Reported Food Intake Research Articles

Predictors of Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations: NHANES 2001–2006

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous air pollutants formed during incomplete combustion, absorbed through inhalation and ingestion, and metabolized to hydroxylated compounds that can be detected in urine. Biomonitoring data provide a direct way to link human exposure to environmental contaminants. However, these data do not reveal how various exposure routes or media contribute to the body burden of a specific chemical. We evaluated predictors of urinary PAH concentrations in 2001–2006 NHANES participants from reported information on demographic and housing characteristics, reported food intake, and modeled outdoor air pollutant exposures. NHANES participants were linked to their daily PM2.5 exposure estimate and annual air toxics concentrations. Multivariate linear regression models were developed using the Deletion/Substitution/Addition algorithm to predict urinary PAHs. Exposure to air pollution was not associated with levels of urinary PAH metabolites. Current smoking status was the strongest predictor of PAH biomarker concentration and was able to explain 10–47% of the variability of PAH biomarker concentrations. In non-smokers, our prediction models were able to explain only 2–5% of the variability of PAH biomarker concentrations. Overall, our results indicated, with the exception of smoking status, there are not strong demographic, dietary, or environmental predictors of PAH exposure.

An exploration of reported food intake among inmates who gained body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries.

BackgroundCanadian penitentiaries have recently been shown to be obesogenic. However, little is known about the eating habits of inmates who gained weight while living in the prison environment.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study examined the reported food intake of inmates during incarceration in federal penitentiaries. During a face to face interview, anthropometric measures (2016–2017) were taken and compared to anthropometric data at the beginning of incarceration (mean follow-up of 5.0 ± 8.3 years). Self-reported data on food intake were collected via a food frequency questionnaire.ResultsInmates who gained the most weight (15.7 kg) during incarceration reported not eating vegetables. They were followed by inmates who gained 14.3 kg and reported not eating fruit. Other inmates who gained a significant amount of weight reported not eating cereal, dairy or legumes. Moreover, inmates’ weight gain was also assessed by special diets: inmates following a religious diet (4.5 kg) or a diet of conscience (-0.3 kg) gained less weight than inmates not following a diet (5.8 kg). In comparison to other types of diets, inmates on a medical diet gained the most weight (7.5 kg). Furthermore, inmates who gained significant weight (8.0 kg) also reported not purchasing healthy foods from the commissary store (or “canteen”), whereas inmates who gained less weight (4.8 kg) reported purchasing healthy foods from the commissary store (or “canteen”). The observed weight gain was positively associated with food purchased from the commissary store (or “canteen”), but was not associated with the feeding system of the penitentiary (tray, cafeteria or meal plan).DiscussionFood intake during incarceration is a modifiable risk factor that could be the target of weight management interventions with inmates. Our findings suggest that inmates who gained the most weight also reported having low intake of foods deemed healthy (vegetables, fruit, cereal, dairy and legumes) from food services and from the commissary store (or “canteen”) purchases.

Baseline Dietary Intake of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury Who Are Overweight or Obese

BackgroundIndividuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience significant secondary health conditions including excess adiposity. Dietary guidelines for individuals with chronic SCI do not exist. ObjectiveTo describe baseline dietary intake and quality based on conformance with dietary recommendations in participants enrolled in GoHealthySCI, a weight loss intervention for individuals with SCI, which promotes lifestyle change. DesignCross-sectional analyses were conducted on data collected from April through August 2017 in a randomized pilot study. ParticipantsThirty-seven participants enrolled in the study in Houston, TX. All participants were at least 1 year post injury with a self-reported body mass index (calculated as kg/m2) ≥23. The racially/ethnically diverse sample was predominantly male (n=23), average age was 41.8±13.5 years, and average number of years since injury was 18.1±14.9. Participants varied in terms of level of injury; 19 participants identified as having tetraplegia and 19 identified as having paraplegia. Main outcome measuresThe Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Recall dietary assessment was used to obtain baseline dietary intake data. Participants reported food intake on 3 nonconsecutive days. Statistical analysisDescriptive statistics were conducted for the primary research objectives. Mean macronutrient and micronutrient intake and Healthy Eating Index-2015 total and component scores are described. ResultsAverage daily energy intake was 1618±434 kcal. Daily intakes of whole fruits (0.6±0.7 cups), vegetables (1.6±0.9 cups), and whole grains (15%) of total grains were lower than recommendations from the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Average daily fiber (15.0g±6.0) met the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library minimum target range for individuals with SCI. All percentages of calories from macronutrients were within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges: total fat (34.3%±6.2%), protein (16.7%±4.2%), and carbohydrate (49.3%±8.4%). Mean Healthy Eating Index-2015 score was 54.4. ConclusionsThis study provides a description of dietary intake by individuals with SCI who are overweight or obese. Although macronutrients are within the acceptable distribution range, calories from fat are at the high end and those from protein are at the low end of those ranges. In addition, on average, individuals reported inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fiber, seafood and plant protein, and healthy fats and excess intake of added sugars and saturated fat. Results provide preliminary evidence of dietary inadequacies and suggest that larger studies examining dietary intake are warranted.

