speaker to the audience signed by laughter of the audience, so that the purpose of humor program could be delivered which is to entertain people.

The relationship between teachers and students: Children’s pictorial representation and teachers evaluation

The student-teacher relationship (STR) in a primary school was examined through children’s drawings of a positive and a negative situation and how they related to teachers’ answers both to the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) as well as to a School Adaptation Scale (SAS). Drawings were scored with PAIR, an instrument devised to measure Cohesion (psychological relatedness) and Distancing (psychological autonomy) between partners. Cohesion prevailed over Distancing in the drawings of the positive situations, while the opposite happened in the negative situations. The amount of Cohesion and Distancing introduced in the two drawings correlated with some dimensions of the STRS and SAS. A series of hierarchical regressions, in which children’s gender and age were entered at the first step followed by the scores of Cohesion and of Distancing at the second step, showed that children’s pictorial representation of different interpersonal school situations predicted relevant aspects of their relationship with teachers as well as school adaptation.

Collision avoidance for an unmanned surface vehicle using deep reinforcement learning

In this paper, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based collision avoidance method is proposed for an unmanned surface vehicle (USV). This approach is applicable to the decision-making stage of collision avoidance, which determines whether the avoidance is necessary, and if so, determines the direction of the avoidance maneuver. To utilize the visual recognition capability of deep neural networks as a tool for analyzing the complex and ambiguous situations that are typically encountered, a grid map representation of the ship encounter situation was suggested. For the composition of the DRL network, we proposed a neural network architecture and semi-Markov decision process model that was specially designed for the USV collision avoidance problem. The proposed DRL network was trained through repeated simulations of collision avoidance. After the training process, the DRL network was implemented in collision avoidance experiments and simulations to evaluate its situation recognition and collision avoidance capability.

Institutional context: What elements shape how community occupational therapists think about their clients' care?

Clinical reasoning (CR) is the cognitive process that therapists use to plan, direct, perform and reflect on client care. Linked to intervention efficiency and quality, CR is a core competency that occurs within an institutional context (legal, regulatory, administrative and organisational elements). Because this context can shape how community therapists think about their clients' care, its involvement in their CR could have a major impact on the interventions delivered. However, little is known about this involvement. Our study thus aimed to describe the elements of the institutional context involved in community therapists' CR. From March 2012 to June 2014, we conducted an institutional ethnography (IE) inquiry in three Health and Social Services Centres in Québec (Canada). We observed participants and conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 occupational therapists. We also interviewed 12 secondary key informants (colleagues and managers) and collected administrative documents (n=50). We analysed data using the IE process. Of the 13 elements of the institutional context identified, we found that four are almost constantly involved in participants' CR. These four elements, that is, institutional procedures, organisation's basket of services, occupational therapists' mandate and wait times for their services, restrictively shape CR. Specifically, occupational therapists restrict their representation of the client's situation and exploration of potential solutions to what is possible within the bounds of these four elements. In light of such restrictions on the way they think about their clients' care, therapists should pay close attention to the elements of their own institutional context and how they are involved in their CR. Because of its potentially important impact on the future of professions (e.g. further restrictions on professionals' role, reduced contribution to population health and well-being), this involvement of the institutional context in CR concerns all professionals, be they clinicians, educators, researchers or regulatory college officers.

СПЕЦИФІКА СИТУАТИВНИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ДИСКУРСУ (АНАЛІЗ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ Т. А. ВАН ДЕЙКА)

This paper deals with discourse situation models that are the mental models of episodic memory and the mechanisms of the activation of intertextual and interdiscursive inclusions. The situation model is constructed on the basis of the situation schema that contains a limited number of terminal categories. The situation model is created on the basis of the text and the knowledge of the person rather than on propositions of the textbase. The personality-based knowledge accumulates personal experience, sets, feelings and emotions as well as information that is not available in the text. Discourse understanding is carried out by means of the cognitive representation of text-based situations, actions and people. If events, actions and people are well presented in situation models, the understanding of the text is effective. In the course of nontextual analysis the person makes inferences on the basis of situation models. Discourse processing is performed on a conceptual level rather than a linguistic one. Situation models are the basis for frames and scripts, which represent abstract knowledge. The context model is a link between the situation model and textbase.

Основные компоненты коммуникативной ситуации деловых переговоров

The following article considers the concepts of communicative situation, business discourse and business negotiations, as well as the specificity of their functioning. The research focuses on the cinematographic representation of communicative situation per se, which is of great interest within the field of business discourse. Taking into account sustained attention of present-day linguistics to institutional discourse in general and business discourse in particular, the need for a detailed study of the functioning of professional discourse seems quite urgent. As examples of the present study scenes of business negotiations from several American films were taken. The research rests on the componential structure of the communicative situation developed by Teun A. van Dijk (2008), which includes six basic elements inherent in any communicative situation. During the study, the following methods were applied: visual material analysis (which allows of considering a scene from a movie as a qualitative source of data, mainly in terms of non-verbal communication), method of text interpretation (which allows a researcher to single out typical patterns of behavior of businessmen during negotiations), continuous sampling method (which helps to identify language units that indicate personal characteristics of interlocutors) and a method of discourse analysis (allowing to distinguish discursive characteristics of business negotiations). As a result of the research, the presence of the components of the communicative situation identified by Teun A. van Dijk in situations of business negotiations in cinematography was confirmed. The functions performed by these components were analyzed, and the answers to the following questions were given: who performs the role of interlocutors in the situation of business negotiations, what kind of relations they hold, what message topics are common for a situation of negotiations, what are the key features of the speech and nonspeech activity of business negotiations.

