Reported Energy Intake Research Articles

Diet Quality Is Lower and Energy Intake Is Higher on Weekends Compared with Weekdays in Midlife Women: A 1-Year Cohort Study

BackgroundDifferences in energy and macronutrient intakes by weekday and weekend have been reported, but there are few data on differences in food group consumption and indices of diet quality. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe dietary intake by day and on weekends compared with weekdays. DesignThis study utilized a longitudinal cohort design with self-reported dietary intake collected using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool. Participants/settingParticipants were ambulatory women with access to high-speed internet, body mass index between 18 and 35, and aged 40 to 60 years from the Life in All Seasons study (n=52) conducted in Grand Forks, ND, between July 2012 and July 2014. Each woman completed an Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool diet recall every 10 days for 1 year. Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome measures were total and energy intake from macronutrients, food groups (per 1,000 kcal), and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores from 1,866 24-hour recalls. Statistical analyses performedEffects of weekend on energy and macronutrient intake, energy-adjusted food groups, and HEI-2010 scores and component scores were tested using mixed linear models. ResultsParticipants (n=52) completed 1,080 recalls on weekdays and 786 on weekends. Seventy-five percent of women reported consuming more energy on weekends than on weekdays, with a higher mean intake of 158 kcal on weekends (P<0.01). The percentage of energy from carbohydrate (P<0.01) and protein (P<0.01) were both lower on weekends, and percentage of energy from alcohol higher (P<0.01). There was no difference in the percentage of energy from fat (P=0.07). Reported energy intake was greatest on Saturdays and lowest on Tuesdays. On weekends, women had reduced diet quality with more alcoholic beverages, solid fat, and potatoes, and less yogurt, whole fruits, dark green and orange vegetables, poultry, nuts and seeds, and whole grains per 1,000 kcal than on weekdays. HEI-2010 scores were lower on weekends than weekdays (P<0.01). Component scores were lower for whole fruits (P<0.01), greens and beans (P=0.02), whole grains (P<0.01), and dairy (P<0.01). ConclusionsMidlife women should be encouraged to maintain diet quality during weekends to improve overall diet quality scores.

A Systematic Review of Methods to Assess Children's Diets in the School Context.

To evaluate the impact of school-based nutrition interventions, accurate and reliable methods are needed to assess what children eat at school. The primary objective of this study was to systematically review methodological evidence on the relative accuracy and reliability of dietary assessment methods used in the school context. The secondary objective was to assess the frequency of methods and analytical approaches used in studies reporting in-school dietary outcomes. Three health databases were searched for full-text English-language studies. Twenty-two methodological studies were reviewed. For school meal recalls, the majority of studies (n = 8 of 12) reported poor accuracy when accuracy was measured by using frequencies of misreported foods. However, when energy report rates were used as a measure of accuracy, studies suggested that children were able to accurately report energy intake as a group. Results regarding the accuracy of food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and food records (FRs) were promising but limited to a single study each. Meal observations offered consistently good interrater reliability across all studies reviewed (n = 11). Studies reporting in-school dietary outcomes (n = 47) used a broad range of methods, but the most frequently used methods included weighed FRs (n = 12), school meal recalls (n = 10), meal observations by trained raters (n = 8), and estimated FRs (n = 7). The range of dietary components was greater among studies relying on school meal recalls and FRs than among studies using FFQs. Overall, few studies have measured the accuracy of dietary assessment methods in the school context. Understanding the methodological characteristics associated with dietary instruments is vital for improving the quality of the evidence used to inform and evaluate the impact of school-based nutrition policies and programs.

Emotional eating is related to carbohydrate intake in active women

BACKGROUND Physical exercise may contribute to changes in eating behavior. AIMS to investigate eating behavior and reported energy intake in physically active individuals. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy adults of both sexes, who were involved in physical fitness training, were enrolled to participate in the study. A food diary and the TFEQ-21 was used for energy intake measurementandeating behaviors identification. RESULTS All participants showed acceptable levels of all evaluated behaviors: Cognitive restraint (46.58±16.4 and 49.5±20.0), Emotional eating (8.12±12.5 and 40.8±26.7),and Uncontrolled eating (21.6±15.1 and 35.6±20.9) in men and women, respectively. Uncontrolled eating was associated with increased carbohydate intake for women, andfat-free masscontent was associated with less Emotional eating only in men. There were no differences in energy and macronutrient consumption between training and non-training days. CONCLUSION Regular physical exercise is associateto bettereating behaviors, but women mayfind it harder to maintain or lose weight due to higher levels of emotional eating.

