Territorial Representation Research Articles

Electoral Systems and Territorial Representation

This article addresses the question of how different electoral systems translate the territorial patterns of party support in the electorate, as reflected in the notion of party system nationalisation, into the party composition of legislative assemblies. The impact of electoral rules upon territorial representation is estimated empirically. The article develops a system-level index of legislative party nationalisation and, by presenting evidence from a nearly comprehensive set of the world’s electoral democracies (126 country cases), shows that in proportional representation systems, the difference between party nationalisation in the electorate and in the legislature tends to be reduced, while plurality/majority systems tend to increase the gap between party system nationalisation in the electorate and in the parliament, thus narrowing the scope of territorial representation. As a result, both main varieties of electoral rules provide for comparable levels of territorial representation, even though the involved causal mechanisms are different.

Bahun, Sanja and Haynes, John (eds) Cinema, State Socialism and Society in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1917–1989: Re-visions (review)

REVIEWS 527 the quality of the poetry in SSh varies, but there is no hard evidence of this particular shortcoming; • inappropriate use of ‘netsenzurnaia leksika’. Such words are indeed used, but — as it seems to me — perfectly within context, e.g. on p. 100 and p. 170; • would-be poets who use Belarusian as a means to popularity but who do not really know the language. Again this does not accord with the impression given by the poets presented in SSh; • by contrast with the lively poetry scene of the 1990s, a kind of calm (štyĺ) seems to have descended. This book demonstrates his error of judgement. The last point emphasizes the unique nature of McMillin’s achievement in writing a ‘history of Belarusian literature’ that looks to the future. One of the books on display at the recent Minsk book fair was Moj dzień pačynajecca, an anthology of verse and prose by young writers described in the publisher’s blurb as presenting ‘a collective portrait of Belarusian literature in the future’. It will indeed be interesting to see how many of McMillin’s poets are included in this home-produced collection. Spring Shoots is a highly engaging and stimulating book written by a scholar with an infectious enthusiasm for his subject, but it is indeed a book — as the author says — ‘without an end’. On 24 February the ‘Golden Apostrophe’ prize of the Union of Belarusian writers (the non-Lukašenka one) for poetry was awarded to Vitaĺ Ryžkoŭ (SSh, pp. 85–91) for the second time, and to Valieryja Danilievič (not in SSh) for the best debut poem. The story continues... Margate Jim Dingley Bahun, Sanja and Haynes, John (eds). Cinema, State Socialism and Society in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1917–1989: Re-visions. BASEES/ Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies, 97. Routledge, Abingdon and New York, 2014. xviii + 215 pp. Illustrations. Tables. Notes. Bibliographies. Filmographies. Index. £90.00. The key to Cinema, State Socialism and Society in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1917–1989 lies in the title’s end — Re-visions. Indeed, as the editors Sanja Bahun and John Haynes emphasize in their Introduction, the impetus behind the book is the reconfiguration of how Eastern European state-cinema of the Communist era is approached. To this end, ‘this volume aims to showcase and guide readers through a range of methodologies, and across a wide temporal and geographical scope, in turn reassessing and questioning some boundaries — of nations, cinemas and methodologies’ (p. 2). SEER, 94, 3, july 2016 528 ‘On Spaces and Nations’, the first part of the volume, includes research on the cinematic representation of territories, boundaries and space from a variety of theoretical perspectives. First, Ewa Mazierska takes up Foucault’s assertion that space and simultaneity are winning over history and time in contemporary culture and sets out to revisit four essays that deal specifically with spatial research. These essays bring to light aspects of regional cinema that have been so far overlooked, as in the case of Brinton Tench Coxe’s captivating take on the representation of movement and stasis in Khutsiev’s 1967 film July Rain. In the second chapter, Lilya Kaganovsky sets out to probe the Cold War ideological underpinnings of science fiction films in both the US and USSR. Although her work is incisive and wide-ranging, covering the best of sciencefiction films to be produced towards the end of the Cold War, some of her arguments are tendentious. For example, her reading of Blade Runner and Solaris sets them ‘firmly within the discourse of the Cold War’ (p. 33) due to the collapse of the binary of self versus Other in the former and the transcendence of this duality in Tarkovskii, whereas both prove that these films in fact rise above Cold War ideology. In the third chapter, Dusan Radunovic investigates the evolution of Georgian cinema and the formation of its minority identity in the context of the larger, transnational context of Soviet cinematography. The second part of the volume, which looks at the ideologies of representation in the cinema of the region, starts with Evgenija Garbolevsky’s investigation of the reasons for...

