Angle Of Repose Research Articles

Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) Gums

Study of the physico-chemical properties of natural gums is a prerequisite to understanding the nutritional, culinary and commercial value and their utilization. The main objective of the present piece of work was to determine some important physico-chemical properties of babool (Acacia nilotica) and karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) gum. The physico-chemical properties of babool and karaya gums were determined by using standard methods and the data obtained was analyzed for comparison of both the gums. The investigation revealed that there were significant differences in the percentage of swelling index, water holding capacity, solubility, moisture content, porosity, ash content, pH and protein. Although there were no significant differences obtained in the values of true density, bulk density, angle of repose, refractive index, coefficient of friction, and fat between the two test samples. The protein and nitrogen content of babool gum were superior to those of karaya gum. Water holding and oil holding capacity were superior in karaya gum to babool gum. The viscosity of babool gum was decreased with the decrease in shear rate, whereas the viscosity of karaya gum increased with the decrease in shear rate. Data generated from the study confirms that there are a number of similarities in some properties and differences in other properties of both the test gum exudates.

Flowability of plant based food powders: Almond, chestnut, chickpea, coconut, hazelnut and rice

This study presents bulk material characterization, especially powder flowability, of eight food powders from six different plants (almond, chestnut, chickpea, coconut, hazelnut and rice). The characterization of the bulk powders includes the particle size distributions, true densities, bulk and tapped densities, as well as the powder porosity and moisture content. The flowability is determined by means of Hausner ratio, Carr's index, flow function by an annular shear cell and dynamic angle of repose. The flowability characteristics are discussed in regard to the bulk powder properties and evaluated for their applicability as some methods could give misleading results for the flowability.

Partially saturated granular flow in a rotating drum: The role of cohesion

Partially saturated granular flows are common in various natural and industrial processes, such as landslides, mineral handling, and food processing. We conduct experiments and apply the discrete element method to study granular flows in rotating drums under partially saturated conditions. We focus on varying the strength of cohesion (surface tension) and rotation rate within the modes of rolling flow and cascading flow. With an increase in surface tension, a rolling mode can possess a steeper slope and correspondingly needs a higher rotation rate to transition to a cascading. The depth of the flowing region increases with increasing cohesion, while the sensitivity is reduced for cases of high cohesion. We propose a dimensionless number CE that captures the combined effects of rotation, gravity, and cohesion on the dynamic angle of repose and flow depth. In addition, we extract statistical information on the formation of clusters within the flow. We find a power law relation between the cluster size distribution and its probability, which indicates that stronger cohesion can promote the formation of larger clusters, and we discuss how cohesion impact on flows manifested by cluster formation.

Microbiological Status and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Commercially Available Herbal Medicinal Products in Lagos, Nigeria

Some herbal products were sourced from traditional medicine practitioners purposely to evaluate their microbial and pharmaceutical qualities. These products were 15 in number and were of different dosage forms. Phytochemical tests were carried out to determine their phyto-constituents. Also, the microbial qualities were determined and the pharmaceutical evaluation carried out through tablet disintegration of powders, crushing and friability. The powdered formulations were subjected to particle size determination and angle of repose. The density of the suspensions and solutions were taken. Results indicated presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins and cardenolides. The microbial load of the products varies. Seven (46.67%) of the products were contaminated with Salmonella, ten (66.67%) were contaminated with fungi, ten (66.67%) were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus and nine (9) were contaminated with E.coli.(60%). The angle of repose for the powder dosage forms were high, this indicate that the powdered products were not free flowing and not highly cohesive. Also, acceptable crushing strength and friability was shown by the tablet formulation but it failed the disintegration time. Out of the fifteen products, two of the products were registered with NAFDAC (13.33%), all the products indicated their manufacturing and expiry dates while ten (66.67%) have their contents stated. All the products have their therapeutic claims indicated on their containers. In conclusion, there should be control of standards of herbal medicine in Nigerian markets as well as constant evaluation and monitoring of the various products.

Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Atorvastatin Tablets Using Natural Polymers, with a Focus on Okra Gum

This research study presents the development and evaluation of sustained-release tablets of Atorvastatin using five distinct natural polymers, namely guar gum, xanthan gum, hibiscus gum, okra gum, and soya bean gum, at different drug-polymer ratios. The formulations underwent rigorous pre-compression and post-compression assessments to ensure their quality and efficacy. The utilization of natural polymers in drug formulations has gained significance due to their cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. In this study, we investigated the potential of these natural polymers to create sustained-release tablets, a vital need for long-term management of conditions like hypercholesterolemia. Atorvastatin, a BCS class-II drug, was chosen as the model drug for this study, as it plays a crucial role in managing cardiovascular diseases related to high blood pressure. The pre-compression tests ensured that the formulations met pharmacopoeial standards for characteristics such as bulk density, angle of repose, compressibility index, and Hausner's ratio. The post-compression studies confirmed that the tablets exhibited acceptable features, including hardness, friability, and weight variation. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that formulation F8, incorporating okra gum as the rate-retarding polymer, exhibited an impressive 98.5% drug release after 10 hours. This suggest that okra gum holds promise as a natural polymer for designing sustained-release drug formulations. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the use of natural polymers for the controlled release of drugs, particularly Atorvastatin, and could pave the way for further research in this field.

Development of Effervescent Cleansing Tablets Containing Asiatic-Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Microparticles

The objective of this study was to develop effervescent cleansing tablets that can be dissolved and turned into liquid soap, which can be used for bathing or soaking the body. The asiatic-acid-loaded solid lipid microparticles (AASLMs) were prepared via the hot emulsification method followed by cold re-solidification and then freeze-dried to obtained dry powder. The physicochemical properties such as morphology and % entrapment efficiency (%EE) were evaluated. The results revealed that AASLMs have an irregular shape, and the %EE for the resulting AASLMs was 92.04 ± 3.43%. The tablets were manufactured via the direct compression technique. The compatibility test was conducted to ensure that the excipients are compatible with the active ingredient. The angle of repose, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio were studied to evaluate the flowability of the powder blend before compression. The weight of each tablet was set to 1000 mg, and physicochemical characteristics, in vitro dissolution, ex vivo cleansing efficacy, and stability were evaluated. The results showed that the active ingredient was compatible with other excipients, as the results obtained from FTIR spectra indicated the absence of potential chemical interaction between the active ingredient and excipients used in this study. Additionally, all formulations had good flow properties. The effervescence times of selected formulations, F2 and F3, were <5 min, with favorable pH and hardness values. The friability values of all formulations exceeded 1% because the excipients used in effervescent tablets are very fragile. The release of asiatic acid (AA) from the tablets was dependent on the concentration of SLS. In an ex vivo test, it was discovered that the developed products F2 and F3 showed much more effective cleansing efficacy than water. Nevertheless, brown spots appeared in the tablets and the AA content was significantly decreased in both tested formulations after 3 months’ storage at 40 ± 2 °C/75% RH ± 5% RH. The stability study revealed that the developed products were not stable at high temperature and humidity. Therefore, it is recommended that the developed effervescent tablets are not stored at a high temperature.

Laboratory-scale validation of a DEM model for the cross-screen processes of wet coals

In this work, the reliability of a DEM model for the screening process is validated by comparing numerical results and experimental data in a laboratory-scale cross-screen. The validation is carried out in two steps. First, the linear cohesion contact model in DEM is calibrated for simulating wet coal particles. The values of cohesion energy density corresponding to different water contents are determined based on the repose angle test. Then, the screening process of the cross-screen is simulated using the cohesive DEM model and compared with the corresponding experiments. The results show that the discrete model agrees well with the experiment in various aspects. On average, the relative error of the undersize particle yield for segmented screen surface and the total screening efficiency for three different screen surfaces was about 11.8% and 5.7%, respectively. Hence the calibrated DEM model can serve as a useful quantitative tool for screening of wet coals.