Measures of Diet Quality across Calendar and Winter Holiday Seasons among Midlife Women: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study Using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Recall

BackgroundSystematic seasonal bias may confound efforts to estimate usual dietary intake and diet quality. Little is known about dietary quality over the winter holiday season. ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to test for differences in intakes of energy, percentage of energy from macronutrients, fruits and vegetables, and diet quality measured using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) by calendar and winter holiday seasons. DesignLongitudinal cohort design. Participants/settingData were derived from the Life in All Seasons study. Two cohorts of women aged 40 to 60 years (N=52) from the greater Grand Forks, ND, area were followed for 1 year each between July 2012 and July 2014. Each woman completed an online diet recall using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Recall every 10 days during the year, with a 92% response rate. Statistical analysesEffects of calendar and winter holiday seasons on intakes of energy, percent energy from macronutrients, HEI-2010 total and component scores, and grams per day of individual fruits and vegetables were tested using mixed linear models. ResultsThe mean total HEI-2010 score was 60.1±1.4. There were seasonal differences in some HEI-2010 component scores, but not in total scores. More lettuce or mixed lettuce salad was consumed during summer than during winter (P=0.034), and more fresh tomatoes were consumed during summer and fall compared with winter (P=0.001). More corn, berries, peaches and nectarines, and melons (P<0.001) were consumed during summer. There was no seasonal difference in reported intakes of energy (P=0.793). The total HEI-2010 score for dietary intake observed over the winter holiday season was lower than the rest of the year (P<0.001). Reported energy intake was not different (P=0.228). ConclusionsIn this population, diet quality is significantly lower during the winter holiday period, but mostly consistent by season. Multiple recalls in any season can give a reasonable representation of usual overall diet quality throughout the year.

The effect of under-reporting of energy intake on dietary patterns and on the associations between dietary patterns and self-reported chronic disease in women aged 50-69 years.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether under-reporting of energy intake affects derived dietary patterns and the association between dietary patterns and self-reported chronic disease. Diets of 6204 women aged 50-69 years participating in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program were assessed using a 253-item FFQ. We identified dietary patterns using principal component analysis. According to the revised Goldberg cut-off method, women with a ratio of reported energy intake:estimated BMR<1·10 were classified as low energy reporters (n 1133, 18 %). We examined the associations between dietary patterns and self-reported chronic diseases by log-binomial regression, and the results are presented as prevalence ratios (PR) and CI. 'Prudent', 'Western' and 'Continental' dietary patterns were identified among all reporters and plausible reporters. The PR expressing the associations between the 'Western' and 'Prudent' dietary pattern scores and self-reported chronic diseases were consistently highest among plausible reporters except for joint/muscle/skeletal disorders. The largest difference in PR among plausible v. all reporters was found for the association between the 'Prudent' pattern and diabetes (PR for highest v. lowest tertile: PRall reporters 2·16; 95 % CI 1·50, 3·13; P trend<0·001; PRplausible reporters 2·86; 95 % CI 1·81, 4·51; P trend<0·001). In conclusion, our results suggest that under-reporting can result in systematic error that can affect the association between dietary pattern and disease. In studies of dietary patterns, investigators ought to consider reporting effect estimates both for all individuals and for plausible reporters.

Diet Quality is Lower and Energy Intake Greater on Weekends than Weekdays: A One‐Year Longitudinal Study of Midlife Women