The changing role of education in the Iraqi disputed territories: assimilation, segregation and indoctrination

ABSTRACTThe oil-rich northern districts of Iraq were long considered a reflection of the country with a diversity of ethnic and religious groups: Arabs, Turkmen, Kurds, Assyrians, and Yezidi, living together and portraying Iraq's demographic make-up. Yet the territory has suffered from heightening ethno-political influence and sectarianism throughout its recent history. The ethnic basis to territorial claims has amplified the discourse over linguistic presence, cultural representation and minority rights across the region and elevated debates over territorial representation to the height of ethnic survival issues. This paper will explore the changing face of education in the region over the last 12 years, highlighting the way in which education policy has reflected, and reacted to, national fragility and conflict.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PANORAMIC MAPS DESIGN: A PRELIMINARY STUDY BASED ON MOBILE EYE-TRACKING

Abstract. This paper presents preliminary results from an ongoing research based on the study of visual attention through mobile eye-tracking techniques. The visual-cognitive approach investigates the reading-comprehension of a particular territorial representation: ski trails maps. The general issue of the study is to provide insights about the effectiveness of panoramic ski maps and more broadly, to suggest innovative efficient representation of the geographic information in mountain. According to some mountain operators, the information provided by paper ski maps no longer meets the needs of a large part of the customers; the question now arises of their adaptation to new digital practices (iPhone, tablets). In a computerized process perspective, this study particularly focuses on the representations, and the inferred information, which are really helpful to the users-skiers to apprehend the territory and make decisions, and which could be effectively replicated into a digital system. The most interesting output relies on the relevance of the panorama view: panorama still fascinates, but contrary to conventional wisdom, the information it provides does not seem to be useful to the skier. From a socio-historical perspective this study shows how empirical evidence-based approach can support the change: our results enhance the discussion on the effectiveness of the message that mountain operators want to convey to the tourist and therefore, on the renewal of (geographical) information in ski resorts.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PANORAMIC MAPS DESIGN: A PRELIMINARY STUDY BASED ON MOBILE EYE-TRACKING

This paper presents preliminary results from an ongoing research based on the study of visual attention through mobile eye-tracking techniques. The visual-cognitive approach investigates the reading-comprehension of a particular territorial representation: ski trails maps. The general issue of the study is to provide insights about the effectiveness of panoramic ski maps and more broadly, to suggest innovative efficient representation of the geographic information in mountain. According to some mountain operators, the information provided by paper ski maps no longer meets the needs of a large part of the customers; the question now arises of their adaptation to new digital practices (iPhone, tablets). In a computerized process perspective, this study particularly focuses on the representations, and the inferred information, which are really helpful to the users-skiers to apprehend the territory and make decisions, and which could be effectively replicated into a digital system. The most interesting output relies on the relevance of the panorama view: panorama still fascinates, but contrary to conventional wisdom, the information it provides does not seem to be useful to the skier. From a socio-historical perspective this study shows how empirical evidence-based approach can support the change: our results enhance the discussion on the effectiveness of the message that mountain operators want to convey to the tourist and therefore, on the renewal of (geographical) information in ski resorts.

The quarter between territorial representations and socio-political practices : The case of Essalah, a district north of the city of Siliana (northwestern Tunisia)

Si le territoire a contribue a definir la notion de citoyennete a l’epoque moderne, force est de constater que l’influence du territoire dans l’acception de la citoyennete est aujourd’hui differente. Le territoire politique et ses representations, bases de la construction de la citoyennete, detiennent aujourd’hui une importance moindre. L’apparition de differentes notions comme celles de citoyennete urbaine, de citoyennete globale tout comme l’adoption au sein de quartiers urbains de chartes de qualite de vie temoignent de l’emergence de nouvelles valeurs et de pratiques territoriales et politiques differentes. Se pose, des lors, la question suivante : quel est l’impact, aujourd’hui, du territoire et plus precisement du quartier, dans la definition de la citoyennete locale et urbaine ? A partir d’entretiens realises aupres de personnes engagees differemment au sein de la vie locale de leur quartier, il est possible de deceler la nature des relations existantes entre les pratiques socio-politiques et les representations territoriales. L’analyse de ces representations et ces pratiques permet ainsi de souligner l’evolution de la definition de la citoyennete et de ses rapports avec le territoire d’une part, et les contours de la cite contemporaine, d’autre part.