FLOWABILITY PROPERTIES OF BINARY POWDER MIXTURES CONTAINING DATES POWDER (PHEONIX DACTYLIFERA) MIXED WITH LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE AND MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE BASED EXCIPIENTS

Powder flow is important in powder processing industries to obtain a quality by design product and efficient manufacturing process. Poor powder flowability can cause problems especially during high speed tableting and capsule filling processes. In this study, dates powder (DP), lactose monohydrate powder, and two types of microcrystalline-based powder excipients evaluated for their flow properties as a binary mixture. Angle of repose (AoR), Hausner ratio (HR) and Carr index (CI) were used to characterize the extent of the powder cohesion. The results show that generally, as particle size increases, values of AoR generally decreases, depicting lower flowability characteristics with decreasing binary mixture particle size. However, HR and CI flowability indicators give contrasting flowability characteristics for the binary mixture containing lactose monohydrate and dates powder.

Physical and mechanical properties of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cherries and beans in Rwanda

Arabica coffee is worldwide predominated and accounts for about 97% of Rwandan coffee production. Up to 70% of exported washed coffee is pulped using high-capacity coffee pulping machines while the remaining is pulped by smallholder farmers. However, the lack of information on coffee beans can affect depulping activity, especially when using locally-made pulping machines. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Arabica coffee's physical and mechanical properties from eight districts of Rwanda to improve the pulping process. The coffee parameters were investigated using precision measuring instruments and statistically analysed using One-Way ANOVA, one-sample t-test, and the Turkey multi-comparison method in GraphPad Prism 9.3.1 software. The investigation found the mean length of 15.40 mm, 12.12 mm and 11.85 mm, the width of 13.03 mm, 8.26 mm and 8.15 mm, the thickness of 13.03 mm, 4.88 mm and 4.87 mm for Arabica cherries, wet parchment beans and dried parchment beans, respectively. Their corresponding average mass of 1.53 g, 0.43 g, and 0.173 g, the density of 1.006 g/mL, 0.894 g/mL and 0.390 g/mL for Arabica cherries, wet parchment beans, and dried parchment beans, respectively. The Arabica showed a true volume of 1.531 mL and 0.271 mL for cherries and dried coffee beans, respectively. The wet parchment coffee was dried from 29.9 to 10.8% wb. The dried parchment beans showed a coefficient of static-friction and fracture force of 0.585 and 29.85±6.81 kgf, respectively. The other parameters evaluated for cherries and dried parchment coffee beans include moisture content, true volume, density, porosity, sphericity, and angle of repose. The results showed that coffee's size, mass, densities, and diameters from different districts are significantly different at Pvalue < 0.05 and also showed a perfect correlation. Each of the above coffee parameters provides the general information needed to develop a pulping machine for cherries. Therefore, the small-scale coffee pulping machine should be developed, and properly adjusting the pulping unit to enhance the performance of the machine based mainly on the size, fracture force, and density of the coffee.

Calibration of Small-Grain Seed Parameters Based on a BP Neural Network: A Case Study with Red Clover Seeds

In order to enhance the accuracy of discrete element numerical simulations in the processing of small-seed particles, it is essential to calibrate the parameters of seeds within the discrete element software. This study employs a series of physical tests to obtain the physical and contact parameters of red clover seeds. A discrete element model of red clover seeds is established. Plackett–Burman Design, steepest ascent, and Central Composite Design experiments are sequentially conducted. The simulation deviation of the resting angle of red clover seeds is employed as the evaluation criterion for parameter optimization. The results indicate that the coefficients of static friction between red clover seeds, the coefficients of rolling friction between red clover seeds, and the coefficients of static friction between red clover seeds and the steel plates significantly influence the resting angle. Modeling was performed using a backpropagation neural network, a genetic algorithm–optimized BP network, particle swarm optimization, and simulated annealing. It was found that GA-BP ensured both accuracy and stability. Compared to the traditional response surface methodology, GA-BP showed better fitting performance. For the optimized red clover seed simulation, the error between the angle of repose and the physical experiment was 0.98%. This research provides new insights into the calibration of small-grain seed parameters, demonstrating the value of GA-BP for precision modeling.

