Problem Of Representation Research Articles

Selecting an optimal approach to reduce energy crises under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment

The concept of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets is intellectually stimulating and holds significant utility in the representation and analysis of real-world problems. The development of similarity measures within the class of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets possesses significant importance across various academic disciplines, particularly in the fields of decision-making and pattern recognition. The utilization of similarity measures is of utmost importance in the decision-making process when implementing interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. This is due to its inherent capability to quantitatively assess the level of resemblance or similarity between two interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. In this article, the drawbacks of the existing similarity measures in the context of an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment are addressed, and a novel similarity measure is presented. Many fundamental properties of this new interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy similarity measure are also established, and the effectiveness of this similarity measure is illustrated by presenting a useful example. Moreover, a comparison is given to demonstrate the validity of the newly proposed similarity measure within the existing knowledge of similarity measures in the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment. In addition, an algorithm is designed to solve multi-criteria decision making problems by means of the proposed measure in the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy setting. Furthermore, this newly defined similarity measure is successfully applied to select an optimal renewable energy source to reduce energy crises. Finally, we conduct a comparative study to showcase the authenticity of the recently defined technique within the existing knowledge of similarity measures in the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment.

Branded Social Campaign and the Politics of Representation

Introduction: The low awareness of clean living made a company, through one of its product brands, initiate a social program through a donation campaign to improve sanitation and poor quality of health in the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT— Nusa Tenggara Timur ), Indonesia. An advertisement was then aired frequently in national media to support the campaign. However, this advertisement was protested by the people who represent NTT citizens. Methodology: Employing Karatani's (2003) representation theory and Schiappa's (2008) concept of representational correctness with a discourse analysis approach, the research critically analyzes the politics and problems associated with Lifebuoy's social campaigns that sparked protests and denials from various NTT community groups. Results: This study found that the landscaping of the representation problems of the advertisement included the problems of 'speak about' and 'speak for.' Also, the power of prejudice or racial stereotypes of eastern Indonesian people was permanently attached to poverty and underdevelopment. Discussion: The protest(ers) representation was also problematic and political. There were numerous struggles of agenda and identity politics among protesters. Therefore, Lifebuoy's social campaign did not only serve as the object of protest but at the same time also criticized the protesters. Conclusions: This study contributes essential lessons for brands about the urgency of mapping and reading political voices in the field when a social program is launched and implemented so that various obstacles are well anticipated.

State youth policy in Russia as a tool for the development of society: an analytical review

This article deals with the peculiarities of the implementation of youth policy in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the main normative-legal acts of the Russian Federation in this direction is carried out. In particular, most of the attention was paid to the "Fundamentals of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation until 2025" approved on 29 November 2014 by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 2403-r. In the course of the study, the author identified a number of problems of youth policy. Thus, it was established that from 2014 to the present time there is a tendency to decrease the number of young citizens in the total share of the country's population. Consequently, this creates significant problems in the labour market. Attention is drawn to the problems of political representation of young people in the Russian power structures. The absence of measures in the state policy to attract young people to the political life of the country can reduce their civic consciousness, which will negatively affect the society as a whole. As a result, the author made assumptions about how to correct the current state of the state youth policy and to achieve improvement of employment indicators, number and civic activity of young citizens.

Czeżowski's Theory of Reasoning and Mediaeval Biblical Exegesis

We present how the theory of reasoning developed by Tadeusz Czeżowski, a Polish logician and a member of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) can be applied to the mediaeval texts which interpret the Bible, which we collectively call as Biblical exegesis (BE). In the first part of the paper, we characterise Czeżowski's theory of reasoning with some modifications based on remarks of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. On these grounds, we discuss the nature of reasoning and its different types, as well as the problem of textual representation of reasoning. In the second part, we describe the analytical nature of some BE at the end of twelfth century and in the thirteenth century by referring to the examples of Stephen Langton, Robert Grosseteste, Bonaventure, Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. We argue that they represented an analytical approach in BE, characterised by advanced use of logic and specific methods, including reasoning reconstruction and logical analysis. In the third part, we present selected examples to show how Czeżowski's framework helps in identifying various types of reasoning. We indicate some universal problems with the textual representation of reasoning found in the BE of the authors in question. Lastly, we point out how Czeżowski's framework enables the understanding of phenomena such as ‘Special Biblical Inference’. Thanks to this experiment, we can see how a framework as advanced as that offered by LWS representatives can be put to the test using mediaeval Biblical commentaries, yielding interesting results.