Disputes over territorial boundaries and diverging valuation languages: the Santurban hydrosocial highlands territory in Colombia

ABSTRACTWe examine the divergent modes of conceptualizing, valuing and representing the páramo highlands of Santurban, Colombia, as a struggle over hydrosocial territory. Páramo residents, multinational companies, government and scientists deploy territorial representations and valuation languages that interact and conflict with each other. Government politicians and neo-institutional scientists wish to reconcile diverging interests using a universalistic territorial representation, through game theory. This generates a hydrosocial imaginary that renders invisible actors’ power differentials that lie at the core of the territorial resource use conflict. We conclude that this ‘governmentality’ endeavour enables subtle, silent water rights re-allocation.

GEOGRAPHICAL REGULARITIES OF POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL SYSTEMS OF THE USA

The reflection of geographical factors in the formation and functioning of federal system, territorial representation, party and electoral systems of theUnited Statesare observed. Evidences indicating the important role of geographic features in the country’s political system are found. Particular attention of American establishment to geographical regularities of organizing political life is traced. The value of the federal system as a key element of the spatial organization of a democratic form of government in theUnited Statesis explored. Reflection of geographic differences in functioning of the electoral system is found. The importance of the Electoral College as an institution aimed at achieving greater territorial cohesion of the state is investigated. The role of majority voting in single-mandate constituencies as an element of territorial representation is analyzed. Special attention is paid to geographical principles in formation of administrative division of the country. The interrelation of the organization of territorial representation in theUnited Statesand the formation of a two-party political system is investigated. The territorial features of parties functioning and regional factors of intraparty differentiation of political views are characterized. It is concluded that there is a deep integration of elements of geographical knowledge and approaches of geographical science into political and electoral systems of theUnited States. The importance of these elements as factors of the territorial stability of theU.S.political model is stated.

Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology eds. by Jane Lydon and Uzma Z. Rizvi, and: Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology eds. by Maxine Oland, Siobhan M. Hart, and Liam Frink

Reviewed by: Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology eds. by Jane Lydon and Uzma Z. Rizvi, and: Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology eds. by Maxine Oland, Siobhan M. Hart, and Liam Frink Margaret M. Bruchac PhD (bio) Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology. Jane Lydon and Uzma Z. Rizvi , eds. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2010. 503 pp. Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology. Maxine Oland, Siobhan M. Hart, and Liam Frink , eds. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2012. 300 pp. During the emergence of archaeology as a scientific discipline, research on Indigenous peoples and sites typically followed a colonial model focused on discovery and recovery. Sites, artifacts, and human remains were located, removed, contextualized, and displayed by explorers and outsiders; these processes often took place without the participation or consent of traditional leaders and knowledge-bearers from the population under study. These archaeological excavations enabled colonial states and scientific authorities to dominate and appropriate the intellectual and cultural property of colonial subjects. Practitioners of scientific colonialism routinely marginalized Indigenous perspectives and distorted representations of ancestral peoples, objects, and territories. They also introduced temporal, social, and typological divisions between present and past, and between theoretically "primitive" and "civilized," "historic" and "prehistoric" eras. Postcolonial approaches to archaeology, as theory and practice, constitute more than just forms of resistance to earlier colonial models of archaeology. Postcolonial methods are, ideally, investigative, restorative, and collaborative. Practitioners examine the impacts of colonial processes, while soliciting data and insights that can expand our understanding of the archaeological record. Proponents of decolonization also seek to [End Page 184] restore local and Indigenous perspectives and to shift the social relations around archaeology by increasing engagement with contemporary descendant communities. Two new publications examine both the history of colonial archaeologies and trends in postcolonial archaeologies; each is likely to prove influential in shaping the future of collaborative archaeologies. Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology: Reframing Colonialism Jane Lydon and Uzma Z. Rizvi, editors of the Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology, offer a collection of narratives that recount place-specific histories of colonizing archaeologies and decolonizing projects. This volume is organized into five parts, framed by introductions and commentaries. Themes are critiques of colonialism; archaeological narratives of colonialism; issues of restitution, repatriation, and ethics; postcolonial identities; and strategies for implementing postcolonialism. Forty-five contributors from six continents represent various scientific, Indigenous, and ethnic perspectives. Each author examines colonial power relations, articulates attempts to decolonize, and proposes future projects, while weaving together regionally specific negotiations of power, identity, and history. The authors seek to disentangle archaeological theory, practice, and ethics from the limitations of colonialist thought and to recover more culturally accurate representations of local Indigenous peoples and ethnic histories. Part I, "The Archaeological Critique of Colonization: Global Trajectories," is particularly valuable for its thoughtful discussions of the histories of archaeological practice in the Middle East, Near East, South Asia, and East Asia. Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal (chapter 2) examines Western searches for the origins of classical civilizations in the Middle East, linking this work to the invention of the "primitive," the consolidation of nation-state identities, and the persistence of Western intellectual dominance (45). Benjamin W. Porter (chapter 3) critiques archaeological (re) constructions of history in Palestine and Israel that bolster national narratives to legitimate contemporary social injustices. Identifying the term "Near East" as a "discursive myth," he suggests recovering local Indigenous terms (e.g., the Arabic mashriq) that are more historically grounded (52). Museological models are examined in the chapter by Sonya Atalay (chapter 4). She uses Anishinabe petroglyphs and prophecy representing [End Page 185] spiral reckonings of time to acknowledge colonial ruptures while also laying foundations for postcolonial futures. Dilip K. Chakrabarti (chapter 5) argues that in South Asia, archaeologists marginalized India's Indigenous history by focusing on successive migrations rather than local communities. He also complains of the continuing intellectual marginalization of Third World scholars by First World scientists. Koji Mizoguchi (chapter 6) describes trends in East Asia (e.g., antiquarianism, Marxism, and myths of imperial genealogy) that reshaped identities and inspired new national traditions (83), and Hyung Il Pai (chapter 7) discusses how Japan mapped and manipulated Korea's ancient remains (koseki), relics (ibutsu), and...

