Minority Representation Research Articles

Business and Management Research on the Motion Picture Industry: A Bibliometric Analysis

The motion picture industry is subject to extensive business and management research conducted on a wide range of topics. Due to high research productivity, it is challenging to keep track of the abundance of publications. Against this background, we employ a bibliographic coupling analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of current research topics. The following themes were defined: Key factors for success, word of mouth and social media, organizational and pedagogical dimensions, advertising—product placement and online marketing, tourism, the influence of data, the influence of culture, revenue maximization and purchase decisions, and the perception and identification of audiences. Based on the cluster analysis, we suggest the following future research opportunities: Exploring technological innovations, especially the influence of social media and streaming platforms in the film industry; the in-depth analysis of the use of artificial intelligence in film production, both in terms of its creative potential and ethical and legal challenges; the exploration of the representation of wokeness and minorities in films and their cultural and economic significance; and, finally, a detailed examination of the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other crises on the film industry, especially in terms of changed consumption habits and structural adjustments.

The Effect of Underrepresented Minority Mentorship on Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Recruitment and Diversity: A 20-Year Analysis at a Single Institution.

Despite national efforts to increase diversity and inclusion, underrepresented minority (URM) representation among orthopaedic spine surgery faculty remains low. Research has shown that URM trainees are more likely to pursue surgical careers when they have access to URM mentors. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of URM representation among spine faculty on the rate of URM orthopaedic residents pursuing spine surgery fellowships. From 2004 to 2023, data were collected from each residency class at our academic institution: residency year, number of residents per class (total and URM), and number of residents applying to spine surgery fellowships. These ethnicities were considered URM: Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, and Native American. In 2018, two African American spine faculty were hired. Data were compared between Before and After their arrival. A subanalysis was done to include a period of increasing URM recruitment (2012 to 2018). Binary logistic regression analysis evaluated associations between appointment of URM faculty and fellowship choice of URM residents. Two hundred fifty-six residents were included. Thirty-one total URM residents were in the program during the study period (12.1%). Overall, URM representation in the program increased over time [OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.2], whereas residents applying to spine surgery fellowships did not change [OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.1]. Comparing Before-2012 and 2012 to 2018 groups with the After-2018 group demonstrated a significant difference in the proportion of URM residents applying to spine surgery fellowships after the hiring of URM spine faculty (0.0% versus 23.1% versus 74.1%; P = 0.001). This retrospective study provides empirical evidence of the importance of URM representation among orthopaedic spine surgery faculty and the potential effect on URMs pursuing orthopaedic fellowships. Institutions should consider prioritizing the representation of URM faculty in spine surgery to address the lack of current and future diversity in the field. III.

Higher Intersubject Variability in Neural Response to Narrative Social Stimuli Among Youth With Higher Social Anxiety

Social anxiety is associated with alterations in socioemotional processing, but the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Movies present an opportunity to examine more naturalistic socioemotional processing by providing narrative and sensory context to emotion cues. This study aimed to characterize associations between neural response to contextualized social cues and social anxiety symptoms in children. Data from the Healthy Brain Network (final N= 740; age range 5-15 years) were split into discovery and replication samples to maximize generalizability of findings. Associations of parent- and self-reported social anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety-related Emotional Disorders) with mean differences and person-to-person variability in functional magnetic resonance imaging-measured activation to 2 emotionally dynamic movies were characterized. Though no evidence was found to indicate social anxiety symptoms were associated with mean differences in neural activity to emotional content (fit Spearman rs< 0.09), children with high social anxiety symptoms had higher intersubject activation variability in the posterior cingulate, supramarginal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (Bonferroni familywise error-corrected ps< .05)-regions associated with attention, alertness, and emotion cue processing. Identified regions varied by age group and informant. Across ages, these effects were enhanced for scenes containing greater sensory intensity (brighter, louder, more motion, more vibrance). These results provide evidence that children with high social anxiety symptoms show high person-to-person variability in the neural processing of sensory aspects of emotional content. These data indicate that children with high social anxiety may require personalized interventions for sensory and emotional difficulties, as the underlying neurology differs from child to child. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list.