The Problem of Natural Representation of Reasoning in the Lvov-Warsaw School

ABSTRACT The problem of precise characterisation of traditional forms of reasoning applied in mathematics was independently investigated and successfully resolved by Jaśkowski and Gentzen in 1934. However, there are traces of earlier interests in this field exhibited by the members of the Lvov-Warsaw School. We focus on the results obtained by Jaśkowski and Leśniewski. Jaśkowski provided the first formal system of natural deduction in 1926. Leśniewski also demonstrated in some of his papers how to construct proofs in accordance with intuitively correct principles.

Somatic Representation of Emotional Problems among Native Kyrgyz Speakers

IntroductionThe somatization problem has been one of the most acute in mental health for half a century (Kirmayer, L., 2000). Patients with somatic complaints turn to specialists in various fields but rarely to psychologists and psychiatrists, although the connection between bodily suffering and psychological difficulties sometimes lies on the surface (Molchanova E., 2016). In the last twenty years, the mechanisms of somatization have been considered by several disciplines, one of which is cultural psychiatry, which has become relevant.Unfortunately, most of the research focuses on the cultural characteristics of migrants living in the United States (Groleau, D. and Kirmayer, L. 2004). There needs to be more research on the cultural features of somatization in Kyrgyz culture.ObjectivesThe goal of the study is to discover the distinctive features of the process of somatization in Kyrgyz cultureThe objectives are:To create a vocabulary of somatic phrases and idioms used to represent somatic problems to find the most commonly used somatic idioms for emotional complaints by native speakers of the Kyrgyz language.To describe the mechanism of transformation of the emotional symptom into a specifically located and presented somatic complaint.MethodsThe research used a mixed, qualitative, and quantitative design.The first stage is qualitative, including ten semi-structured interviews with linguists, culturologists, historians, and specialists in folk art.The second stage included four focus groups (12 people in each group) with a follow-up analysis. The recruitment of respondents was carried out through social networks, announcements, and the snowball method.The third stage was quantitative. With the help of the dictionary compiled at the first stage, 250 participants ranked the frequency of somatic idioms, which were used to express the emotional problemsResultsThere have been found more than 200 somatic idioms, which are used to present emotional problems. The most frequent ones describe the heart, liver, and joints. Heart metaphors are associated with despair and anxiety, joints - with depression, and liver metaphors - with some personality characteristics, such as conformity and kindness. The created map of somatic representation of emotional problems shows the most frequent localization of somatic symptoms in disorders featuring somatic symptoms in native Kyrgyz speakers.ConclusionsThere is a culturally shaped specifics of somatic representations of emotional problems among native Kyrgyz speakers. More research needs to be conducted to interpret the nature of people’s emotional problems represented by somatic symptoms.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

FGeo-SSS: A Search-Based Symbolic Solver for Human-like Automated Geometric Reasoning

Geometric problem solving (GPS) has always been a long-standing challenge in the fields of automated reasoning. Its problem representation and solution process embody rich symmetry. This paper is the second in a series of our works. Based on the Geometry Formalization Theory and the FormalGeo geometric formal system, we have developed the Formal Geometric Problem Solver (FGPS) in Python 3.10, which can serve as an interactive assistant or as an automated problem solver. FGPS is capable of executing geometric predicate logic and performing relational reasoning and algebraic computation, ultimately achieving readable, traceable, and verifiable automated solutions for geometric problems. We observed that symmetry phenomena exist at various levels within FGPS and utilized these symmetries to further refine the system’s design. FGPS employs symbols to represent geometric shapes and transforms various geometric patterns into a set of symbolic operation rules. This maintains symmetry in basic transformations, shape constructions, and the application of theorems. Moreover, we also have annotated the formalgeo7k dataset, which contains 6981 geometry problems with detailed formal language descriptions and solutions. Experiments on formalgeo7k validate the correctness and utility of the FGPS. The forward search method with random strategy achieved a 39.71% problem-solving success rate.

Path Algorithms for Contact Sequence Temporal Graphs

This paper proposes a new time-respecting graph (TRG) representation for contact sequence temporal graphs. Our representation is more memory-efficient than previously proposed representations and has run-time advantages over the ordered sequence of edges (OSE) representation, which is faster than other known representations. While our proposed representation clearly outperforms the OSE representation for shallow neighborhood search problems, it is not evident that it does so for different problems. We demonstrate the competitiveness of our TRG representation for the single-source all-destinations fastest, min-hop, shortest, and foremost paths problems.