Complementary Factors of Formation of Electoral Activity in the Territorial Political System of Portugal

The article continues a comparative study on the determination of the cycles of evolution of electoral and geographic space in the countries of developed democracy. The cycle of evolution is expressed by the changing models of complementary activity of voters and depends on the form of government, party and electoral systems, etc. The subject of research is the electoral activity of the population of Portugal after 1975, by the country and by territorial districts, along with the circumstances that affect its level. It is established that in Portugal, list-number of voters is a factor having a downward effect on the index of electoral activity. In this country the list-number of voters greatly exceeds demo-migratory proportion. This circumstance is conditional upon the sustainable interests of territories, that does not permit reducing the number of elected representatives of those territories in the framework of a constitutional maximal number of members of Parliament and one-tier system of converting a list-number of voters in seats in elected bodies. At the regional level under the organization of national elections the principle of territorial representation dominates. The second feature of the country is that demographically unreasonable increase in the list-number of voters in Portugal is correlated with administrative-political interests of the regions and with their sizes. Historically feature of Portugal as a territorial unit of a global political space is the so-called “diaspora expansion.” Activity in the elections showed that the political preferences of external electors are represented in Parliament weightier than the preferences of the residents inside the country. Inside the country the trend “the more populous district, the higher the turnout” emerges with time. The Portuguese model of complementary activity does not reflect the interparty transitions of power. Before the reform of 1991 the chaotic interweaving of mutually reinforcing factors took place. After 1991, there is a stable dominance of the group of middle regions. The specific trend of complementary activity of regions indicates the completion of the two-disc cyclicity of the evolution of electoral and geographical space.

In the name of Development: Power, profit and the datafication of the global South

We examine the current ‘datafication’ process underway in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the power shifts it is creating in the field of international development. The use of new communications and database technologies in LMICs is generating ‘big data’ (for example from the use of mobile phones, mobile-based financial services and the internet) which is collected and processed by corporations. When shared, these data are also becoming a potentially valuable resource for development research and policy. With these new sources of data, new power structures are emerging within the field of development. We identify two trends in particular, illustrating them with examples: first, the empowerment of public–private partnerships around datafication in LMICs and the consequently growing agency of corporations as development actors. Second, the way commercially generated big data is becoming the foundation for country-level ‘data doubles’, i.e. digital representations of social phenomena and/or territories that are created in parallel with, and sometimes in lieu of, national data and statistics. We explore the resulting shift from legibility (Scott, 1998) to visibility, and the implications of seeing development interventions as a byproduct of larger-scale processes of informational capitalism.

