Representative Regions Research Articles

Draft genomes announcement of Vietnamese Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains causing bacterial spot on pepper.

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria the primary causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper (BSP), poses a significant global challenge, resulting in severe defoliation and yield losses for pepper growers. We present the whole genome sequences of eight X. euvesicatoria strains associated with BSP in Vietnam. These genomes contribute to representation of pepper production regions in the global sample of X. euvesicatoria genomes, enabling the development of precise global disease management strategies.

ADPS: Asymmetric Distillation Postsegmentation for Image Anomaly Detection.

Knowledge distillation-based anomaly detection (KDAD) methods rely on the teacher-student paradigm to detect and segment anomalous regions by contrasting the unique features extracted by both networks. However, existing KDAD methods suffer from two main limitations: 1) the student network can effortlessly replicate the teacher network's representations and 2) the features of the teacher network serve solely as a "reference standard" and are not fully leveraged. Toward this end, we depart from the established paradigm and instead propose an innovative approach called asymmetric distillation postsegmentation (ADPS). Our ADPS employs an asymmetric distillation paradigm that takes distinct forms of the same image as the input of the teacher-student networks, driving the student network to learn discriminating representations for anomalous regions. Meanwhile, a customized Weight Mask Block (WMB) is proposed to generate a coarse anomaly localization mask that transfers the distilled knowledge acquired from the asymmetric paradigm to the teacher network. Equipped with WMB, the proposed postsegmentation module (PSM) can effectively detect and segment abnormal regions with fine structures and clear boundaries. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ADPS outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in detecting and segmenting anomalies. Surprisingly, ADPS significantly improves average precision (AP) metric by 9% and 20% on the MVTec anomaly detection (AD) and KolektorSDD2 datasets, respectively.

Confusion Region Mining for Crowd Counting.

Existing works mainly focus on crowd and ignore the confusion regions which contain extremely similar appearance to crowd in the background, while crowd counting needs to face these two sides at the same time. To address this issue, we propose a novel end-to-end trainable confusion region discriminating and erasing network called CDENet. Specifically, CDENet is composed of two modules of confusion region mining module (CRM) and guided erasing module (GEM). CRM consists of basic density estimation (BDE) network, confusion region aware bridge and confusion region discriminating network. The BDE network first generates a primary density map, and then the confusion region aware bridge excavates the confusion regions by comparing the primary prediction result with the ground-truth density map. Finally, the confusion region discriminating network learns the difference of feature representations in confusion regions and crowds. Furthermore, GEM gives the refined density map by erasing the confusion regions. We evaluate the proposed method on four crowd counting benchmarks, including ShanghaiTech Part_A, ShanghaiTech Part_B, UCF_CC_50, and UCF-QNRF, and our CDENet achieves superior performance compared with the state-of-the-arts.

СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ПРОМИСЛОВОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article examines the role of strategic analysis of the marketing environment of an industrial enterprise using the example of a leading agricultural machinery company in Ukraine. It has been proven that in the process of justifying strategic marketing decisions, the importance of conducting a qualitative analysis of the marketing environment of an industrial enterprise and evaluating their condition in target markets increases. The article deals with strategic planning methods such as SWOT- and PEST-analysis intended for the analysis of external and internal environment. In conditions of a highly competitive market, the marketing environment of an industrial enterprise is both the object of research and one of the most important aspects of its activities. Each enterprise must monitor constant changes in the environment and adapt to them. The analysis of external and internal factors affecting the enterprise showed that the enterprise is in a difficult economic situation. As a result of the analysis, the following opportunities for the enterprise were identified: entering new sales markets, implementing state support programs for agricultural producers, establishing its own representations in various regions of Ukraine, and developing IT technologies in sales. The threats identified include further escalation of hostilities in Ukraine, strong competitors in European countries, and rising gas and energy prices. The results of such analysis form the basis for making important management decisions regarding the identification of priority areas for the development of an industrial enterprise, the development of its effective marketing strategy, the establishment of an optimal pricing strategy, the determination of target audience and channels for promoting products or services, as well as identifying opportunities for innovation and improving the effectiveness of marketing efforts. Thus, in the process of substantiating strategic marketing decisions, the importance of conducting quality marketing analysis and assessing their condition in target markets increases. By considering the capabilities of an industrial enterprise, its strengths and weaknesses, conducting an analysis of threats emanating from the external environment, it is possible to determine the optimal development strategy for the enterprise. In our opinion, the most effective strategy for the enterprise will be a combined strategy aimed at maintaining competitive advantages and envisaged deeper penetration into new markets.

