Disclosure In Reports Research Articles

Reporting cybersecurity to stakeholders: A review of CSRD and the EU cyber legal framework

The purpose of this article is to explain, through a doctrinal review of the EU sustainability and cybersecurity legal framework, how the cybersecurity obligations contribute to the cybersecurity content and quality of the sustainability reporting. Previous studies are limited to voluntary cybersecurity disclosure in annual reports because they date back to before the adoption of CSRD. The CSRD harmonized sustainability reporting in the EU and introduced the ESRS, the standards for sustainability disclosure. As stated in the ESRS S4, the sustainability reporting should now address how the company manages the risks linked to data usage and data collection. Therefore, cybersecurity measures must be included in the sustainability report. This information can be used by stakeholders to assess the risk appetite and the potential long-term profitability of the company. The cybersecurity measures adopted by companies must comply with the cybersecurity obligations of the EU legal framework. While it is out of the scope of these cybersecurity obligations to inform ex ante the stakeholders of a company of how the company is managing cyber risks, these same obligations can improve the quality and content of the sustainability discourse.

Disclosure of internal control evaluation reports of Chinese enterprises: History, problems and strategies

In the realm of corporate finance, the transparency of internal control evaluations significantly impacts investor trust, market efficiency, and governance. This study examines the evolution of internal control report disclosures among Chinese listed firms, tracing their shift from voluntary to mandatory within two decades, aiming for international alignment. Utilizing descriptive analytics, data trend analysis, and visualization, we identify critical flaws in current disclosure practices, including reporting delays, incompleteness, inconsistencies, and non-standardized evaluation criteria. These shortcomings undermine the reports' quality and reliability, emphasizing the need for a unified conceptual framework and standardized reporting protocols to improve disclosure quality. Our findings highlight the essential role of enhanced internal control disclosures in advancing corporate governance and market integrity. The paper suggests that addressing these issues could significantly benefit the investment landscape. It calls for further research, possibly through quantitative analysis and case studies, to develop more effective disclosure strategies.

To Change or Not to Change: The Informativeness of REIT Annual Reports

Increasingly similar corporate disclosures may fail to provide potential investors with adequate information about a company to facilitate astute, informed, and/or rational decision making. In light of this repeatedly expressed SEC concern, the current investigation uses a sample of 1,910 annual report (10-k) filings by 234 separate equity REITs from 2000-2020 to examine the impact of year-over-year linguistic similarity on the perceived information content of corporate disclosures. Consistent with the aforementioned concerns, we document a significant increase in the degree of REIT annual report similarity over time. Despite this trend, we find that innovations in annual report disclosures remain directly related to observable changes in both the operational complexity and financial position of the firm. Furthermore, these innovations engender significant market reactions including changes in options trading activity, annual report readability, and the firm’s cost of equity capital. Lastly, these findings are both robust to the inclusion of alternative information channels and are significantly more pronounced within informationally opaque market settings. In sum, we find REIT annual reports remain a value-relevant source of information for market participants.

Pengaruh Implementasi Corporate Governance Terhadap Pengungkapan Sukarela (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2017-2021)

The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze how much influence the implementation of Corporate Governance has on voluntary disclosure of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2017-2021 period. There are four principles that must be applied so that the objectives of good corporate governance can be achieved, namely fairness, accountability, transparency and responsibility. Therefore, it is mandatory for all organs in the company to implement these principles, so in this research the author uses the variables independent board of commissioners, managerial ownership, and institutional ownership for voluntary disclosure. The population in this research is all manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the observation period, namely 2017-2021. The sample determination in this research was carried out using non-probability purposive judgment sampling, where the sample was determined based on certain criteria determined by the author and has limitations in terms of generalization. The results indicate that partially, the variables of independent board of commissioners and managerial ownership do not affect voluntary disclosure in the company's annual reports. However, institutional ownership variable significantly influences voluntary disclosure in the company's annual reports.

The role of internal audit, as one of the governance mechanisms, in improving the disclosure of social responsibility in the Sudanese banking sector.

The study aimed to show the importance of internal auditing and the extent of the interactive relationship between it in a way that improves voluntary disclosure of social responsibility. The researcher used the deductive approach in choosing the research problem and setting the scientific hypotheses, historical approach and also the statistics analysis that was dependable in the field study. The sample population of the study represented in accountants, financial reviewers and academics, the study concluded that the disclosure of audit reports and the degree of fluctuations to which the facility is exposed leads to predicting the extent of continuity of government agencies for their social responsibility. This study recommends the necessity of developing a guide for corporate governance mechanisms and standards in Sudan and developing and updating regulations and laws.