Особенности психологической репрезентации нештатной ситуации сотрудниками железной дороги

The paper discusses the important components of the effective work of the duty officer at the railway station, namely the high level of development of the professional qualities of the employee, trouble-free operation, operational work in contact with colleagues. The purpose of the study is to show the existence of significant differences in the formal and substantive features of the representation of an emergency among respondents with a different experience of participation in such situations. To assess professionally important qualities, an attempt was made to go beyond the scope of psychophysiological methods, and the features of psychological representation were also shown. The study was conducted in 2017–2018 in Moscow, in the centers of work organization of railway stations, based on a survey of 300 respondents. Three methods were used: associative characteristics of the representation of the emergency situation, self-assessment of the success of the results, a graphical representation of the psychological representation of the emergency situation. It was revealed that the causes of ineffective activities in emergencies are the operation of devices and the psychological climate in the organization. A number of features of the psychological representation of an emergency have been formed: formal features (sensory level) and substantial features (semantic level). The author concludes that, given the results of the analysis, it is possible to adjust the influence of psychological representation and make the employee’s actions more effective.

VARK LEARNING STYLES TOWARDS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG STUDENTS OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN SELANGOR

The objectives of this study are twofold: (a) to examine the influence of students’ learning styles on their academic performance; and (b) to identifies the preferred learning styles of students between high/low achievers, gender, and different clusters. By using VARK standard questionnaire, 433 undergraduate students from four faculties at the Private University in Selangor are used as observations for this study. The study finds that all students were unimodal learners and Kinesthetic (K) type of learning style is the learner type with the most number of students. High achievers are preferred Kinesthetic (K) learning style while Read/Write (R) learning style is more practiced by students with low achievement. Male students are more preferred Kinesthetic (K) learning style, but female students had a preference for Visual (V) learning style. Social science students are more preferred an Aural (A) as compared to the pure science students which are more preferred Read/Write (R) learning style. Further, this study confirms that Visual (V) and Kinesthetic (K) learning style preferences are positively and significantly influence students’ academic performance. This indicates that different subjects required different kinds of learning styles and instructions to optimally potentiate and benefit the students. This result is consistent with the “Meshing Hypothesis” which states that the learning outcomes could be highly achieved if learning was matched with a predominant learning style of the learner. This study gives a better representation of the current situation in the learning preferences among undergraduate students in Malaysia.

Cómo se diseñan los textos digitales interactivos: una crítica al modelo actual

El presente artículo describe los resultados del experimento diseñado para registrar las prácticas a las que recurren los diseñadores gráficos cuando elaboran un TDI (Texto Digital Interactivo) si su experiencia previa ha sido sólo con publicaciones impresas. Para las pruebas, los diseñadores de la muestra utilizaron las capacidades y herramientas de edición interactiva del programa InDesign de Adobe y con base en los resultados empíricos se formuló un modelo estandarizado llamado MDA (Modelo de Diseño Actual) a partir del cual se puede identificar las fallas recurrentes en el proceso de trabajo, lo que permite plantear posibles soluciones.Introducción: Desde el aspecto teórico los métodos para el diseño editorial no contemplan la inclusión de propiedades interactivas. Según Jorge de Buen (2008) existen dos métodos para el diseño editorial, “aditivo y sustractivo”, de estos métodos ninguno contempla lo que hace ya tiempo se está llevando a la práctica: la utilización de características interactivas. “De lo interactivo se deduce la capacidad de participación por parte del receptor, con la consiguiente modificación del mensaje original, que es reconstruido según los intereses e interpretaciones del último descodificador; algo que nos lleva a cuestionarnos la alteración de la idea de autoría. Nos referimos a un nuevo autor-creador que se caracteriza por su pluralidad” (Caldevilla Domínguez, 2011). Para los fines de este experimento se considera TDI a todo texto cuyo mensaje se transmite a través de la combinación de lenguaje escrito, animación, audio, video, ligas, y gráficos, todo ello con la posibilidad de ser desplegado a voluntad por el lector con el propósito de obtener parte del contenido, y no solo como mero acompañamiento. En esta definición se prefiere el termino «texto» que permite alejarnos de las concepciones libro, revista, periódico, provenientes del mundo de las publicaciones impresas (Salinas, 2017). La falta de un método específico para la edición de TDI resulta en un problema práctico: los diseñadores adaptan a criterio los métodos aditivo o sustractivo para producir TDI y aunque esas adaptaciones puedan tener aciertos, conocer cómo resuelven empíricamente la producción de un TDI permite identificar los errores recurrentes.Método: Con el objetivo de observar, registrar y describir las prácticas actuales que los diseñadores gráficos utilizan en la elaboración de TDI se utilizó como caso de estudio a 44 estudiantes de Diseño Gráfico a quienes se se les planteó la situación de proyectar, diseñar y producir un TDI, utilizando los conocimientos teóricos, la experiencia de haber realizado al menos un libro y una revista impresa, contar con los conocimientos de las capacidades interactivas del programa de edición InDesign de Adobe; para después aplicar el instrumento diseñado para la recolección de información.Resultados: Se identificó un itinerario general de trabajo que se representa mediante el esquema llamado MDA (Modelo de Diseño Actual). Este modelo no es una solución, sino una representación de la situación actual sobre las tareas que desarrollan los diseñadores gráficos cuando diseñan un TDI sin seguir un método específico para el diseño interactivo.Discusión o Conclusión: Utilizando el modelo MDA se pueden proponer correcciones al itinerario de trabajo consiguiendo un método que considere el diseño integral del mensaje interactivo, con lo que se induce a la formulación de un método para TDI.