Barriers to Entry: Socioeconomic Discrepancies Between Unmatched First-Time Applicants and Reapplicants in the Field of Orthopaedic Surgery.

Orthopaedic surgery remains a competitive surgical subspecialty with more applicants than spots each year. As a result, numerous students fail to match into these competitive positions each year with a growing number of reapplicants in consecutive application cycles. We sought to understand the socioeconomic factors at play between this growing reapplicant pool compared with first-time applicants to better understand potential discrepancies between these groups. Our hypothesis is that reapplicants would have higher socioeconomic status and have less underrepresented minority representation compared with successful first-time applicants. A retrospective review of deidentified individual orthopaedic surgery applicant data from the American Association of Medical Colleges was reviewed from 2011 to 2021. Individual demographic and application data as well as self-reported socioeconomic and parental data were analyzed using descriptive and advanced statistics. Of the 12,112 applicants included in this data set, 77% were first-time applicants (61% versus 17% successfully entered into an orthopaedic surgery residency vs versus unmatched, respectively), whereas 22% were reapplicants. In successful first-time applicants, 12% identified as underrepresented minorities in medicine. The proportion of underrepresented minorities was significantly higher among unmatched first-time applicants (20%) and reapplicants (25%) ( P < 0.001). Reapplicants (mean = $83,364) and unmatched first-time applicants (mean = $80,174) had less medical school debt compared with first time applicants (mean = $101,663) ( P < 0.001). More than 21% of reapplicants were found to have parents in healthcare fields, whereas only 16% of successful first-time applicants and 15% of unsuccessful first-applicants had parents in health care ( P < 0.001). Reapplicants to orthopaedic surgery residency have less educational debt and are more likely to have parental figures in a healthcare field compared with first-time applicants. This suggests the discrepancies in socioeconomic status between reapplicants and first-time applicants and the importance of providing resources for reapplicants.

Media Representations and Diversity in the 100 Years of Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly

The Journal and Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ) has documented the struggle members of marginalized groups face in their quest to be treated equally in media content and careers. In this analysis, we note that the journal’s century of articles documents the many historical shifts in the representation and treatment of women and minorities in media settings. Articles emphasize the lack of opportunities for advancement, management issues, and systemic inequities perpetuated by media content and practices. Less common were articles that examine the treatment of students and faculty in academia.

A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Under-Represented Minorities in Introductory Accounting Textbooks

ABSTRACT This study examines the depiction of under-represented minorities “URMs” (Black, Hispanic/LatinX, and Native Americans) in introductory accounting textbook images. It is widely acknowledged that URMs are under-represented in the accounting profession. This under-representation is pervasive throughout the talent pipeline, from students to accounting firms. We conduct a content analysis of introductory accounting textbook imagery because retention of URM students is especially important during introductory courses and textbooks have the potential to foster students’ sense of belonging. We find that URM inclusion in images is less than their proportionate share of the U.S. population. Results also show that when URMs are included, they are rarely depicted without non-URMs. Encouragingly, however, when URMs are included, they are depicted in professional attire. This study provides critical insights into the visual representation of under-represented minorities in accounting education. JEL Classifications: I23; M41.

TARGETING UNDERREPRESENTED POPULATIONS IN PRECISION MEDICINE: A FEDERATED TRANSFER LEARNING APPROACH.