ObjectiveTo test differences in dietary intake by individual day and on weekends (Friday, Saturday, Sunday) compared to weekdays using energy and macronutrient intake, food groupings and Healthy Eating Index‐2010 diet quality scores.MethodsLongitudinal design; 52 women ages 40–60 y completed online diet recalls approximately every 10 days for one year using the Automated Self‐administered 24‐hour Recall system. Energy (kcal), macronutrient (%en) and food group portions were derived. Healthy Eating Index‐2010 (HEI‐2010) total and component scores were calculated. Differences were tested by mixed model analysis of variance.ResultsWomen completed a total of 1,866 diet recalls. Reported energy intake was greater on weekends than on weekdays (1990 ± 62 kcal vs 1832 ± 53 kcal; P&lt;0.001). Reported %en from protein and carbohydrate was lower and %en from alcohol greater on weekends. There was no difference in the % energy from fat (34.3 ± 0.7 vs 33.4 ± 0.6, respectively; P = 0.07). On weekends, women reported consuming more alcohol, added sugar, fats and oils, eggs, potatoes, meats, and refined grains and less yogurt, whole fruits, orange vegetables, and whole grains than on weekdays. The total HEI‐2010 score was lower on weekends than weekdays (58.5 ± 1.5 vs 62.0 ± 1.4; P &lt;0.001). Component scores were lower for Whole Fruits (P = 0.003), Greens and Beans (P = 0.017), Whole Grains (P = 0.002), and Dairy (P = 0.003). Energy intake was greatest on Saturday (2061 ± 78 kcal) and lowest on Tuesday (1756 ± 52 kcal). The %en from carbohydrate was greatest on weekdays and lowest on Friday. The %en from protein was lowest on Saturday. The %en consumed as alcohol was significantly greater on Friday and Saturday than all other days of the week.ConclusionsIn this population, weekend eating was associated with lower diet quality scores and different dietary patterns than weekdays. Maintaining weekday intakes of yogurt, whole fruits, orange vegetables and whole grains would be beneficial. Avoiding weekend overindulgence in alcohol, added sugars, and fats may help individuals maintain a healthy weight while consuming a variety of nutrient‐rich foods.Support or Funding InformationUSDA‐ARS 3062‐51000‐051‐00D.

What do individuals with morbid obesity report as a usual dietary intake? A narrative review of available evidence

In several developed countries, as obesity prevalence doubles it has quadrupled for morbid obesity (BMI≥40kgm-2). As more individuals with morbid obesity present for weight loss treatment there is a greater need to understand their dietary habits. No reviews were found in the literature, therefore this systematic review aims to identify and describe the existing evidence on the usual dietary intake of individuals with morbid obesity including those from a general population and those seeking treatment such as weight loss surgery. A literature search of ten databases from 1980 to June 2014 was conducted to identify original research of adults with morbid obesity (aged 18-60 years) that reported a usual dietary intake. Ten studies metall inclusion criteria and reported energy intake, most reported macronutrient composition, two assessed micronutrient intake, and one reported food-based outcomes. Other dietary outcomes were related to surgical intervention. The most plausible energy intake data suggest high intakes, >4000Kcal/day for those weight stable at the highest levels of morbid obesity (up to BMI 97kgm-2). Fat intakes are also high, around 40% of energy intake and up to 57% for some individuals. Suboptimal intakes of iron and calcium are reported. This review draws attention to a limited evidence base, offers preliminary insight suggesting individuals with morbid obesity are prone to consuming poor quality diets similar to those reported for obese populations, and highlights challenges for future research.

Associations between meal and snack frequency and overweight and abdominal obesity in US children and adolescents from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2012.

The association between eating frequency (EF) and adiposity in young populations is inconsistent. This cross-sectional study examined associations of EF, meal frequency (MF) and snack frequency (SF) with adiposity measures in US children aged 6-11 years (n 4346) and adolescents aged 12-19 years (n 6338) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012. Using data from two 24-h dietary recalls, all eating occasions providing ≥210 kJ of energy were divided into meals or snacks based on contribution to energy intake (≥15 or <15 %), self-report and time (06.00-09.00, 12.00-14.00 and 17.00-20.00 hours or others). When analysed without adjustment for the ratio of reported energy intake:estimated energy requirement (EI:EER), all measures of EF, MF and SF showed inverse or null associations with overweight (BMI≥85th percentile of BMI-for-age) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference≥90th percentile) in both children and adolescents. After adjustment for EI:EER, however, EF and SF, but not MF, showed positive associations in children, irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks. In adolescents, after adjustment for EI:EER, positive associations were observed for EF (abdominal obesity only), SF based on energy contribution and MF based on self-report, whereas there was an inverse association between MF based on energy contribution and overweight. In conclusion, higher SF and EF, but not MF, were associated with higher risks of overweight and abdominal obesity in children, whereas associations varied in adolescents, depending on the definition of meals and snacks. Prospective studies are needed to establish the associations observed here.