Better food choices among users of the Digital Food Guide: a report from Brazil

O acesso fácil à informação possibilita a oportunidade de promover escolhas alimentares saudáveis. Este estudo apresenta o Guia Alimentar Digital (GAD), aplicativo para smartphones, e avalia sua capacidade de promover escolhas alimentares saudáveis. Usuários registram sua ingestão alimentar e recebem dados dos grupos alimentares e Índice de Qualidade da Dieta, pontuação associada ao GAD. Este estudo analisou a ingestão alimentar e peso corporal relatados de 442 usuários de ambos os sexos, entre 19 e 50 anos. Após usar o aplicativo, aproximadamente um terço dos participantes melhoraram seu padrão alimentar e 60% perderam peso (p < 0,01). A percentagem de indivíduos que consumiram dieta de qualidade ruim diminuiu 8,5%, aqueles que obtiveram qualidade intermediária aumentaram 6,8% e os de alta qualidade aumentaram 1,6% (p = 0,01). Tecnologias da informação podem ser recursos adicionais, apoiando a educação nutricional e ajudando as pessoas a comerem conscientemente com resultados positivos para a saúde.

Evaluation of food intake in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis

BackgroundMucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) recognized by deficient enzymes enrolled in glycosaminoglycans catabolism. The resulting accumulation of glycosaminoglycans leads to clinical progressive and generalized manifestations. Considering the severity of MPS and the relevance of establishing dietetic strategies to these patients, the present study was tailored to evaluate the food intake in patients with MPS types I, II, and VI.MethodsFood intake in patients with MPS I, II, and VI was assessed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Energetic demand based on estimated necessity of energy equations and reported food intake was analyzed. Total energetic value and nutrients (vitamins B1, B2, C, calcium, iron, and phosphate) were analyzed in accordance with the standardized interval for macronutrient distribution and the method of apparent adequacy for nutrient intake.ResultsFood intake of 17 patients (6- to 30-year-olds) was considered adequate regarding macronutrients. Children and adolescents failed in presenting this parameter. Macronutrients were satisfactory in both groups. Children and adolescents displayed increased intake of iron and vitamins B1 (p < 0.05), B2, B3, and C (p < 0.077) and probability of adequacy ≥ 50%. Calcium and phosphorus intake was greater in adults.ConclusionsThe results obtained demonstrated that patients with MPS have nutrition deficiency in their diet, which may directly or indirectly influence the course of the disease.

The under-reporting of energy intake influences the dietary pattern reported by obese women in the waiting list for bariatric surgery

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the interference of the energy intake under-reporting in the determination of the dietary patterns and nutrient intakes reported by obese women in the waiting list for bariatric surgery. Methods The study included 412 women aged 20 to 45 years with a body mass index ranging from 35 to 60kg/m2 who were on waiting list for bariatric surgery. Data from three reported food intake and physical activity, body weight, and height were used for estimating the reported energy intake, physical activity level, and resting energy expenditure. Subsequently, it was checked the biological plausibility of the reported energy intakes, classifying all participants as plausible reporters or under-reporters. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the participants’ dietary patterns. The Mann-Whitney test assessed the reported energy and nutrient intakes between plausible reporters and under-reporters groups. The Z-test assessed the variables of plausible reporters or under-reporters in relation to all participants of the study. Results Six dietary patterns were determined for all participants of study. After excluding information from under-reporting women, only two dietary patterns remained similar to those of all participants, while three other dietary patterns presented different conformations from food subgroups to plausible reporters. The reported energy intake did not present difference for the subgroups of fruits, leaf vegetables and vegetables. However, the energetic value reported for the other food subgroups was higher for the plausible reporters. Conclusion The under-reporting of energy intake influenced the determination of dietary patterns of obese women waiting for bariatric surgery.