Cost Volume Aggregation in Stereo Matching Revisited: A Disparity Classification Perspective.

Cost aggregation plays a critical role in existing stereo matching methods. In this paper, we revisit cost aggregation in stereo matching from disparity classification and propose a generic yet efficient Disparity Context Aggregation (DCA) module to improve the performance of CNN-based methods. Our approach is based on an insight that a coarse disparity class prior is beneficial to disparity regression. To obtain such a prior, we first classify pixels in an image into several disparity classes and treat pixels within the same class as homogeneous regions. We then generate homogeneous region representations and incorporate these representations into the cost volume to suppress irrelevant information while enhancing the matching ability for cost aggregation. With the help of homogeneous region representations, efficient and informative cost aggregation can be achieved with only a shallow 3D CNN. Our DCA module is fully-differentiable and well-compatible with different network architectures, which can be seamlessly plugged into existing networks to improve performance with small additional overheads. It is demonstrated that our DCA module can effectively exploit disparity class priors to improve the performance of cost aggregation. Based on our DCA, we design a highly accurate network named DCANet, which achieves state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks.

Spritually Fitted For Invasion: The Influence of Anti-Heretical Speech on Gerald of Wales's Topographia Hibernica

Abstract: This article examines how the late twelfth-century chronicler Gerald of Wales could have been influenced by the anti-heretical discourses ofhis time tojustify the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland. Even though the word "heretic" itself is never used, some aspects of the Topographia Hibernica resemble certain regional representations of dissent observed in southern France ornorthem Italy. Using this datum as the main departure point, this article suggests that Gerald of Wales could have integrated Ireland into the evolution of the late twelfth-century heretical narrative to promote both his own lineage and the Plantagenets, on top of the well-known geopolitical and economic motives behind the military intervention.

2019–2021年黄土高原典型粮草复合生态系统日通量数据集

As a typical ecosystem type on the Loess Plateau, the grain and grass complex ecosystem plays a vital role in maintaining regional food production and animal husbandry development. Understanding the characteristics of carbon water flux and energy partitioning in the grain and grass complex ecosystem on the Loess Plateau is of great significance for understanding the regional climate, carbon water cycle and its coupling process on the Loess Plateau. The dataset contains the carbon and water flux data accumulated by the National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Qingyang Grassland Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou University, from January 2019 to December 2021. The data indexes include net ecosystem exchannge (NEE) of CO2, total ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (RE), evapotranspiration (ET), latent heat flux (H), net radiation (Rn), and rainfall (P). The studied ecosystem is a grain and grass complex ecosystem, which belongs to the typical agricultural production type of the Loess Plateau and has strong regional representation. The dataset was prepared in strict accordance with international flux observation technical standards from field observation, data warehousing, and quality control to flux calculation. The comprehensive and high-quality data in this dataset can provide a foundation for research on crop production, efficient use of water resources, carbon source and sink management, and response to global climate change in the Loess Plateau.

Fear and Disillusionment: Cultural Memory and Trauma of the Indian Emergency in M. Mukundan’s Delhi: A Soliloquy

Due to the dearth of official records and historical narratives, Indian emergency is often counted as one of the ‘deleted moments’ of Indian history. The role of Indian emergency fiction in producing counter-history of the time by recording cultural memory is a point of discussion in the circles of memory studies. This paper attempts to bring to light how M. Mukundan’s JCB Prize-winning novel Delhi: A Soliloquy presents a cultural counter-memory of the period, with a special focus on how the Malayali minority in Delhi faced political tumult. Reading through the lens of memory and trauma, this paper analyses how the novel adds to the existing corpus of Indian emergency fiction, which lacked regional representation. Theorists Jenny Edkins, Bridgit Neuman, Alieda Assmann, Piotr Sztompka, Linda Shortt, and Astrid Erll are quoted to analyse the representation of cultural memory and trauma within the work.