Bias in food intake reporting in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the role of body size, age and gender.

An assessment of total daily energy intake is helpful in planning the overall treatment of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, energy intake misreporting may hinder nutritional intervention. To assess the plausibility of energy intake reporting and the potential role of gender, body mass index (BMI) z-score (z-BMI), disease duration and insulin requirement in energy intake misreporting in a sample of children and adolescents with T1D. The study included 58 children and adolescents aged 8-16 yr with T1D. Anthropometry, blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured. Subjects were instructed to wear a SenseWear Pro Armband (SWA) for 3 consecutive days, including a weekend day and to fill out with their parents a weighed dietary record for the same days. Predicted energy expenditure (pEE) was calculated by age and gender specific equations, including gender, age, weight, height and physical activity level (assessed by SWA). The percent reported energy intake (rEI)/pEE ratio was used as an estimate of the plausibility of dietary reporting. Misreporting of food intake, especially under-reporting, was common in children and adolescents with T1D: more than one-third of participants were classified as under-reporters and 10% as over-reporters. Age, z-BMI and male gender were associated with the risk of under-reporting (model R2 = 0.5). Waist circumference was negatively associated with the risk of over-reporting (model R2 = 0.25). Children and adolescents with T1D frequently under-report their food intake. Age, gender and z-BMI contribute to identify potential under-reporters.

Correlates of dietary energy misreporting among European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study.

This study examined the correlates of dietary energy under-reporting (UR) and over-reporting (OV) in European adolescents. Two self-administered computerised 24-h dietary recalls and physical activity data using accelerometry were collected from 1512 adolescents aged 12·5-17·5 years from eight European countries. Objective measurements of height and weight were obtained. BMI was categorised according to Cole/International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. Diet-related attitudes were assessed via self-administered questionnaires. Reported energy intake (EI) was compared with predicted total energy expenditure to identify UR and OV using individual physical activity objective measures. Associations between misreporting and covariates were examined by multilevel logistic regression analyses. Among all, 33·3 % of the adolescents were UR and 15·6 % were OV when considering mean EI. Overweight (OR 3·25; 95 % CI 2·01, 5·27) and obese (OR 4·31; 95 % CI 1·92, 9·65) adolescents had higher odds for UR, whereas underweight individuals were more likely to over-report (OR 1·67; 95 % CI 1·01, 2·76). Being content with their own figures (OR 0·61; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·89) decreased the odds for UR, whereas frequently skipping breakfast (OR 2·14; 95 % CI 1·53, 2·99) was linked with higher odds for UR. Those being worried about gaining weight (OR 0·55; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·92) were less likely to OV. Weight status and psychosocial weight-related factors were found to be the major correlates of misreporting. Misreporting may reflect socially desirable answers and low ability to report own dietary intakes, but also may reflect real under-eating in an attempt to lose weight or real over-eating to reflect higher intakes due to growth spurts. Factors influencing misreporting should be identified in youths to clarify or better understand diet-disease associations.

Seasonality of food groups and total energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of season on food intake from selected food groups and on energy intake in adults. The search process was based on selecting publications listed in the following: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Agris. Food frequency questionnaires, 24-h dietary recalls and food records as methods for assessment of dietary intake were used to assess changes in the consumption of 11 food groups and of energy intake across seasons. A meta-analysis was performed. Twenty-six studies were included. Articles were divided into those reporting data on four seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) or on two seasons (pre-and post-harvest). Four of the studies could be utilized for meta-analysis describing changes in food consumption across four season scheme: from winter to spring fruits decreased, whereas vegetables, eggs and alcoholic beverages increased; from spring to summer vegetable consumption further increased and cereals decreased; from summer to autumn fruits and cereals increased and vegetables, meat, eggs and alcoholic beverages decreased; from autumn to winter cereals decreased. A significant association was also found between energy intake and season, for 13 studies reporting energy intake across four seasons (favors winter) and for eight studies across pre- and post-harvest seasons (favors post-harvest). The winter or the post-harvest season is associated with increased energy intake. The intake of fruits, vegetables, eggs, meat, cereals and alcoholic beverages is following a seasonal consumption pattern and at least for these foods season is determinant of intake.