Relationship between work-family conflict and unhealthy eating: Does eating style matter?

There is increasing evidence to suggest that work–family conflict is implicated in poor eating patterns. Yet, the underlying mechanism remains unexplored. The objectives of the present study were to demonstrate the interplay between work–family conflict, eating style, and unhealthy eating, and to test whether body mass index (BMI) and its interactions further explicate the relationships. In this study, 586 Malaysian adults (normal weight n = 437, overweight n = 149) completed a questionnaire, which included demographic variables, work–family scales, eating style measures, namely, restrained, emotional or external eating and reported food intake. As hypothesized, results showed that family-to-work conflict (FWC), emotional eating and external eating were positively related to unhealthy food consumption. In addition, emotional eating was found to moderate the impact of FCW on eating. These findings are consistent with research that has revealed emotional eating can indeed increase the positive association between stress such as conflict and unhealthy food choices. However, we found no clear support for the interactive effects of BMI. Our research builds on the findings of existing research as it demonstrates the role of eating style in explaining the association between work–family conflict and unhealthy eating. This conclusion has potential implications for appropriate interventions and calls for the enhancement of various policies to tackle obesity and other health problems.

Relation between healthiness of the diet and greenhouse gas emissions from food in the USA: a population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundDietary choices affect both health and the environment. Few studies, and none in the USA, have examined these links at the individual level, limiting our ability to describe the variation in response to environmentally focused food policies. To address this gap, our study aimed to examine the relation between healthiness and environmental effects of individual diets in the USA. MethodsWe examined 24-h dietary recalls from a nationally representative sample of US adults (n=13 203), aged 18–65 years, in the 2005–10 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We converted reported food intakes to commodities using resources from the US Environmental Protection Agency, and matched these to a database of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in carbon dioxide equivalents, which we developed from a comprehensive review of life cycle assessment studies. In addition to calculation of the GHGE per 1000 kilocalories per day for each individual, we assessed the healthiness of their diets using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a 12-component score ranging from 0 to 100, developed by the US Department of Agriculture and the National Cancer Institute. FindingsGHGE from food were inversely related to the HEI; those in the lowest quintile of emissions had HEI scores 3·2 points higher (95% CI 2·0–4·4) than those in the highest quintile. On average, a 10% decrease in emissions was associated with a 0·4% (95% CI 0·2–0·6) increase in HEI. These results were similar after controlling for sex and ethnicity or when using a subsample of individuals describing their intake amount as usual. InterpretationThis is the first nationally representative dietary study of the environmental effects of US individuals. Because higher healthy eating scores were associated with lower greenhouse gas emissions in these self-selected diets, our results suggest that objectives to improve nutritional health and lower environmental effects in the USA are compatible. This also strengthens arguments to include sustainability considerations in dietary guidance policies. FundingWellcome Trust.

Accuracy of reported food intake in a sample of 7–10 year-old children in Serbia

ObjectivesChildren's ability to recall and report dietary intake is affected by age and cognitive skills. Dietary intake reporting accuracy in children is associated with age, weight status, cognitive, behavioural, social factors and dietary assessment techniques. This study analysed accuracy of 7–10 year-old children's reported food intake for one day. Study designValidation study. MethodsSample included 94 children aged 7–10 years (median = 9 years) from two elementary schools in a local community in Serbia. ‘My meals for one day’ questionnaire was a combination of 24-h recall and food recognition form. It included recalls for five meals: breakfast at home; snack at home; lunch at home; snack at school and dinner at home. Parental reports were used as reference information about children's food intake for meals obtained at home and observation was used to gain reference information for school meal. Observed and reported amounts were used to calculate omission rate, intrusion rate, corresponding, over-reported and unreported amounts of energy, correspondence rate and inflation ratio. ResultsOverall omission rate (37.5%) was higher than overall intrusion rate (36.7%). The same food item (bread) has been the most often correctly reported and omitted food item for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Snack at school had the greatest mean correspondence rate (79.6%) and snack at home the highest mean inflation ratio (90.7%). ConclusionMost errors in children's recalls were incorrectly reported amounts and not the food items. The questionnaire should be improved to facilitate accurate reports of the amounts.

Aversive tension in female adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: a controlled ecological momentary assessment using smartphones.