Framing labour migration as a social problem on Russian Telegram

The paper upholds the problem of the discursive representation of the migrant workers from Central Asia and Transcaucasia on Telegram. The premise is that social problems become more ‘salient’ in discourse due to framing. The objective of the research is to identify frames interpreting labour migration, explain how telegrammers generate meanings about the outgroups and what frames contribute to the problematization of the social issue. The study focuses on the mechanisms by which the ethnic groups are presented to the subscribers. A cognitive-discursive approach is claimed central as it enables the author to concentrate on the cultural, social, cognitive and linguistic aspects of the phenomenon. The deductive approach to systematizing frames is prioritized. To gain understanding of the foci of the frames in the context of labour migration debate the discourse analysis and the frame analysis are employed. The paper presents a case study based on the relevant posts published on Telegram between 2019 and 2023. The results show that on the generic level framing of labour migration activates the Law and Order macro frame. On the issue-specific level the frames of a higher degree of precision problematize the social issue in the aspects of crimes and delinquencies committed by the migrant workers, and crimes committed by the locals in relation to the ongoing economic situation. In the Russian Telegram discourse, framing specifies the image of the migrants, bringing to the fore their collective criminal activity and fatal threat to the citizens. The most prominent foci of the frames are analyzed on the contextual level. Negative presentation of the migrants has been revealed as the leading discursive strategy that ‘cements’ pejorative stereotypes about the ethnic groups they belong to. The findings contribute to Discourse studies and could be used to tackle the problems of migrant adaptation.

Characteristics differentiating problem representation synthesis between novices and experts.

Formulating a thoughtful problem representation (PR) is fundamental to sound clinical reasoning and an essential component of medical education. Aside from basic structural recommendations, little consensus exists on what characterizes high-quality PRs. To elucidate characteristics that distinguish PRs created by experts and novices. Early internal medicine residents (novices) and inpatient teaching faculty (experts) from two academic medical centers were given two written clinical vignettes and were instructed to write a PR and three-item differential diagnosis for each. Deductive content analysis described the characteristics comprising PRs. An initial codebook of characteristics was refined iteratively. The primary outcome was differences in characteristic frequencies between groups. The secondary outcome was characteristics correlating with diagnostic accuracy. Mixed-effects regression with random effects modeling compared case-level outcomes by group. Overall, 167 PRs were analyzed from 30 novices and 54 experts. Experts included 0.8 fewer comorbidities (p < .01) and 0.6 more examination findings (p = .01) than novices on average. Experts were less likely to include irrelevant comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2-0.8) or a diagnosis (OR = 0.3, 95%CI = 0.1-0.8) compared with novices. Experts encapsulated clinical data into higher-order terms (e.g., sepsis) than novices (p < .01) while including similar numbers of semantic qualifiers (SQs). Regardless of expertise level, PRs following a three-part structure (e.g., demographics, temporal course, and clinical syndrome) and including temporal SQs were associated with diagnostic accuracy (p < .01). Compared with novices, expert PRs include less irrelevant data and synthesize information into higher-order concepts. Future studies should determine whether targeted educational interventions for PRs improve diagnostic accuracy.

Contributions to inclusive and impactful development and psychopathology science: interrogating ecology-linked vulnerability and resilience opportunities.

Since its launch in a 1984 Special Issue of Child Development, significant contributions and insights have followed that have expanded our understanding of psychopathology and normal human growth and development. Despite these efforts, there are persistent and under-analyzed skewed patterns of vulnerability across and within groups. The persistence of a motivated forgetfulness to acknowledge citizens' uneven access to resources and supports, or as stated elsewhere, "inequality presence denial," is, at minimum, a policy, social and health practice problem. This article will examine some of these issues from the standpoint of a universal human vulnerability perspective. It also investigates sources of resistance to acknowledging and responding to the scholarship production problem of uneven representations of basic human development research versus psychopathology preoccupations by race. Collectively, findings suggest interesting "patchwork" patterns of particular cultural repertoires as ordinary social and scholarly traditions.

Application of Exercise Recommendation Model Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

In order to consolidate the learning achievements of students at a certain stage, Teachers often provide students with corresponding exercises before or after the beginning of this stage. Therefore, making the exercises appropriately challenging is one of the main goals of adaptive online learning systems. However, because each student's learning status is different, a student's learning situation in the same period of time will also be different. Therefore, it is also very challenging for students to choose appropriate exercises. In this paper, we propose a new method for problem recommendation. Firstly, we use GCKT model to model the user's answer sequence. Obtain the students' mastery of each concept. The learned user and problem representation are integrated into an extended framework to predict the likelihood of user mastery of the problem. Then use this as the basis for recommending exercises. On this basis, the deep reinforcement learning technology is used and the knowledge tracking model is used as a student simulator. The difference in the performance of the student simulator on all the exercises before and after solving the exercises provided by the exercise recommendation model is used as a reward, Make the model learn what kind of exercises can improve students' ability to the greatest extent, and recommend such exercises to students. Finally, the experiment is carried out in the actual use environment. The results show that the model has better performance than the current common recommendation models.