Validity of a web-based dietary questionnaire designed especially to measure the intake of phyto-oestrogens.

A diet questionnaire (DQ) designed to assess habitual diet and phyto-oestrogen intake was developed. This study aimed to examine the validity of the DQ in men, with and without having prostate cancer. The DQ was validated against alkylresorcinol metabolites measured in urine as objective biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye (WG) intake, and a 4-d estimated food record (FR) was used for relative comparison. Participants (n 61) completed both methods and provided spot urine samples. We found a statistically significant correlation between the DQ and FR for reported whole grain intake and isoflavonoids, as well as for intake of macronutrients, except protein. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was on average r 0·30, lowest for lignans (r -0·11) and highest for alcohol (r 0·65). Reported energy intake was lower in the DQ compared with FR (8523 v. 9249 kJ (2037 v. 2211kcal), respectively; P=0·014). Bland-Altman plots showed an acceptable agreement; most cases were within the limits (95% CI) of agreement on reported energy intake, as well as intake of macronutrients, except protein (which was underestimated in the DQ compared with the FR). The correlation of alkylresorcinol with WG intake was statistically significant in the DQ (r 0·31, P=0·015), but not in the FR (r 0·18, P=0·12) and the weighted κ was 0·29 and 0·11, respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that the DQ have a reasonable validity for measuring WG intake and most nutrients, and, after some adjustments regarding protein intake assessment have been made, the DQ will be a promising tool.

Comparison of a web-based food record tool and a food-frequency questionnaire and objective validation using the doubly labelled water technique in a Swedish middle-aged population.

Two web-based dietary assessment tools have been developed for use in large-scale studies: the Riksmaten method (4-d food record) and MiniMeal-Q (food-frequency method). The aim of the present study was to examine the ability of these methods to capture energy intake against objectively measured total energy expenditure (TEE) with the doubly labelled water technique (TEEDLW), and to compare reported energy and macronutrient intake. This study was conducted within the pilot study of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS), which included 1111 randomly selected men and women aged 50-64 years from the Gothenburg general population. Of these, 200 were enrolled in the SCAPIS diet substudy. TEEDLW was measured in a subsample (n 40). Compared with TEEDLW, both methods underestimated energy intake: -2·5 (sd 2·9)MJ with the Riksmaten method; -2·3 (sd 3·6)MJ with MiniMeal-Q. Mean reporting accuracy was 80 and 82%, respectively. The correlation between reported energy intake and TEEDLW was r 0·4 for the Riksmaten method (P<0·05) and r 0·28 (non-significant) for MiniMeal-Q. Women reported similar average intake of energy and macronutrients in both methods whereas men reported higher intakes with the Riksmaten method. Energy-adjusted correlations ranged from 0·14 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0·77 (alcohol). Bland-Altman plots showed acceptable agreement for energy and energy-adjusted protein and carbohydrate intake, whereas the agreement for fat intake was poorer. According to energy intake data, both methods displayed similar precision on energy intake reporting. However, MiniMeal-Q was less successful in ranking individuals than the Riksmaten method. The development of methods to achieve limited under-reporting is a major challenge for future research.

Weight Perception, Satisfaction, Control, and Low Energy Dietary Reporting in the US Adult Population: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012

BackgroundPrior research has indicated that several factors are associated with low energy dietary reporting; however, there is comparatively little information on the association between body image, weight control, and low energy reporting. ObjectiveOur aim was to evaluate the association between low energy reporting and aspects of weight perception, satisfaction, and control in a nationally representative US adult sample. DesignThis was a cross-sectional study. Participants/settingData were analyzed from 13,581 adults aged 20 years and older who participated in the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics, and weight perception, satisfaction, and control were collected. The ratio of reported energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) was calculated and used for the assessment of low energy reporting. Main outcome measuresThe relationship of low energy reporting with various aspects of weight perception, satisfaction, and control was evaluated. Statistical analyses performedMultivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between the variables. ResultsLow energy reporters were significantly more likely to consider themselves overweight (perception), want to weigh less (satisfaction), and to have tried to lose weight in the past 12 months (control). Compared with having no desire for weight change, wanting to weigh less was associated with 1.28 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.53) times higher odds for low energy reporting. Trying to lose weight was also associated with low energy reporting (odds ratio=1.56; 95% CI 1.38 to 1.76). Effect modification by obesity status was observed for the weight perception, satisfaction, and control variables where the odds ratios of these factors for low energy reporting were higher among those who were not obese. ConclusionWeight perception, satisfaction, and control are related to low energy reporting, and should be taken into account in nutritional assessments. In addition, the effect of these factors can differ by obesity status.