BackgroundCurrent models of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) emphasize the role of emotion regulation. Aversive tension, described as a state of intense arousal and negative valence, is considered to be a link between emotional events and disordered eating. Recent research focused only on adult patients, and mainly general emotion regulation traits were studied. However, the momentary occurrence of aversive tension, particularly in adolescents with AN, has not been previously studied.Method20 female adolescents with AN in outpatient treatment and 20 healthy adolescents aged 12 to 19 years participated in an ecological momentary assessment using their smartphones. Current states of aversive tension and events were assessed hourly for two consecutive weekdays. Mean and maximum values of aversive tension were compared. Multilevel analyses were computed to test the influence of time and reported events on aversive tension. The effect of reported events on subsequent changes of aversive tension in patients with AN were additionally tested in a multilevel model.ResultsAN patients showed higher mean and maximum levels of aversive tension. In a multilevel model, reported food intake was associated with higher levels of aversive tension in the AN group, whereas reported school or sport-related events were not linked to specific states of aversive tension. After food intake, subsequent increases of aversive tension were diminished and decreases of aversive tension were induced in adolescents with AN.ConclusionsAversive tension may play a substantial role in the psychopathology of AN, particular in relation with food intake. Therefore, treatment should consider aversive tension as a possible intervening variable during refeeding. Our findings encourage further research on aversive tension and its link to disordered eating.Trial registrationGerman register of clinical trials (DRKS): DRKS00005228 (Date of registration: September 2, 2013).

Effects of Protein Load Prior to the Main Meal of the Day: A Pilot Trial

Background: High protein diets increase satiety and may decrease energy intake. Many over- weight people overeat in the evening. We hypothesized that ingesting protein prior to the eve- ning meal may limit successive calorie intake and generate weight loss. Aims: To explore whether protein pre-load before the evening meal will lead to weight loss compared to eating as usual. Methods: 129 adults with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 reporting eating large evening meals were randomized to either consume a 20 g protein bar 30 minutes before their evening meal daily for two weeks (Protein pre-loading (PP) arm) or not (No protein pre-loading (NP) arm). Hunger ratings were recorded, immediately prior to each evening meal. Participants returned at the end of weeks one and two to provide their weight and rating of hunger and any changes in evening food consumption since baseline. Results: There was no significant difference in weight loss between the study arms (Week1 PP: -0.13 kg, (SD=0.74) vs. NP: -0.06 kg, (SD=0.75), not significant (NS); Week2 PP: +0.06 kg, (SD=0.82) vs. NP: -0.005 kg, (SD=0.82), NS). Participants in the PP arm reported less hunger before evening meals than those in the NP arm (Week1: 4.97 (SD=0.94) vs. 3.72(SD=0.65), p<.001; Week2: 4.95 (SD=0.94) vs. 3.69(SD=0.71), p<.001). They also reported eating less at their evening meals (Week1: 2.59(SD=0.53) vs. 2.11(SD=0.54), p<.001; Week2: 2.63(SD=0.49) vs. 2.10(SD=0.50), p<.001). Conclusion: Consuming 20 g of protein before the evening meal reduced hunger and self- reported food intake in the evening, but had no effect on weight.

Data mapping to augment dietary intake values from a nutritional database to a national cohort survey: protocols to improve quality of reported food intake

Data mapping to augment dietary intake values from a nutritional database to a national cohort survey: protocols to improve quality of reported food intake

Validating Appetite Assessment Tools Among Patients Receiving Hemodialysis

To test the performance of appetite assessment tools among patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). Cross-sectional. Two hundred twenty-one patients receiving HD enrolled in seven dialysis facilities in Northern California. We assessed 5 appetite assessment tools (self-assessment of appetite, subjective assessment of appetite, visual analog scale [VAS], Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy [FAACT] score, and the Anorexia Questionnaire [AQ]). Reported food intake, normalized protein catabolic rate, and change in body weight were used as criterion measures, and we assessed associations among the appetite tools and biomarkers associated with nutrition and inflammation. Patients were asked to report their appetite and the percentage of food eaten (from 0% to 100%) during the last meal compared to usual intake. Fifty-eight (26%) patients reported food intake ≤ 50% (defined as poor appetite). The prevalence of anorexia was 12% by self-assessment of appetite, 6% by subjective assessment of appetite, 24% by VAS, 17% by FAACT score, and 12% by AQ. All the tools were significantly associated with food intake ≤ 50% (P < .001), except self-assessment of appetite. The FAACT score and the VAS had the strongest association with food intake ≤ 50% (C-statistic 0.80 and 0.76). Patients with food intake ≤ 50% reported weight loss more frequently than patients without low intake (36% vs 22%) and weight gain less frequently (19% vs 35%; P = .03). Normalized protein catabolic rate was lower among anorexic patients based on the VAS (1.1 ± 0.3 vs 1.2 ± 0.3, P = .03). Ln interleukin-6 correlated inversely with food intake (P = .03), but neither interleukin-6 nor C-reactive protein correlated with any of the appetite tools. Furthermore, only the self-assessment of appetite was significantly associated with serum albumin (P = .02), prealbumin (P = .02) and adiponectin concentrations (P = .03). Alternative appetite assessment tools yielded widely different estimates of the prevalence of anorexia in HD. When considering self-reported food intake as the criterion standard for anorexia, the FAACT score and VAS discriminated patients reasonably well.