Calibration of Model Parameters for Soda Saline Soil-Subsoiling Component Interaction Based on DEM

To apply the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the interaction process between soda saline–alkali soil and subsoiling component in Northeast China, establishing the soda saline–alkali soil particle model and selecting more accurate simulation parameters are important. In this paper, we studied the soda saline–alkali soil of the Songnen Plain in China. First, we studied the geometric shape of soda saline–alkali soil particles and proposed a modeling method for single soil particles based on the multisphere combination method. Considering the cohesion of soda saline–alkali soil particles, the Hertz–Mindlin with JKR (JKR) model was used as the contact model between soil particles. Then, the calibration method was used to obtain simulation parameters of soils that are difficult to obtain experimentally. We conducted soil angle of repose (AoR) tests, the Plackett–Burman (PB) tests, and steepest ascent (SA) tests in turn to perform a sensitivity analysis for microscopic contact parameters and select the parameters that have a significant effect on the response value (static AoR), i.e., soil surface energy, soil–soil static friction coefficient, and soil–soil rolling friction coefficient. Then, the optimal combination of simulation parameters was obtained via the Box–Behnken (BB) tests, using ANOVA to optimize the multiple regression equation. Finally, the optimal parameter combination was verified by the AoR test and the direct shear (DS) test. The results showed that the parameters had good adaptability for the AoR test. However, the simulation results of the DS test were significantly different from the experimental values. Therefore, the contact model needs to be further modified by adding Bonding bonds between soil particles based on the JKR model and further correcting for Rayleigh time step, shear modulus, and surface energy. By comparing the simulation and the experimental results, it was found that the simulation results obtained from both the DS test and AoR test had relatively small errors relative to physical tests, the two trends are the same, and the values are similar. This verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the soda saline–alkali soil particle modeling method and parameter selection proposed in this paper.

The study of the influence of pharmacotechnological and economic factors on the pharmaceutical development of capsules with trimetazidine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of reduced life expectancy and quality in the modern world. Aim. To study the influence of pharmacotechnological and economic factors on the pharmaceutical development of capsules with trimetazidine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods. The research material was the medicinal substance trimetazidine (SharonBio-Medicine Ltd., India), excipients used in the technology of solid dosage forms. The study of pharmacotechnological characteristics was carried out on devices of the company “Pharma Test” (Germany). The fluidity and the angle of repose were measured on a VP-12A device. The fluidity was estimated by the Carr Index of powder compressibility and the Hausner Index coefficient. A comparative analysis of the cost calculation of the production of drugs with trimetazidine in tablet and capsulated forms was carried out using the “costs plus” method. Results and discussion. As a result of the studies conducted on the selection of excipients for capsules with trimetazidine, the following excipients were reasonably used: lactose monohydrate 200/25 diluent, mannitol PARTECK M 200 filler and CompactCel®MAB mixture of a disintegrant, a moisture regulator and a lubricant. A comparative analysis of the cost calculation of the production of drugs with trimetazidine in tablets and capsules was carried out. Conclusions. The advantages of direct encapsulation technology by economic and technological indicators prove the economic efficiency and contribute to new developments of high-quality medicinal products in capsules with high efficiency, availability and ease of use.

Study of microstructure, thermodynamic and powder properties of nano Y2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 dispersed W–Ni–Nb–Mo–Zr alloys

The paper reports the synthesis of 1 wt% nano Y2O3 (Sa), TiO2 (Sb), ZrO2 (Sc) separately dispersed in W78Ni10Nb5Mo5Zr1 (in wt. %) alloys by mechanical alloying. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that Zr with Y2O3 addition has maximum refinement in crystallite size (9.23 nm) and enhancement in lattice strain. High-resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Selected area diffraction (SAD) studies indicate the development of nanocrystallites at 20 h of milling of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) W alloys. Thermodynamic analysis shows marginally negative enthalpy of mixing of W–Ni–Nb–Mo–Zr alloy. The XRD data and thermodynamic analysis reveal that Ni, Mo, Nb, Zr can form solid solutions with W. The average particle size measured from Dynamic Light Scattering is minimum for alloy Sa (0.9 ± 0.02 μm). The Carr's index, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose (AOR) value suggest that alloy Sa shows excellent flowability and is significant to achieve enhanced die filling and consolidation of powders.