Plausible self-reported dietary intakes in a residential facility are not necessarily reliable.

Comparing reported energy intakes with estimated energy requirements as multiples of basal metabolic rate (Ein:BMR) is an established method of identifying implausible food intake records. The present study aimed to examine the validity of self-reported food intakes believed to be plausible. One hundred and eighty men and women were provided with all food and beverages for two consecutive days in a residential laboratory setting. Subjects self-reported their food and beverage intakes using the weighed food diary method (WDR). Investigators covertly measured subjects' actual consumption over the same period. Subjects also reported intakes over four consecutive days at home. BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Average reported energy intakes were significantly lower than actual intakes (11.2 and 11.8 MJ/d, respectively, P<0.001). Two-thirds (121) of the WDR were under-reported to varying degrees. Only five of these were considered as implausible using an Ein:BMR cut-off value of 1.03*BMR. Under-reporting of food and beverage intakes, as measured by the difference between reported and actual intake, was evident at all levels of Ein;BMR. Reported energy intakes were lower still (10.2 MJ/d) while subjects were at home. Under-recording of self-reported food intake records was extensive but very few under-reported food intake records were identified as implausible using energy intake to BMR ratios. Under-recording was evident at all levels of energy intake.

Agreement between Two Methods of Dietary Data Collection in Male Adolescent Academy-Level Soccer Players.

Collecting accurate and reliable nutritional data from adolescent populations is challenging, with current methods providing significant under-reporting. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of a combined dietary data collection method (self-reported weighed food diary, supplemented with a 24-h recall) when compared to researcher observed energy intake in male adolescent soccer players. Twelve Academy players from an English Football League club participated in the study. Players attended a 12 h period in the laboratory (08:00 h–20:00 h), during which food and drink items were available and were consumed ad libitum. Food was also provided to consume at home between 20:00 h and 08:00 h the following morning under free-living conditions. To calculate the participant reported energy intake, food and drink items were weighed and recorded in a food diary by each participant, which was supplemented with information provided through a 24-h recall interview the following morning. Linear regression, limits of agreement (LOA) and typical error (coefficient of variation; CV) were used to quantify agreement between observer and participant reported 24-h energy intake. Difference between methods was assessed using a paired samples t-test. Participants systematically under-reported energy intake in comparison to that observed (p < 0.01) but the magnitude of this bias was small and consistent (mean bias = −88 kcal·day−1, 95% CI for bias = −146 to −29 kcal·day−1). For random error, the 95% LOA between methods ranged between −1.11 to 0.37 MJ·day−1 (−256 to 88 kcal·day−1). The standard error of the estimate was low, with a typical error between measurements of 3.1%. These data suggest that the combined dietary data collection method could be used interchangeably with the gold standard observed food intake technique in the population studied providing that appropriate adjustment is made for the systematic under-reporting common to such methods.

Patterns of weight-control behavior among 15 year old girls.

The objectives were to identify and predict patterns of weight-control behavior in 15 years old (yo) girls and to examine weight-control group differences in energy intake. Participants included 166 girls assessed every 2 years (ys) from age 5 to 15. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of weight-control behaviors. Antecedent variables (e.g., inhibitory control at 7 ys), and concurrent variables (e.g., BMI and dietary intake at 15 ys) were included as predictors. Assessments were a combination of survey, interview, and laboratory measures. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified four classes of weight-control behaviors, nondieters (26%), and three dieting groups, namely lifestyle (16%), dieters (43%), and extreme dieters (17%). Levels of restraint, weight concerns, and dieting frequency increased across groups, from nondieters to extreme dieters. Body mass index (BMI) at 5 ys and inhibitory control at 7 ys predicted weight-control group at 15 ys; for example, with every one point decrease in inhibitory control, girls were twice as likely to be extreme dieters than nondieters. Girls in the extreme dieters group were mostly classified as under-reporters and had the lowest self-reported intake, but ate significantly more in the laboratory. Among 15 yo girls, "dieting" includes a range of both healthy and unhealthy behaviors. Risk factors for membership in a weight-control group are present as early as 5 ys. Patterns of intake in the laboratory support the view that lower reported energy intake by extreme dieters is likely due under-reporting as an intent to decrease intake, not actual decreased intake.