MON-PP288: Improving Patient Satisfaction and Self Reported Food Intake Using Protein Enriched Food and Additional Servings: A Cross-Sectional Follow-Up Study in Faroe Islands

MON-PP288: Improving Patient Satisfaction and Self Reported Food Intake Using Protein Enriched Food and Additional Servings: A Cross-Sectional Follow-Up Study in Faroe Islands

A Comparison between a Paper Dietary Questionnaire and Web-based Dietary Questionnaire in the 4th Grade Student’s Elementary Students

Paper-based Dietary Assessment questionnaire and Web-Based Dietary Assessment Questionnaire was developed as a surveillance instrument to measure dietary and physical activity behaviors in children and adolescents. But it is not known how reported food intakes by children using a Web-based version of a food frequency questionnaire compare on a paper-based version of the same questionnaire. This research used data that was collected from same the group of pre-adolescents. Using two versions of the same food frequency questionnaire, this analysis compares differences in reported intake between the two versions of instruments. This research provides a comparison of dietary eat patterns between a paper-based dietary questionnaire and a web-based of the same dietary questionnaire at elementary school of the 4th grade students. A comparison two assessment dada was assessed by comparing food items selected on the questionnaire with food items reported from a single 24-hour recall covering the same reference period. To identify and describe the major dietary eating patterns in the WT Cheney Elementary School and South Wood Elementary of the 4th grade students in Pine Bluff Arkansas. Fourth-grade student volunteers (N=87). The two dietary questionnaires of the instrument were first compared for all participants using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the instruments as the grouping variable. Multiple regression analysis and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was also used to determine differences between instrument versions while controlling for differences related to participant. The mean weekly reported servings did not vary significantly between the two paper dietary questionnaires and web-based dietary questionnaire of the questionnaire. However, the web-based questionnaire produced lower intake estimates (after adjustment for between-school differences) for all of the food groupings. In summary, while the use of technology did not resolve reporting issues that are well known with children and the paper dietary assessment instrument questionnaire method, the potential advantages offered by technology-based methods merit continued exploration in future studies.

Preconception Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Birth Outcomes in Adolescent Girls

Study ObjectiveRecommendations for preconception care usually include optimal nutrition and physical activity, but these have not been tested extensively for their relationship with birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth. DesignData from Waves I, II, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) contractual dataset were used. MethodsIn Wave I in-home interview, participants were asked to recall their frequency of having 5 types of food on the previous day, including milk, fruit, vegetables, grains, and sweets. At Wave II, participants reported the previous day's intake of 55 items, and results were categorized into high-calorie sweet, high-calorie nonsweet, and low-calorie food. At Wave I in-home interview, participants were also asked how many times in a week or during the past week they were involved in types of physical activity. At Wave IV, female participants reported pregnancies and birth outcomes. Multivariable linear regression analysis with survey weighting was used to predict birth weight and gestational age. ResultsThere were no associations between reported food intake and birth outcomes. Girls who engaged in more episodes of active behavior had higher birth weights (P < .01), but hours of sedentary behavior was not associated with birth weight. Multivariable analysis also indicated a U-shaped association between BMI and birth weight (P for quadratic term = .01). ConclusionAdolescents who are more physically active before pregnancy have more positive birth outcomes as represented by birth weight.

Assessment of Dietary Intake Patterns and Their Correlates among University Students in Lebanon.