Performance Analysis of a Drone Development Kit-derived Digital Elevation Model

Surface modeling constitutes is a crucial aspect in numerous engineering inquiries and earth observation endeavors. In contemporary times, the acquisition of geospatial data essential for the digital representation of local regions is increasingly facilitated through drone-based methodologies, supplanting conventional terrestrial data gathering techniques. The market presently hosts a plethora of cost-effective, "ready-to-fly" unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), offering users the capability to generate photogrammetric outputs, including high geometric precision Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Moreover, modularly structured drone development kits, designed for multifarious applications, are readily accessible for purchase. These drone kits offer an economically advantageous platform that users can customize to suit their specific needs. Nevertheless, the geometric precision of DEMs created using these kits hinges upon the capabilities of the imaging and navigation systems, in addition to the stabilization of the platform during autonomous flight. In this study, using a drone development kit and a commercial drone, simultaneous image acquisition was performed for the same study area and two different DEMs were produced. The efficacy of the DEM generated using the drone development kit was assessed through a comparative analysis with the DEM obtained from a commercial drone. In addition, geometric accuracy assessment was conducted for both DEMs using ground control points. The findings reveal the usability of drone development kits in precision DEM production, as well as their limitations.

Frequency Specific Optogenetic Stimulation of the Locus Coeruleus Induces Task-Relevant Plasticity in the Motor Cortex.

The locus ceruleus (LC) is the primary source of neocortical noradrenaline, which is known to be involved in diverse brain functions including sensory perception, attention, and learning. Previous studies have shown that LC stimulation paired with sensory experience can induce task-dependent plasticity in the sensory neocortex and in the hippocampus. However, it remains unknown whether LC activation similarly impacts neural representations in the agranular motor cortical regions that are responsible for movement planning and production. In this study, we test whether optogenetic stimulation of the LC paired with motor performance is sufficient to induce task-relevant plasticity in the somatotopic cortical motor map. Male and female TH-Cre + rats were trained on a skilled reaching lever-pressing task emphasizing the use of the proximal forelimb musculature, and a viral approach was used to selectively express ChR2 in noradrenergic LC neurons. Once animals reached criterial behavioral performance, they received five training sessions in which correct task performance was paired with optogenetic stimulation of the LC delivered at 3, 10, or 30 Hz. After the last stimulation session, motor cortical mapping was performed using intracortical microstimulation. Our results show that lever pressing paired with LC stimulation at 10 Hz, but not at 3 or 30 Hz, drove the expansion of the motor map representation of the task-relevant proximal FL musculature. These findings demonstrate that phasic, training-paired activation of the LC is sufficient to induce experience-dependent plasticity in the agranular motor cortex and that this LC-driven plasticity is highly dependent on the temporal dynamics of LC activation.

Chinese View of the World in Global Times Caricatures in 2022: Features of Constructing Images and Meanings

The article examines the main features of the presentation of the position of the Chinese government on a wide range of issues on the world stage, as well as the specifics of constructing a positive image of the country for the world community in visual materials of the English-language Chinese newspaper Global Times in September-December 2022 (at example of cartoons in the Cartoon section on the publication’s website). The graphic images included in the final sample (101 drawings in total) can be divided into two groups: those dedicated to international issues and those revealing the features of life in modern China. Much attention is paid to the study of the thematic focus of publications and the geography of the event series, the features of their visualization, as well as the analysis of the lexical originality of title complexes, the semantic content of which directly affects the nature of the representation of a figure/event/phenomenon in the media space and their perception by the wider public. mass audience all over the world. One of the emphasis is placed on examining the characteristics of the representation of different countries and regions of the world. The authors concluded that the main object of criticism of the publication is the United States, its hegemony on the world stage and failures in domestic politics. At the same time, the EU countries act as the injured party as a result of US actions in the geopolitical arena. In turn, materials about Chinese life are presented through the prism of a positive, balanced narrative, demonstrating the advantages and features of the Chinese way of life, constructing an image of a harmoniously developing, attractive society.