Hierarchical Planning and Learning for Robots in Stochastic Settings Using Zero-Shot Option Invention

This paper addresses the problem of inventing and using hierarchical representations for stochastic robot-planning problems. Rather than using hand-coded state or action representations as input, it presents new methods for learning how to create a high-level action representation for long-horizon, sparse reward robot planning problems in stochastic settings with unknown dynamics. After training, this system yields a robot-specific but environment independent planning system. Given new problem instances in unseen stochastic environments, it first creates zero-shot options (without any experience on the new environment) with dense pseudo-rewards and then uses them to solve the input problem in a hierarchical planning and refinement process. Theoretical results identify sufficient conditions for completeness of the presented approach. Extensive empirical analysis shows that even in settings that go beyond these sufficient conditions, this approach convincingly outperforms baselines by 2x in terms of solution time with orders of magnitude improvement in solution quality.

Does a language model “understand” high school math? A survey of deep learning based word problem solvers

AbstractFrom the latter half of the last decade, there has been a growing interest in developing algorithms for automatically solving mathematical word problems (MWP). It is a challenging and unique task that demands blending surface level text pattern recognition with mathematical reasoning. In spite of extensive research, we still have a lot to explore for building robust representations of elementary math word problems and effective solutions for the general task. In this paper, we critically examine the various models that have been developed for solving word problems, their pros and cons and the challenges ahead. In the last 2 years, a lot of deep learning models have recorded competing results on benchmark datasets, making a critical and conceptual analysis of literature highly useful at this juncture. We take a step back and analyze why, in spite of this abundance in scholarly interest, the predominantly used experiment and dataset designs continue to be a stumbling block. From the vantage point of having analyzed the literature closely, we also endeavor to provide a road‐map for future math word problem research.This article is categorized under: Technologies &gt; Machine Learning Technologies &gt; Artificial Intelligence Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge &gt; Knowledge Representation

Spiking NeRF: Representing the Real-World Geometry by a Discontinuous Representation

A crucial reason for the success of existing NeRF-based methods is to build a neural density field for the geometry representation via multiple perceptron layers (MLPs). MLPs are continuous functions, however, real geometry or density field is frequently discontinuous at the interface between the air and the surface. Such a contrary brings the problem of unfaithful geometry representation. To this end, this paper proposes spiking NeRF, which leverages spiking neurons and a hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Spiking Neural Network (SNN) framework to build a discontinuous density field for faithful geometry representation. Specifically, we first demonstrate the reason why continuous density fields will bring inaccuracy. Then, we propose to use the spiking neurons to build a discontinuous density field. We conduct a comprehensive analysis for the problem of existing spiking neuron models and then provide the numerical relationship between the parameter of the spiking neuron and the theoretical accuracy of geometry. Based on this, we propose a bounded spiking neuron to build the discontinuous density field. Our method achieves SOTA performance. The source code and the supplementary material are available at https://github.com/liaozhanfeng/Spiking-NeRF.

Director’s approaches to representation of social problems in Ukrainian cinema of the independence era

The purpose of the research. The article studies director’s approaches to ways of representation of social problems as an expression of the author’s worldview.&#x0D; The main objective of the study is the work of directors with the author’s stylistic ideas in Ukraine cinema during the independence era.&#x0D; The methodology. The following scientific research methods are applied in this article: the exploratory method (for gathering information on the chosen topic), the deductive method (for isolating specific stylistic characteristics of films within the broader context of Ukrainian cinema in the independence period), comparative (for highlighting the individual director’s method), and method of generalization (for drawing conclusions).&#x0D; The scientific novelty of the study is the identification of the peculiarities of director’s toolkit, which authors use to expand the ways of representation of social problems in feature films of the independent Ukraine for the sake of self-identification of Ukrainian society.&#x0D; Conclusions. The analysis of the ways in which social problems are represented in Ukrainian feature films of the independence era has revealed that the main tool used by authors-directors to highlight social issues is a dramatic conflict, on the basis of which the protagonists’ story develops. Most of the time, it is a certain social problem that either becomes a contextual component or is used as a catalyst that motivates the protagonist’s actions. It is the dramatic conflict that motivates the choice of the author’s stylistic solution to the film, which is implemented with certain director’s tools. By highlighting social problems, Ukrainian authors develop a director’s toolkit for the sake of self-identification of Ukrainian society.