Introduction: Unhealthy dietary habits are major risk factors for chronic diseases, particularly if adopted during early years of adulthood. Limited studies have explored the food consumption patterns among young adults in Lebanon. Our study aimed to examine common dietary patterns and their correlates among a large sample of university student population in Lebanon, focusing on correlation with gender and body mass index (BMI).Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 3384 students, using a proportionate cluster sample of Lebanese students from both public and private universities. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake of university students. Factor analysis of food items and groups, cluster analysis of dietary patterns, and multivariate regressions were carried out.Results: Three dietary patterns were identified among university youth namely a vegetarian/low calorie dietary pattern (characterized mainly by consumption of plant-based food while avoiding “western” food, composite dishes, and bread); a mixed dietary pattern (characterized by high consumption of plant-based food, followed by composite dishes, bread, and a low consumption of western type food); and finally, a westernized dietary pattern (characterized by high consumption of white bread and western food, and a strong avoidance of plant food and composite dishes). We observed significant differences between males and females in terms of their reported food intake and dietary patterns. Females were particularly more prone to adopt the vegetarian/low calorie diet than males (ORa = 1.69; p < 0.001), while males were more likely to adopt a westernized diet (ORa = 1.51; p < 0.001), seemingly in private universities (p = 0.053). Students with high income and obese students (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) were more likely to consume vegetarian/low calorie diets (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Male university students reported a higher consumption of the westernized dietary pattern as compared to female university students in Lebanon, while the latter reported a higher adoption of a vegetarian diet. Health promotion programs are needed to address the dietary intakes and lifestyle behaviors of young adults in Lebanon to help prevent obesity and other associated comorbidities.

PP270-MON: Self Reported Food Intake and Patient Satisfaction with Food: A Cross-Sectional Study in Faroe Islands

PP270-MON: Self Reported Food Intake and Patient Satisfaction with Food: A Cross-Sectional Study in Faroe Islands

Measuring the difference between actual and reported food intakes in the context of energy balance under laboratory conditions

To date, no study has directly and simultaneously measured the discrepancy between what people actually eat and what they report eating under observation in the context of energy balance (EB). The present study aimed to objectively measure the 'extent' and 'nature' of misreporting of dietary intakes under conditions in which EB and feeding behaviour were continuously monitored. For this purpose, a total of fifty-nine adults were recruited for 12 d, involving two 3 d overt phases and two 3 d covert phases of food intake measurement in a randomised cross-over design. Subjects had ad libitum access to a variety of familiar foods. Food intake was covertly measured using a feeding behaviour suite to establish actual energy and nutrient intakes. During the overt phases, subjects were instructed to self-report food intake using widely accepted methods. Misreporting comprised two separate and synchronous phenomena. Subjects decreased energy intake (EI) when asked to record their food intake (observation effect). The effect was significant in women ( - 8 %, P< 0·001) but not in men ( - 3 %, P< 0·277). The reported EI was 5 to 21 % lower (reporting effect) than the actual intake, depending on the reporting method used. Semi-quantitative techniques gave larger discrepancies. These discrepancies were identical in men and women and non-macronutrient specific. The 'observation' and 'reporting' effects combined to constitute total misreporting, which ranged from 10 to 25 %, depending on the intake measurement assessed. When studied in a laboratory environment and EB was closely monitored, subjects under-reported their food intake and decreased the actual intake when they were aware that their intake was being monitored.

Changes in Children’s Sleep Duration on Food Intake, Weight, and Leptin

To examine the effect of experimental changes in children's sleep duration on self-reported food intake, food reinforcement, appetite-regulating hormones, and measured weight. Using a within-subjects, counterbalanced, crossover design, 37 children, 8 to 11 years of age (27% overweight/obese) completed a 3-week study. Children slept their typical amount at home for 1 week and were then randomized to either increase or decrease their time in bed by 1.5 hours per night for 1 week, completing the alternate schedule on the third week. Primary outcomes were dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls, food reinforcement (ie, points earned for a food reward), and fasting leptin and ghrelin. The secondary outcome was child weight. Participants achieved a 2 hour, 21 minute difference in the actigraph defined sleep period time between the increase and decrease sleep conditions (P < .001). Compared with the decrease sleep condition, during the increase condition, children reported consuming an average of 134 kcal/day less (P < .05), and exhibited lower fasting morning leptin values (P < .05). Measured weights were 0.22 kg lower during the increase sleep than the decrease sleep condition (P < .001). There were no differences in food reinforcement or in fasting ghrelin. Compared with decreased sleep, increased sleep duration in school-age children resulted in lower reported food intake, lower fasting leptin levels, and lower weight. The potential role of sleep duration in pediatric obesity prevention and treatment warrants further study.