Effects of explosion puffing on the native structural organization and oil adsorption properties of starch

The effects of explosion puffing (EP) on the native structural organization (i.e., thermal properties, crystalline structure, short-range order, granule morphology and powder properties) and oil adsorption properties of puffed starch (PS) were investigated. The results showed that EP treatment could decrease the melting enthalpy of starch double helices and increase the V-type crystallinity. The highest V-type crystallinity (24.7 %) was obtained when the puffing pressure was 0.4 MPa and the starch:ethanol:water ratio was 1:2:1 (w/w). By controlling the puffing conditions, EP treatment can alter the morphology, and increase the particle size, flowability and specific surface area of PS. The high amorphous proportion and porous sheet structure of PS resulted in the highest oil adsorption capacity when the starch:ethanol:water ratio was 1:1:1 (w/w). Pearson correlation analysis showed that oil adsorption capacity was significantly and positively correlated with the 1022/995 cm−1 value and V-type crystallinity, but negatively correlated with bulk density and angle of repose. Furthermore, oil retention capacity was strongly dependent on V-type crystallinity. These findings demonstrated that EP is an innovative technology with the potential to enhance the V-type crystallinity and adsorption performance of starch.

Investigation of Physical and Frictional Properties of Mustard Seed Varieties to Design inclined Plate Metering Mechanism

The physical and frictional properties were studied for three distinct mustard seed varieties: RLC-1, GSC-7, and PBR-91, with the primary objective of designing an efficient inclined plate seed metering mechanism for agricultural seeders. Mustard, a globally significant oilseed crop, plays a vital role in both agriculture and industry. Our comprehensive analysis encompassed various properties, including seed dimensions, test weight (1000 seed), moisture content, geometric mean diameters, surface area, bulk density, true density, sphericity, angle of repose, and coefficients of friction on plywood and GI sheet surfaces.
 The results revealed significant variations among the mustard seed varieties. For instance, RLC-1 seeds exhibited lengths of 4.029 ± 0.37 mm, widths of 2.210 ± 0.31 mm, and thicknesses of 0.851 ± 0.19 mm, whereas GSC-7 displayed lengths of 4.110 ± 0.42 mm, widths of 2.300 ± 0.35 mm, and thicknesses of 0.910 ± 0.24 mm. Additionally, GI sheet surfaces exhibited a lower coefficient of friction compared to plywood.
 This comprehensive dataset informs the design of tailored seed metering mechanisms, optimizing seed handling, minimizing damage and losses, and reducing blockage during seeding operations, thereby enhancing overall efficiency in mustard crop cultivation and seeding technology.

Physical fingerprint transformation of herbal medicines powders using near-infrared spectroscopy

To achieve the rapid determination of physical parameters of herbal medicine. A method based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was proposed. The potential of direct standardization, partial least squares regression and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) for physical fingerprint transformation of Paeoniae Radix Alba, Scutellariae Radix, Sinomenii Caulis, and Pueraria Lobatae Radix, were investigated. The results revealed that the predictive capacity of GRNN models was the best. Except for a few parameters in the validation samples of Pueraria Lobatae Radix and Sinomenii Caulis, the mean absolute deviations of all other physical parameters were less than 0.5. The similarity between the actual and predicted physical fingerprints of all validation samples and test samples was high when using the GRNN models (cosine coefficient > 0.99, Mahalanobis distance < 1.30). Additionally, the simplified GRNN models based on the 40 selected variables of hygroscopicity and angle of repose still showed the ideal predictive capacity.

Discrete element contact model and parameter calibration for clayey soil particles in the Southwest hill and mountain region

Distinct physical properties of red clay soil in hilly and mountainous regions of southwest China, including high adhesiveness and density, challenge the operation of agricultural machinery. A scarcity of accurate discrete element simulation parameters for this soil type restricts computational modeling. The study was focused on red clay soil with a moisture content of 12.50% ± 1% and a measured repose angle of 35.54°. The soil's inherent physical properties were identified through experimental assessments. Soil contact mechanical parameters were obtained from the GEMM database, and optimal contact parameter ranges were determined using Steepest Ascent Experiments, with the simulated soil particle repose angle serving as the response value. A second-order regression model was developed using a quadratic regression rotation orthogonal combination test. By taking the actual repose angle as the optimization criterion, parameters were optimized. The optimal contact mechanical parameters in EDEM simulations were identified as: JKR surface energy at 8.981 J/m2, recovery coefficient at 0.474, dynamic friction coefficient at 0.196, and static friction coefficient at 0.45. The model yielded a repose angle of 36.21°, closely corresponding with the observed value, with a relative error of 1.80%. The parameters calibrated in this study offer a valuable reference for future soil-tool interaction studies and tillage implement optimization in these regions.