The Christianisation of the Baltic Seen from Medieval France

The way the Baltic region was viewed in Christian Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages was strongly characterised by the fact that it was the land of the last pagans. Beginning with the crusade against the Wends (Polabian Slavs) in 1147, attempts to convert them in the region took the form of the Northern Crusades, authorised by the Pope. The Teutonic Order became the driving force behind these crusades from the 13th to the 15th centuries, and secured support in Christian Europe, including France. The representation of the east Baltic region, on which this article focuses, was mainly related to these crusades. The author’s aim is to provide an overview of the attitude of the French-related nobility and intellectual elite towards the Christianisation of the Baltic from the tenth to the 15th centuries, with a special focus on Lithuania. In the first half of the 14th century, many crusaders from France and neighbouring countries backed the Teutonic Order’s struggle against Lithuania. These expeditions, mostly a derivative of the crusades in the Holy Land, were seen as the epitome of the chivalric lifestyle. This view changed slowly after Grand Duke Jogaila acceded to the Polish throne in 1386 and a year later baptised the grand duchy. With the evangelisation of Žemaitija (Samogitia) in 1417, Lithuania was definitely considered a part of Christendom.

Hot topics in butterfly research: Current knowledge and gaps in understanding of the impacts of temperature on butterflies

Abstract As small poikilotherms, insects are largely dependent on their environment for thermoregulation and so are particularly vulnerable to changing temperatures. Butterflies are a well‐studied group often used as models to investigate insect responses to temperature. However, little has been done to synthesise and present this large volume of literature in an accessible format, particularly with reference to knowledge gaps and areas rich in information. Using a systematic mapping method, we synthesised the last 40 years of research on the topic of butterfly responses to temperature. We identified and coded 451 research papers, in which butterfly species were studied 3198 times. We identified taxonomic groups, regions and experimental designs that were well or poorly represented. We found that there was a relatively good balance of representation across butterfly families in relation to the number of species within each family. The tropics were less frequently studied than temperate regions, and there were more studies reporting outcomes on adults than at any other life stage. Finally, in situ studies were more common than ex situ studies. Taken together, the higher representation of certain regions, life stages and approaches could lead to an incomplete understanding of the impacts of temperature on butterflies, potentially resulting in ill‐informed decisions. We make suggestions for how to resolve these discrepancies in representation, including calling for an increased focus on the tropics, the establishment of butterfly monitoring schemes in the global south, a greater focus on the effects of temperature on non‐adult life stages, an increase in experiments investigating fluctuating thermal regimes and the incorporation of more behavioural responses to temperature in future research. Only by addressing these disparities can we gain a complete understanding of how butterflies will respond to climate change.

Travels and Cities of the Ḥadīth Studies: An Analysis of Buldān in the Islamic Intellectual History

Abstract Biographical materials of cities or regions are arguably a part of scattered Muslim historical compositions, with a noticeable impact on the shaping of literary traditions in classical Islam. This article aims to draw attention to the concept of buldān in the Islamic intellectual history, which is largely converged with the concept of ṭabaqāt, or generational structure in the theoretical treatises as classified by the classical Ḥadīth scholars. Based on the answers to this question, the task involves analysing both theoretical and practical aspects of Ḥadīth collections and Ḥadīth theoretical treatises along with biographical dictionaries of the earlier periods, beginning with the sixth/twelfth century and then going back to the second/eighth century. Our historical research and discursive approach have pointed out that the representations of cities or regions in the biographical dictionaries of Ḥadīth scholars carry culturally and historically significant impacts, in addition to an insight that early Muslim scholars correlated knowledge with social endurance of cities.