Unconventional Prehistoric Worlds: Untangling the Later Bronze Age in Central Iberia

The Cogotas I culture (c. 1800–1150 cal. bc) is an unusual test case in Bronze Age Europe with its incomplete definition due to empirical and epistemological difficulties. The idiosyncratic materiality of those small-scale communities is poorly understood because of its unexpected nature. The characteristic evidence is limited to formal deposits and accumulations of secondary residues whose survival was decisively driven by prehistoric social practices. Thus, in the absence of intact activity areas or dwellings, normative burials and representative domestic equipment, alternative lines of enquiry are needed. However, standard interpretative models have proposed mismatching socio-economic accounts or misleading narratives envisioning these societies as regressive and isolated. This updated multi-scalar review covers from the high level of cultural demarcation and territorial representation to the micro-scale stories of human–things relationships. The lifestyles and worldviews in Cogotas I societies entailed the upholding of atavistic habits, a relational cosmology and a strategy of transient durability, which ultimately resulted in their characteristic archaeological invisibility.

Walking with Empire

This article considers the place of movement in common law and, in particular, the relation between movement and place in the time and space of common law in the Colony of New South Wales. Attending to jurisdiction as a way of sliding beneath the rhetoric and representations of sovereignty and territory that tend to dominate the ways in which we understand the place of law, this article links movement to place and suggests that it is through practices of movement that common law comes to be in place. Drawing on testimony provided in a 1799 colonial trial, the elliptical centre of this article is a burial party that walked into the woods beyond an emerging frontier settlement to bury the dead. Redescribing the movements of this burial party through an attention to some of the technical and material practices of common law provides a way of illustrating how common law moves and how common law comes to be, or at least how common law seems to come to be, in place. Offering a jurisprudential linking of movement to place, therefore, this article suggests it is through material practices of movement in both space and time that common law comes to rest in place. Put simply, this is the suggestion that movement forms common law’s place.

Work, family and social environment in patients with Fibromyalgia in Spain: an epidemiological study: EPIFFAC study.

BackgroundFibromyalgia (FM) is a condition characterized by widespread pain, estimated to affect 2.4% of the Spanish population. Nowadays, there are no consistent epidemiological studies on the actual impact of the disease on work and family of these patients in a representative manner; therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the impact on family, employment and social environment in a representative sample of patients with FM attending Primary Public Care Centers in Spain.MethodsWe carried out an epidemiological study, with a probability sampling procedure, stratified, relative to the municipality size and the number of health centres, seeking territorial representation. The survey was conducted using a self-administered structured questionnaire.ResultsA sample of 325 patients with FM was studied in 35 Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs). The sample is composed of 96.6% of women, 51.9 (8) years of mean (standard deviation- sd) age. Ninety-three percent of the patients have worked throughout their life. Mean (sd) age onset of symptoms was 37 (11) years and diagnosis of FM was established 6.6 (8) years later.Family Environment: Fifty-nine percent of patients have difficulties with their partner. Forty-four percent of the patients report to be fairly or totally dependent on a family member in household chores. The household income decreased a mean (sd) of 708 (504) Euros/month in 65% of the patients. In 81% of the patients, there was an increase in extra expenses related to the disease with a mean (sd) of 230 (192) Euros/month.Working environment: At the moment of the study, 45% of the patients had work activity (34% were working and 11% were at sick leave), 13% were unemployed seeking job and 42% were not in the labor force. Twenty-three percent of patients had some degree of permanent work disability pension.Social Environment: The degree of satisfaction with health care professionals was low and twenty-six percent of the patients were members of specific patients associations.ConclusionsThis study finds that people with FM who visit PHCCs of Spain experience a high impact on families and employment with heavy loss of ability to work.