The limited representation of minorities and disadvantaged populations in large-scale clinical and genomics research poses a significant barrier to translating precision medicine research into practice. Prediction models are likely to underperform in underrepresented populations due to heterogeneity across populations, thereby exacerbating known health disparities. To address this issue, we propose FETA, a two-way data integration method that leverages a federated transfer learning approach to integrate heterogeneous data from diverse populations and multiple healthcare institutions, with a focus on a target population of interest having limited sample sizes. We show that FETA achieves performance comparable to the pooled analysis, where individual-level data is shared across institutions, with only a small number of communications across participating sites. Our theoretical analysis and simulation study demonstrate how FETA's estimation accuracy is influenced by communication budgets, privacy restrictions, and heterogeneity across populations. We apply FETA to multisite data from the electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network to construct genetic risk prediction models for extreme obesity. Compared to models trained using target data only, source data only, and all data without accounting for population-level differences, FETA shows superior predictive performance. FETA has the potential to improve estimation and prediction accuracy in underrepresented populations and reduce the gap in model performance across populations.

A Comprehensive, Community‐Engaged Recruitment Strategy to Increase Minority Representation in New IDEAS – an Amyloid Imaging Study

AbstractBackgroundAlthough Black and Hispanic/Latino people have higher rates of clinical Alzheimer disease (AD), evidence indicates lower proportions and odds of positive amyloid positron emission tomography (PET). This may indicate differences in etiology of cognitive impairment, which has implications for prevention and treatment (ie, anti‐amyloid treatments). Unfortunately, Black and Hispanic/Latino people are underrepresented in AD research.MethodTo evaluate amyloid PET in a diverse sample, we designed culturally‐informed, community‐engaged recruitment strategies for New IDEAS (Imaging Dementia—Evidence for Amyloid Scanning), an observational, open‐label, longitudinal cohort study of beta‐amyloid PET. New IDEAS intends to recruit 7,000 U.S. Medicare beneficiaries with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia including 2,000 Black/African American and 2,000 Latino/Hispanic individuals. To ensure diversity, we developed a comprehensive recruitment strategy using a diverse, culturally‐trained staff that includes:• Identifying Dementia Specialists experienced recruiting minorities• Embedding high‐impact community engagement in select regions• Increasing capacity of specialists and PET facilities to engage minorities• Increasing pipeline of referrals to Dementia Specialists• Creating a culturally‐informed awareness campaignResultNew IDEAS has enrolled 4,524 participants including 954 (21.1%) Black/African American, and 842 (18.6%) Hispanic/Latinx. Median age is 76 years; 54% are female. More Black/African American (46.6%) and Hispanic/Latinx (42.6%) participants had a dementia diagnosis compared to the overall cohort (33.9%). More Black/African American (37.4%) and Hispanic/Latinx (37%) participants were enrolled in Medicare Advantage compared to the overall cohort (19.5%).During implementation, we encountered additional barriers to minority participation including: dementia specialists and PET facilities located greater distance from minority neighborhoods, lack of transportation to visits, fewer academic medical sites registered, concerns about co‐pays, and dementia specialists not accepting new patients. New strategies are being implemented to address some of barriers including coverage of co‐pays and assistance with transportation.ConclusionNew IDEAS has enrolled more Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx participants than any amyloid PET study published to date. Despite some success with minority enrollment, recruitment has been hampered by underlying structural barriers such as lack of access to dementia care in minority communities and higher Medicare Advantage rates. Additional resources and policy changes are needed to allow more equitable access to research and dementia care.

Abstract A054: Leveraging the power of Hope Leaders for enhancing diversity in clinical trials via a bi-directional cancer health information model