Problematic issues of legal regulation of participation of an advocate in criminal proceedings for the provision of professional legal assistance to participants in such proceedings

The article determines that, at first glance, the legal regulation of the activities of an advocate in criminal proceedings is well regulated, complies with international standards and does not require any adjustment.&#x0D; The article determines that, at first glance, the legal regulation of the activities of an advocate in criminal proceedings is sufficiently regulated, complies with international standards and does not require any adjustment. However, as practice shows, many problems arise in the implementation of criminal procedural law based on conflicts and gaps in it. Among them, a major place is occupied by the problems of defense, representation and other types of professional legal assistance to participants in criminal proceedings by an advocate.&#x0D; The article examines the state of legal regulation of participation of an advocate in criminal proceedings to provide professional legal assistance to the participants of such proceedings. The authors analyze the absence of the right of the victim and his/her representative to engage an expert in criminal proceedings on contractual terms, other restrictions on the rights of the victim and his or her representative to collect evidence, the right to review the pre-trial investigation materials before its completion, no right to receive a copy of the notice of suspicion and indictment, no right to file a request to the investigating judge for temporary access to things or documents, as well as the right to appeal against a preventive measure applied to a suspect/accused on the grounds of its leniency, etc.&#x0D; The article also analyzes the rights of a representative of a civil plaintiff or a civil defendant in criminal proceedings in relation to the rights provided for by the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, the author draws attention to the need to provide representation for another owner or possessor of property in legal relations regarding the right to file a petition to cancel the arrest of property in whole or in part, and considers the procedural status of a witness's advocate and a whistleblower's advocate.&#x0D; The article proposes amendments to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in the context of legal regulation of participation of an advocate in criminal proceedings to provide professional legal assistance to the participants of such proceedings.

Too Close to Nature: On the Representational Problems of Death Masks and Life Casts

Abstract While historians of art have found death masks and life casts conceptually problematic, it is also noteworthy that these objects have received scant attention from philosophers of art. In this paper, I begin to redress this omission by offering examples of how the philosophy of art can help us understand these images. Two problems stand out: the problem of representation, for example, what type of representation a death mask is; and the problem of style and historicity, for example, whether images imprinted from nature can indicate styles, and whether these images can evolve and transform along art-historical lines. After considering these problems, I conclude that these images are constrained in what they can and cannot represent. While there is a long tradition of imprinting from nature, this practice shows little discernible change over time. An unchanging tradition cannot claim to exhibit a history, a least in a narrative sense familiar to art history. The following investigation opens a dialog between Arthur Danto’s philosophy of art and practitioners of theoretical art history, including Ernst Gombrich and Georges Didi-Huberman, both of whom offer differing views on how these images can be treated.

Creative programming in architecture: a computational thinking approach

The creative programming language Processing can be used as a generative architectural design tool, which allows the designer to write design instructions (algorithms) and compute them, obtaining graphical outputs of great interest. This contribution addresses the inclusion of this language in the architecture curriculum, within the context of digital culture and alternative approaches to how digital tools are used and learned. It studies the different processes related to Computational Thinking that are triggered in the prototyping of computer applications and that lead to creativity. The similarity between architectural design and programming is analysed, both in problem solving (abstraction, decomposition, iterative revisions -debugging-, etc.) and in the use of mechanisms of a digital nature (loops, randomness, etc.). The results of the design and testing of a pilot course are shown, in which the way of teaching, learning and using this programming language is based on the graphical representation of problems through sketches.

Gym-flp: A Python Package for Training Reinforcement Learning Algorithms on Facility Layout Problems

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have proven to be useful tools for combinatorial optimisation. However, they are still underutilised in facility layout problems (FLPs). At the same time, RL research relies on standardised benchmarks such as the Arcade Learning Environment. To address these issues, we present an open-source Python package (gym-flp) that utilises the OpenAI Gym toolkit, specifically designed for developing and comparing RL algorithms. The package offers one discrete and three continuous problem representation environments with customisable state and action spaces. In addition, the package provides 138 discrete and 61 continuous problems commonly used in FLP literature and supports submitting custom problem sets. The user can choose between numerical and visual output of observations, depending on the RL approach being used. The package aims to facilitate experimentation with different algorithms in a reproducible manner and advance RL use in factory planning.