Determinants of dementia phenotype in North African & Mid‐eastern Israelis

AbstractBackgroundDiverse ethnic ancestry and adverse social health determinants are increasingly recognized to impact dementia on multiple dimensions: genetically and environmentally determined risk, clinical presentation, detection, and the utility of cognitive testing and management. Most evidence originates from ethnically diverse cohorts in North America, with little representation of other world regions. We aimed to assess dementia clinical and neuroimaging phenotype in individuals of Middle Eastern and Northern African (MENA) descent, a population severely underrepresented in brain health research.MethodsThe Alzheimer’s and atypical dementias in Israelis of diverse ancestry and disparate social health determinants (ADIDAS) project started on January 1st, 2022, and will prospectively recruit 200 individuals aged 40‐80 years reporting a new cognitive decline. The ADIDAS protocol includes APOE genotyping, structured assessment of early‐to‐late life social determinants, Israeli neighbourhood disadvantage index, medical history, vascular risk factors, cognitive testing, plasma Alzheimer’s biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, total‐tau, p‐tau181, and NfL), and brain MRI. Ancestry was defined using participants and paternal country of birth. Countries were grouped into MENA, European, or neither, as defined by the World Bank. The project aims to assess the relationship between ethnic ancestry and associated social health determinants as predictors of brain neurodegeneration evident on neuroimaging and plasma biomarkers.Preliminary ResultsAs of January 1st, 2023, the ADIDAS cohort recruited 51 participants (55% female, mean age 65.8±8.4 years) of MENA (n = 24), European (n = 23), and neither (n = 3) ancestry. A preliminary comparison of MENA and European groups reveals MENA in our cohort are on average younger (63.87±8.9 vs. 68.3±8.2 years), have fewer years of schooling(11.7±2.5 vs. 16.2±3.4 years), and more likely to obtain only elementary or vocational education (75% vs. 13%). MENA were more likely to score poor results on cognitive testing‐ MMSE (21.6±4.9 vs. 24.8±5.5), receive a higher clinical dementia rating sum of boxes (3.4±2.5 vs. 1.45±1.4), and a lower carriage rate of apoE4 allele (11% vs. 30%).ConclusionPreliminary non‐matched comparison suggests MENA with early‐stage cognitive impairment have a different social, cognitive, and genetic risk profile than individuals of European ancestry. Results of plasma biomarkers profile and MRI‐related structural changes will be shared at AAIC2023.

Assessing the Probability of Affirmative Action Women’s Quota for Members of the Regional Representative Council (DPD)

Gender quota policies for women in parliament or politics worldwide have developed since the 1990s. Indonesia applies this policy to the House of Representatives (DPR) as a political representation with a 30 (thirty) percent quota. As a fellow national parliamentary institution that is part of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), it turns out that there is a policy vacuum for DPD institutions. The vacuum, in addition to illustrating discriminatory practices, can potentially result in a very minimal representation of women in the institution. This study aims to assess the probability of implementing a similar policy for DPD institutions or provide other recommendations that are more appropriate. This research used normative legal research that uses the statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. Our data is obtained from a literature study and will be analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study, based on the consideration of nomination inequality and patriarchal culture, comparison of other countries, DPD as part of the MPR, Indonesia's bicameral system, and the correlation of Regional Representation and Women's Issues in Indonesia; DPD has several important and relevant arguments for implementing affirmative gender quota policy. However, against these considerations, there are also arguments that are not important and irrelevant, have no significant impact, or are impossible to apply, which is a challenge to implement affirmative policies such as DPR. Therefore, the most appropriate recommendation for DPD is simply through more massive socialization of candidacy by the General Election Commission (KPU) so that the legal culture in the form of awareness of the existence of female DPD members will grow and concerns about the lack of female DPD members can be prevented.

Vietnamese Scene Text Detection Methodbased on Deep Learning

This paper proposes an efficient method for detecting Vietnamese text in outdoor scene images. Essentially, the text detection method presented here is based on the idea of utilizing deep learning network architectures to learn various geometric properties in order to reconstruct polygonal representations of text regions. The effectiveness of the method has been evaluated on four real-world outdoor scene image datasets, including the ICDAR 2015, Total-Text, VinText, and VnSceneText datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect text of various shapes and sizes with high and consistent accuracy. Specifically, the method achieved Precision, Recall, and Hmean scores of 87.53%, 86.94%, and 87.23%, respectively, on the test datasets, 84.32%, 88.17%, and 86.20% on a different dataset, 85.63%, 87.94%, and 86.77% on yet another dataset, and 85.14%, 87.23%, and 86.17% on the last dataset. The experimental results indicate that this approach is feasible for detecting Vietnamese text in outdoor scene images.