Abstract Introduction: Despite increasing recognition of the need for diversity in clinical trials, participation from racial and ethnic minorities, particularly from low socioeconomic communities, remains dismally low. This underrepresentation hinders the generalizability of trial results and perpetuates health disparities. Low socioeconomic environments, characterized by economic instability, restricted healthcare access, food scarcity, and deficient educational resources, exacerbate these challenges. Residents of such communities often lean on "Hope Leaders" - trusted community figures - as a strategy to navigate through these adversities. Recognizing the pivotal role of these Hope Leaders, we advocate for a community-centered bi-directional cancer health information flow model, which positions these Leaders at the core of community engagement endeavors. This model fosters a bi-directional health information exchange that synergizes Hope Leaders with the scientific community, thereby promoting improved health equity within clinical intervention research. The implementation of this model commences with a pre-engagement phase, a respectful approach where we familiarize ourselves with the community and its dynamics, without imposing any specific demands or expectations. Approach: The University of Illinois Cancer Center has had 6 community engagement specialists that have engaged with community members through numerous pre-engagement events that encompass activities ranging from mental health, cancer prevention, survivorship events, education, health fairs and community meetings. Based on these insights, we established a dedicated working group to identify hope leaders and to create targeted engagement strategies for specific areas of our catchment region through the bi-directional cancer health information flow model. These strategies are tailored to address the unique challenges and barriers these communities face regarding enrollment in cancer clinical trials. Additionally, the community-driven health communication model was implemented to identify Hope Leaders and engage them with cancer researchers as a part of our phase I activities for this model. Conclusion: This innovative approach aims to leverage the unique position of Hope Leaders in underserved communities to amplify community voices, improve engagement, and ultimately, increase minority representation in cancer clinical trials. The model provides a promising strategy to address the persistent disparity in clinical trial participation, facilitating more equitable and inclusive research outcomes. Citation Format: Joseph Dufraine, Yamile Molina, Jeanette Gonzalez, Maria Olivero, Theresa Mobley, Saria Lofton, Dedra Reis. Leveraging the power of Hope Leaders for enhancing diversity in clinical trials via a bi-directional cancer health information model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A054.

Enrollment and Scientific Progress of the Multisite SuperAging Research Initiative

AbstractBackgroundThe SuperAging Research Initiative is a multisite consortium focused on identifying factors promoting extraordinary cognitive aging. The designation of SuperAger is reserved for individuals age 80+ who have episodic memory capacity that would be considered at least average for those 2‐3 decades younger. The presence of such outliers raises questions of fundamental importance to the neurobiology of brain aging, resilience, resistance, and avoidance of cognitive decline caused by Alzheimer’s disease. The original study of SuperAgers emerged at Northwestern and helped establish the phenotype. The SuperAging Research Initiative was established in 2021 and is focused on increasing minority representation and expanding deep phenotyping of this unique population.MethodsHarmonized data collection has been initiated across the five sites including behavioral, health, biologic, genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, psychosocial, neuroanatomic, and neuropathologic factors. Here we summarize the initial recruitment progress and baseline characteristics of the current cohort.ResultsWe will present the organizational structure, progress, and baseline characteristics of the cohort to date. The SuperAging Research Initiative includes three Cores (Administrative/Biostatistics, Clinical/Imaging, and Biospecimen/Neuropathology) and two Research Projects. Enrollment (target, n = 500) has commenced across four U.S. Sites located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Georgia, and a Canadian Site in Southwest Ontario, with a focus on enrollment of Black SuperAgers and Cognitively Average Elderly Controls with similar demographics. Project 1 uses state‐of‐the‐art wearable technology to obtain quantitative measurements of daily life including, sleep, physical activity, autonomic responsivity, and social engagement to determine whether SuperAgers have relatively preserved physiologic and behavioral ‘complexity’ compared to Controls. Project 2 focuses on transcriptomic, genetic, and protein profiling to examine central and peripheral immune and inflammatory system parameters of SuperAgers.ConclusionsBy identifying factors contributing to superior memory performance in old age, outcomes may help isolate modifiable factors that promote healthspan and perhaps also prevent age‐related brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Effect of dietary phytase on water and fecal prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes in a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus) mixotrophic biofloc production system