Anthropometric, lifestyle and parental characteristics associated with the prevalence of energy intake misreporting in children: the GRECO (Greek Childhood Obesity) study.

The objectives of the present study were to identify childhood energy misreporting, and evaluate characteristics that are associated with its prevalence in a nationwide cross-sectional sample of Greek schoolchildren. Under the context of the GRECO (Greek Childhood Obesity) study, data from a total of 4547 children aged 10-12 years and 2318 parents were included in the analysis. Anthropometric, lifestyle and parental characteristics plus psychological concerns were investigated in relation to the prevalence of energy misreporting. Of the included children, 36% were classified as energy under-reporters and 16% as over-reporters. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that the most important predictors of energy under-reporting (URP) were children's BMI (OR 1·11, 95% CI 1·09, 1·14) and weight satisfaction (OR 0·87, 95% CI 0·78, 0·97). In the case of energy over-reporting (ORP), children's BMI (OR 0·87, 95% CI 0·84, 0·90), meal and snack consumption frequency (OR 1·52, 95% CI 1·32, 1·75), female sex (OR 0·65, 95% CI 0·45, 0·90), and maternal education (OR 0·95, 95% CI 0·91, 0·99) remained as significant predictors. Additionally, parental perception that the body weight of their children was normal reduced the odds of URP (OR 0·69, 95% CI 0·48, 0·99) and ORP (OR 0·53, 95% CI 0·31, 0·93). In conclusion, the present study confirms that the issue of URP and ORP in childhood populations is evident and quite serious. Although there are no definite guidelines on how to use data obtained from misreporters in an epidemiological dataset, validity of reported energy intake seems to be influenced by children's BMI and weight satisfaction, as well as by parental perceptions regarding their children's weight.

Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets

Letters3 March 2015Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat DietsMurray Skeaff, Jim Mann, Lisa Te Morenga, and Rachael McLeanMurray SkeaffFrom University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this author, Jim MannFrom University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this author, Lisa Te MorengaFrom University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this author, and Rachael McLeanFrom University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L15-5057-4 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Bazzano and colleagues (1) hypothesized that participants following a low-carbohydrate diet would have lower body weight than those adhering to a low-fat diet and conclude that the results of their trial confirm this hypothesis. Neither diet included a specific calorie or energy intake goal; however, it seems that the behavioral curriculum followed by participants targeted weight loss because reported energy intake decreased from baseline during the intervention in the low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet groups. Mean weight loss was greater among participants assigned to a low-carbohydrate diet. However, we estimate that underreporting of dietary energy intake was close ...

Dietary Energy Intake, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Prepubertal Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome before and during Growth Hormone Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background/Aims: Dietary management is a difficult but key aspect of care in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). We therefore investigated the effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment on reported energy intake in children with PWS, in relation with body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE) and hormone levels. Methods: In a randomized controlled GH trial including 47 children with PWS, we assessed 5-day dietary records and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition. REE was calculated by Müller's equation, based on fat mass, fat free mass and gender. Results: Baseline energy intake of children with PWS was lower than normal daily energy requirements (p < 0.001), and decreased with age to 50% in prepubertal children. Energy intake in infants [m/f: 11/8; median (interquartile range [IQR]) age 2.7 years (1.5-3.2)] increased after 1 year of GH treatment (p = 0.008); this tended to be higher in the GH group than in the untreated group (p = 0.07). In prepubertal children [m/f: 14/14; median (IQR) age 6.8 years (5.1-8.1)], the increase in energy intake was higher in the GH group, but this was not different compared to the untreated group. REE was not different between the GH group and the untreated group. Increase in energy intake during 2 years of GH treatment was correlated with lower fat percentage standard deviation scores (p = 0.037) and higher adiponectin levels (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that parents of children with PWS are very well capable of restricting energy intake up to 50% compared to daily energy requirements for age- and sex-matched healthy children. GH treatment was associated with a slight increase in energy intake, but also improved body composition and adiponectin levels, which suggests a protective effect of GH treatment.