Trace Metals Pollution in Ambient Air of Urban and Rural Coastal Environments

<p>Air pollution in coastal areas will have a different pattern from mountainous areas due to different wind patterns during the day and night. The city of Semarang, as a representation of urban areas, and Jepara Regency, as a representation of the rural regions, were chosen for this sampling. 24-h fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected within 3 months of sampling. In this study, seven metal elements derived from this PM2.5 were quantified using ICP MS. The analytical method used is a descriptive analysis of the obtained metal element data, enrichment factor (EF), Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) modeling and sources pollutant estimation. The results of the study showed that the stannum (Sn) metal was found in almost all study locations. Sn, K, and Fe are the dominant metals found in urban areas, whereas, in rural areas, only the Sn metal is quite abundant. Nevertheless, the results of EF calculations show that the most significant enrichment in both villages and cities is Sn. Allegedly, this enrichment occurred because of dense activity in the transportation sector and metal industry in urban areas, which brought metals to three villages in Jepara Regency. This research can be used as the main reference in determining health risks associated with metal pollution in atmospheric particulate matter.</p>

Healthcare workers’ freedom of movement in times of pandemics: an emerging norm of customary international law

BackgroundA shortage of healthcare workers can hinder the ability to prepare for and respond to global security threats caused by diseases that are prone to pandemics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the shortage of healthcare workers became a growing concern worldwide. Recognizing these challenges, countries adopted measures to ensure healthcare workers’ freedom of movement in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the WHO continues the negotiation process to reform the 2005 International Health Regulations and to adopt a new Pandemic Treaty, with one key provision relating to healthcare workers’ mobility, questions remain as to whether States will actually adopt a binding international legal instrument or whether its effectiveness will be watered down by the intrinsic vulnerabilities of an international legal system that has (too) often been unable to tame geopolitical interests. Considering these challenges, we assessed the emergence of a norm of customary international law allowing the free movement of healthcare workers during pandemics.MethodsOur study examined the laws and policies adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic concerning healthcare workers’ mobility in 10 countries, representing all continents. The country selection was based on regional representation and a preliminary analysis indicating their early adoption of measures related to healthcare workers’ mobility. Temporal limits were set. To gather relevant data, we employed various methods including research databases, media sources, and the COVID-19 Law Lab database.ResultsOur research identified and assessed instances of state practice and evidence of opinio juris to determine whether a norm of customary international law mandating states to ensure healthcare workers’ freedom of movement during pandemics exists.The findings indicate a strong consensus towards ensuring the free movement of healthcare workers in times of pandemics as a way to respond to outbreaks of disease. Within months, Argentina, Colombia, Kenya, South Africa, India, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, ten nations representing most regions of the world, recognized, as law, the practice of excluding healthcare workers from prohibitions on movement.ConclusionUltimately, this discussion is critical for global health because if a norm does exist in this regard, it will further strengthen pandemic legal preparedness efforts. As such, it becomes clear that the reform of the 2005 International Health Regulations and/or the adoption of a new pandemic treaty will bolster the strength of this emerging norm of customary international law and crystallize it. These legal instruments would propel a norm that is already in the process of formulation into existence. Thus, crystallizing a norm that is otherwise emerging among states.

INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOUR AMONG MALAYSIAN EDUCATION OFFICIALS: A MANOVA ANALYSIS

Organisations must adapt quickly and innovate to improve. Therefore, the goal of this study is to determine the level of Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB) of the State Education Official (SEO) in Malaysia from the dimensions of opportunity exploration, idea generation, idea promotion, idea realisation, and idea sustainability as well as to explore the differences in IWB of the SEO in Malaysia across demographic factors. Respondents represented every region of Malaysia. Analysis of data utilising quantitative research method. To ensure regional representation, 450 SEO from Northern Region, Central Region, Southern Region, East Coast, and East Malaysia were selected via stratified random sampling and sent online structured questionnaires. The level of IWB was found to be very high (M=4.31, SD=0.51). The SEO's frequency of participation in governance, leadership, and educational management courses during the tenure at the State Education Department (SED) was found to be significant according to Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) results (Wilks’ λ= 0.939, F (15, 445) =1.878; p=0.022). However, the SEO IWB did not differ by age, position, experience, and academic credentials. Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia and SED may leverage the results of this study to re-evaluate and redesign IWB concepts to improve educational management.