In this study we evaluated feed and temporal effects on prokaryotic (16S) and eukaryotic (18S) microbiome dynamics in an outdoor mixotrophic biofloc system used to grow hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus) to market size. The dicalcium phosphate -free practical feed treated with 6-phytase (3000 FTU/kg; P-Free+Phytase) and positive (Control) and negative (P-Free) control practical feeds used were formulated to contain 27.7% digestible protein and 4% lipid. Sex reversed, all-male hybrid tilapia (28.9 g/fish) were stocked (29 fish/m3) in 9 outdoor rectangular tanks (16.6 m3) and grown for 154 days. The Control feed was fed to all fish during the 14-day acclimation period after which each test feed was fed to fish in three tanks/feed. Biofloc water and fecal samples were collected from all tanks at time 0 (T0, study day 15) and T7, T70, and T140; prokaryotic and eukaryotic abundance and diversity were assessed using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S and 18S rRNA genes, respectively. Fecal 16S microbiome in all treatments was dominated by Fusobacteria (namely Cetobacterium) with minority representation by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Opisthokonts (namely Capsaspora) were the dominant eukaryote detected overall in all fecal samples. Fecal 16S and 18S relative abundances varied significantly with time. Relative abundance of fecal 16S differed significantly between Control and P-Free+Phytase feed treatments only at T140 (harvest). Fecal 18S relative abundance differences among feed treatments were detected only at T0 and T7 and only at the supergroup taxonomic level. Prokaryotic communities in biofloc water among feed treatments and across times were highly diverse and dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Actinobacteria. High relative abundances of Capsaspora across time characterized eukaryotic communities. Relative abundances of 16S and 18S taxa in water varied significantly over time. Control and P-Free feed 16S relative abundances in water differed significantly at T0 and T7. Time was the factor that explained most of the variation observed for 16S and 18S beta diversity. Overall, results of the present experiment suggest minimal influence of phytase-treated or dicalcium phosphate-free feeds on hybrid tilapia 16S and 18S water and fecal microbiomes throughout the experiment, particularly because the base feed formulation was the same for all treatments. During this experiment and at harvest tilapia in all treatments appeared healthy and robust, and no known pathogenic bacteria or eukaryotes were detected in any sample, suggesting the observed microbiomes may represent system-specific “healthy” core microbiomes.

The racial gap in entrepreneurship and opportunities inside established firms

AbstractResearch SummaryRacial disparities in entrepreneurship have been widely discussed in the literature, with most studies focusing on mechanisms that amplify such disparities. However, less attention has been devoted to factors that promote inclusion. We propose that intrapreneurship—launching and operating new ventures inside established organizations—represents a more inclusive entrepreneurial pathway than entrepreneurship involving a standalone venture. We predict that relative to White employees, Black employees will (1) be more likely to engage in intrapreneurship than entrepreneurship and (2) achieve greater financial performance as founders of internal ventures than standalone ventures. Using data on a representative sample of American new business founders in 2005, we found evidence for our theory. Our study highlights the importance of intrapreneurship in leveling the playing field for racial minorities pursuing entrepreneurial activities.Managerial SummaryDespite the persistent inequalities in the representation of racial minorities in entrepreneurship, how to make the entrepreneurial path more inclusive remains less well understood. In this study, we find that intrapreneurship—or launching and running a new venture within an already established firm—holds the potential to offering a more inclusive route to entrepreneurship, compared to the traditional way of starting a standalone business. Using data from a representative sample of American business founders in 2005, we find that Black employees are more likely to take the intrapreneurship route rather than starting their own independent businesses. We also find that, conditional on founding a new venture, Blacks are more likely to achieve financial success as intrapreneurs than entrepreneurs. Finally, when discrimination is more prevalent and other indicators of quality are lacking, the gaps in founding rates and new‐venture performance between Blacks and Whites are less likely to widen in intrapreneurship compared to standalone entrepreneurship. Overall, these findings have important implications for practices that can help address the racial disparities we see in entrepreneurship.