Material characterization and inter/intra-particle validation for DEM simulation of urea coating process

Particle coating is a common operation in the controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) industry, where a coating layer is appliedto the urea cores. A discrete element method (DEM) computer simulation was applied to model the coating process for the urea granules using measured model parameters. The accuracy of DEM input parameters for the coating material properties and the physical and mechanical characterizations of urea granules are crucial to the study of particle coating processes. Thus, to enhance the simulation accuracy, information on the material properties (urea granules) is required. In this study, the elasticity parameters, shear modulus, coefficient of restitution (CoR), and coefficient of rolling and static friction (CoRF) and (CoSF) of urea granules are estimated experimentally in addition to the physical characteristics. The sensitivity of the angle of repose of the urea bed was investigated at different coefficients of friction. According to the obtained experimental value of the angle of repose, values of 0.2 and 0.3 for CoRF and CoSF, respectively, were adjusted to obtain consistent urea granules’ motion for simulation and the experiment. Moreover, the spray droplet sizes and velocity distributions were estimated using the video-imaging process technique. Based on this experimental characterization, elasticity parameters and spray properties were integrated into DEM simulation software as input data to perform numerical analysis of the coating process to compare simulation and experimental results, which show uniformity at three different pan speeds with a maximum deviation of 0.033 at 5 rpm. Also, consistency between DEM and experiment results was achieved in terms of average coating thickness (μm) of the selected samples and average intra-particle thickness variation (CoVintra). These results revealed that the coating film thickness is proportional to the rotation speed for the experiment and simulation. To enhance the inter-particle coating uniformity, the effects of the most significant parameters such as pan speed, filling ratio, particle size, spray rate, and spray angle, were examined. A low spray rate, filling ratio, and high pan speed improved the coating uniformity. The particle size and spray angle show considerable influence on the coating uniformity, where larger particle sizes and spray angles tend to reduce the inter-particle coating uniformity.

Impact of ball milling on physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of Moringa oleifera L. leaf powders

Physicochemical, thermal, and structural properties of ball milling (BM) of Moringa oleifera leaf powders (M.L) were examined. By superfine grinding, three samples with different particle sizes (PAS) were produced. Specific surface area (SSA), Bulk (BD), tap (TD) densities and water solubility index (WSI) significantly increased with the decrease of PAS, while the angle of repose (AR), water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) decreased. Also, as PAS was reduced, the flowability enhanced as the carr index changed from fair to good and AR ameliorated. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) pictures showed that M.L were ground so finely that the form of the particles changed, started to be a regular shape and the surface roughness decreased as PAS decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves showed that peak temperature decreased with the decrescent PAS. In all samples, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) detected no new chemical functional groups. No variation was found in the crystallinity index (CI) of any of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for the BM samples, while crystal size decreased.

An experimental investigation into sifting and fluidization segregation characteristics for coal fly ash

Sifting and fluidization segregation characteristics were determined for 6 different fly ash samples (particle size ‘d50’ ranging from 68 µm to 141 µm) using standard testers. The results have shown that the coarser particles have a greater tendency to sifting segregation, and the finer powders respond more to fluidization segregation. The angle of repose for the fine ash and coarse ash were 55° and 38°, respectively, which indicated poor to good flowability conditions. The flow function test shows that all the samples were in an easy-flowing to a free-flowing zone. The angle of repose and material flow function have provided a good correlation with the sifting segregation index. In contrast, cohesion between particles, the ratio of free terminal velocities and diameters for coarse to fine particles have shown a good fit with fluidization segregation indices. For both sifting and fluidization segregation, the model correlation values are 0.91 and 0.94, indicating the predicted results are a good fit to the experimental data.