Rat subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta share extensively overlapped representations of cortical functional territories.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the zona incerta (ZI) are two major structures of the subthalamus. The STN has strong connections between the basal ganglia and related nuclei. The ZI has strong connections between brainstem reticular nuclei, sensory nuclei, and nonspecific thalamic nuclei. Both the STN and ZI receive heavy projections from a subgroup of layer V neurons in the cerebral cortex. The major goal of this study was to investigate the following two questions about the cortico-subthalamic projections using the lentivirus anterograde tracing method in the rat: 1) whether cortical projections to the STN and ZI have independent functional organizations or a global organization encompassing the entire subthalamus as a whole; and 2) how the cortical functional zones are represented in the subthalamus. This study revealed that the subthalamus receives heavy projections from the motor and sensory cortices, that the cortico-subthalamic projections have a large-scale functional organization that encompasses both the STN and two subdivisions of the ZI, and that the group of cortical axons that originate from a particular area of the cortex sequentially innervate and form separate terminal fields in the STN and ZI. The terminal zones formed by different cortical functional areas have highly overlapped and fuzzy borders, as do the somatotopic representations of the sensorimotor cortex in the subthalamus. The present study suggests that the layer V neurons in the wide areas of the sensorimotor cortex simultaneously control STN and ZI neurons. Together with other known afferent and efferent connections, possible new functionality of the STN and ZI is discussed.

Place is a no man's land

A recent survey concerns the use of the place-based approach to territorial development throughout Europe. Places, according to the Barca Report, are drawn as frames which are irrespective of political boundaries for integrating policies with spatial impacts. For this very reason, they are also a no-man’s land each in the sense of no one government being responsible. Where does this leave the democratic legitimacy of place governance? The question may also be asked whether territorial representation is the only way of producing legitimacy in a network society. Raising the issue is certain to meet with opposition, especially since alternatives are anything but clear. The epilogue discusses Europe as a place and reflects on European governance.

Conservation of traditional smallholder cultivation systems in indigenous territories: Mapping land availability for milpa cultivation in the Huasteca Poblana, Mexico

The ancient milpa agricultural system has been regarded as a resilient agro-biodiverse practice within the context of recent global land-use changes. The conservation of the traditional smallholder cultivation system (TSCS) has been the focus of an extended civil network that is based on an alliance between agro-ecological science and indigenous knowledge. Collaborative rural planning has recently been supported in cartographic representations of indigenous territories in Mexico at the intercommunity scale. However, spatial assessments of multicropping milpa practice are largely lacking, and reduced access to land by smallholders is reported to be one of the key constraints on this practice.This research employs a method for the intercommunity-scale mapping of land availability for milpa cultivation (LAMC). This method combines information on land use derived from remote sensing data with information on agrarian structures deduced from census data and it takes into account the concentration of land ownership associated with capital-intensive coffee and pasture-based production systems. We applied this method to explore trends in LAMC between 1970 and 2010 in a rural sub-district of the State of Puebla, which is an indigenous, densely populated, and highly agro-biodiverse area of Mexico. The results were successfully assessed against conventional analysis based on an agricultural census. The method is replicable to any rural setting, provides an alternative approach to delineating peasant–indigenous territories of Mexico and contributes to baseline cartography for the global conservation of TSCS.

L'urbanistica, la carta e le cifre. Progettare lo spazio urbano tra Otto e Novecento

At the time of more and more perfect measure and representation of the territory follows trivialization and proliferation of plans. In Nineteenth century appear Atlases that dissect the image of the city, and statistical mapping that allows to represent structural dimensions of the urban phenomenon: population density, hygiene and functionality of spaces, services allocation, traffic flows, etc. The paper aims to show that urban planning was born during this process of cartographic production and statistical measurement of urban context. This course introduce a new form of urban design which records concepts such «standard» and «prediction» in the iconic order of planning. To what extent accumulation of maps and numbers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth century gave rise to modern urban project?

Prospects of Cross-Border Cooperation in Europe: Capacity-Building and the Operating Principle of “Horizontal Subsidiarity”

Based on a reflection of the seven central challenges which all cross- border territories in Europe are facing in practice, the article analyses how cross-border cooperation in Europe could be improved in the future. Two central fields are interpreted in this regard: training/facilitating and applied interdisciplinary research. The article suggests that a more effective cross-border policymaking of the future depends on a systemic capacity-building, based on the new operating principle of »horizontal subsidiarity«. For the moment being, cross-border cooperation is only a functional sub-system, created by and largely depending on contributions coming from the states involved. Horizontal subsidiarity, combined with new approaches such as territorial impact assessment, multi-level governance or joint interest representation would allow for a better development of an integrated cross-border policymaking, based on the real challenges and potentialities of a 360° perspective on the cross-border territory.

Book Review: Europe: Functional and Territorial Interest Representation in the EU

Book Review: Europe: Functional and Territorial Interest Representation in the EU