Race and Gender Representation in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Clinical Trials in the US: A Cohort Study

Introduction: Clinical trials in the US frequently under-enroll racial/ethnic minorities, and demographic reporting of minority enrollment is variable and often incomplete. Underrepresentation of minorities in clinical trials deprives these patients (pts) of the benefits of novel therapies and impacts the generalizability of clinical trial findings. Little is known about the disparities in enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) clinical trials in the US and their trends over time. Methods: We used the aggregate analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov database to obtain records of interventional, randomized phase II and phase III studies conducted in US that reported completed results to the database using the search terms “myelodysplastic syndromes” or “MDS” with start and completion dates between January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022. “Race/ethnicity” was adapted in accordance with US Census and Department of Health and Human Services guidelines and grouped into five categories for this analysis - White, Black/African American, American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN), Asian, and Other. We analyzed the reporting of race/ethnicity in clinical trials benchmarked with the passage of federal mandatory reporting requirements in September 2007 and January 2017. The proportions of enrollees by each racial group in all the MDS trials reporting on all 5 racial groups were computed for the entire study period and the distributions of these proportions were plotted in the density plots (Fig 1). Additionally, we calculated the odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI of enrollment by race and gender in clinical trials (Fig 2). All calculations were done using R version 4.2.0. Results: We identified 299 MDS clinical trials using our search criteria. After excluding phase I/II non-randomized clinical trials and trials with less than 20 pts, we included a total of 206 clinical trials (174 phases II &amp; 32 phase III) for analysis. Of the 21,645 pts initially enrolled in the 206 trials, 20,709 pts with complete data were analyzed. With the institution of federal reporting requirements in the late 2000s, enrollment reporting by race and ethnicity has vastly improved, with 100% of MDS clinical trials reporting these demographics since 2017. In trials reporting race enrollment for all five groups, Whites had the highest enrollment proportions in all trials conducted within the study period, with a median enrollment of 85.8% (Fig 1). This level of clinical trial representation exceeded the estimates of proportion of Whites among the US population (70.3%, p &amp;lt; 0·001). In contrast, Blacks, AI/AN, Asian and other racial categories were significantly underrepresented relative to their US populations ( p &amp;lt; 0·001). Figure 2 shows a forest plot of OR of enrollment by race and gender. Blacks, Asian and AI/AN had significantly lower odds of enrollment compared to Whites. Females had significantly higher odds of enrollment compared to males. Conclusion: Our analysis highlights substantial disparities in representation of racial minorities in MDS clinical trials in the US. Unless efforts are taken to systematically address these enrollment disparities, MDS outcomes for these historically disadvantaged groups will continue to lag due to incomplete understanding of biologic and individual factors that impact treatment effectiveness in these groups.

Language and Power: How Democracy and Pluralism Shape Patterns of Minority Political Representation in Bali, Indonesia

This study aims to portray the political representation of minorities using discourse analysis as a tool to analyse the 2019 legislative election in Bali province. Bali is a province with the largest Hindu population in Indonesia. It is necessary for minority groups to take strategic steps to express their participation and existence in political contestation. The power of language and the strength of minority political candidates have led to successful competition for seats in the legislature. The ethnically and religiously heterogeneous electorate sympathized with the candidate. Using a linguistic semiotic approach, the analysis results are obtained, and the use of language as a representation of Muslim power is aimed at the diction of “Khadimul Ummah”, or servant of the public. While this study uses a qualitative approach to semiotic analysis, the diction of servant of the public is interpreted using a binary opposition approach. The results of this study show that language creates its identity and becomes a figure of interest to the Balinese people as a representation of Indonesian legislative members in the electoral district of Bali. For most people in Bali, there is a belief that this diction is something that strengthens inter-religious harmony between societies. The significance of this study lies in the fact that language may have symbolic power for both ethnic minority and majority groups.

Discursive representations of sexual minorities in China’s English-language news media: a corpus-based study

In contemporary China, sexual minorities (SMs) are still a marginalized community. Prior studies have accorded SMs a great deal of attention, but little research has been conducted on the representations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans people in Chinese English-language news media. This article uses corpus linguistic tools to examine popular views on SMs in a larger corpus of 354 news articles, filling the gap in research. Based on data collected from four English-language newspapers in mainland China and informed by discursive strategies, the article concludes that Chinese SMs are prominently represented as unhealthy individuals, but also victims and progressionists. The findings also indicate that conservative and liberal perspectives on SMs co-exist in the English-language newspapers. In addition, potential contributing factors to these representations are discussed.

Rising Tides or Political Ripcurrents? Gentrification and Minority Representation in 166 Cities

Transformative changes in urban economies are raising vital questions about minority representation. Given that cities are sites of political power for communities of color, gentrification and the housing affordability crisis threaten to deteriorate decades of progress. This article considers the impact of these economic and demographic shifts on minority candidate supply and success. Collecting data on 166 city councils across several decades, we find that White population growth is associated with reductions in local political power for Black and Latino councilors. We also observe modest evidence that local economic improvements may not have deleterious effects on the diversity of city councils. We probe these findings using data on local elections, as well as over 380,000 tweets from city councilors, and uncover evidence of a candidate supply mechanism in the case of “racial gentrification” and a credit-claiming mechanism in the case of “economic gentrification.” We conclude by discussing the political implications of the cross-cutting effects we observe.

Cardiovascular surgery trials in the United States: representation of women and minorities

Cardiovascular surgery trials in the United States: representation of women and minorities

Do Danish voters discriminate against women and ethnic minority candidates? Insights from a survey experiment

Representation of women and ethnic minorities is a recurring topic in connection with Danish elections. One possible explanation for the consistent underrepresentation is that voters evaluate women and ethnic minority candidates less favorably than men with an ethnic Danish background. Theoretically, this possibility might be particularly pronounced among conservative voters high in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Analyses from a survey experiment with 1116 representative Danish citizens show that Danes, on average, do not evaluate women and ethnic minority candidates less favorably. However, nuanced exploratory analyses show that growing SDO and conservatism cause voters to evaluate ethnic minority candidates more negatively, while a similar pattern does not obtain with respect to candidate gender. Consequently, issues about underrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities relate differently to SDO and political ideology. The theoretical and normative implications of the results are discussed.

Visual Representations of Sexual Minorities in Chinese Newspapers

Same-sex sexuality remains a prevalent taboo in many cultures and societies globally. In the past decade, scholars from various fields have increasingly examined how sexual minorities (SMs) are represented. The present paper contributes to this growing research by addressing two notable gaps. First, since much of the existing research centers on Western contexts, there is limited study on the portrayal of SMs within the Chinese cultural framework. Second, past studies emphasize verbal portrayals, often sidelining the importance of visual representations. This article will report and analyze the photos gathered from two prominent Chinese newspapers, China Daily and Global Times, pertaining to SMs in mainland China. By drawing on Van Leeuwen’s visual social actor network, the article reveals that Chinese SMs most often are visually represented as victims, disguisers, warriors, and elitists. Finally, we explore the socio-cultural influences behind these representation patterns.

Turnout Turnaround: Ethnic Minority Victories Mobilize White Voters

In Western democracies, like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, the number of ethnic minority representatives has been steadily increasing. How is this trend shaping electoral behavior? Past work has focused on the effects of minority representation on ethnic minorities’ political engagement, with less attention to the electoral behavior of majority-group members. We argue that increased minorities’ representation can be experienced as a threat to a historically white-dominant political context. This, in turn, politically activates white constituents. Using data from four U.K. general elections and a regression discontinuity design, we find that the next election’s turnout in constituencies narrowly won by an ethnic minority candidate is 4.3 percentage points larger than in constituencies narrowly won by a white candidate. Consistent with our argument, this turnout difference is driven by majority-white constituencies. Our findings have implications for intergroup relations and party politics and help explain recent political dynamics.