Analisis Komparatif Pengungkapan Sustainability Report Pada Perusahaan Sektor Kecantikan Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2022

The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the disclosure of sustainability reports of beauty companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2022. Companies should not only think about profit, but also have social and environmental responsibilities. Sustainability Report is increasingly becoming a trend and a necessity for progressive companies to inform their stakeholders about their economic, social, and environmental performance. This study examines PT Mustika Ratu, PT Akasha Wira International, and PT Kino Indonesia, and the variable used is the level of compliance with sustainability reports. The annual reports of the companies, taken directly from the websites of the companies that are the object of the study, are the secondary data sources used in this study. The author uses the GRI index as an indicator in the implementation of sustainability reports and uses content analysis and comparative methods as analytical tools. The results showed that the three companies fall into a good category in the implementation of sustainability reports in 2022. PT Mustika Ratu, PT Akasha Wira International, and PT Kino Indonesia still have insufficient disclosure of specific economic, environmental, and social topics, mostly partially applied and limited disclosure.

Does corporate governance report disclosure increase stock retirement? Evidence from Korea

This study examines the influence of the mandatory disclosure of corporate governance reports on stock retirement in Korea. Given the challenges of applying stock repurchasing to measure shareholder return policy in the Korean stock market, this study focuses on stock retirement as a key indicator to examine the effectiveness of introducing the corporate governance report on shareholder return policy. Employing the Difference-in-Differences approach followed, this paper conducts empirical analyses based on 5,932 observations from 2011 to 2020. The main findings indicate a significant increase in stock retirement by companies implementing mandatory disclosures of corporate governance reports (coef = 0.018, p-value <0.01) compared to companies that do not disclose them. The results of the alternative measures for stock retirement and propensity score matching (PSM) model also present a positive association between mandatory disclosure of corporate governance reports and stock retirement, respectively (coef = 0.400 and 1.421, p-value <0.01; coef = 0.019, p-value < 0.1). This study provides evidence to support the notion that introducing corporate governance reports enhances overall shareholder returns, leading to an increase in stock retirement. Moreover, these findings validate that stock retirement is an adequate proxy for analyzing the level of shareholder returns in Korean firms.

The Influence of Company Size, Board of Directors and Leverage on Sustainability Report Disclosure with Profitability as a Moderation Variable in LQ45 Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This research aims to analyze the influence of company size, board of directors and leverage on sustainability report disclosure with profitability as a moderating variable in LQ45 companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research is quantitative research with a causal nature and data collection techniques obtained through the annual reports of LQ45 companies listed on the IDX for the 2018-2022 period. The population in this research is the LQ45 companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), totaling 21 companies. The sampling technique in this research is the purposive sampling method. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis and moderated regression analysis. The research results show that company size has no effect on sustainability report disclosure. The board of directors has a positive and significant influence on sustainability report disclosure. Leverage has a positive and significant effect on sustainability report disclosure. Profitability is not able to moderate the influence of company size on sustainability report disclosure. Profitability is able to moderate the influence of the board of directors on sustainability report disclosure. Profitability is able to moderate the influence of leverage on sustainability report disclosure.

Performance gap and the timing of corporate social responsibility disclosure‐A trust repair perspective

AbstractBased on the theory of firm behavior, we explain the voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure behavior of firms from the perspective of trust repair and regard the process of firms' response to the CSR institution as an important way to trust repair for firms' management. We adopt an event history approach with a sample of Chinese firms listed on the A‐share market from 2008 to 2020 and find that faster engagement in CSR disclosure is one of the important trust repair methods for management when firms face performance gaps, and performance gaps positively incentivize firms to voluntarily engage in CSR disclosure. In addition, managers consider the total costs, risks, and benefits of different trust repair methods, there is a substitution effect between different trust repair methods, and the disclosure of internal audit reports and philanthropic donations negatively moderates the relationship between performance gap and CSR disclosure. Our study has important implications for understanding how firm performance affects CSR strategic decisions.

Testing the impact of environmental taxation and IFRS adoption on consumption-based carbon in European countries.

Several governance regulations have been adopted in European countries to promote environmental sustainability, such as environmental taxation and environmental disclosures in financial reports. In this context, this paper examines the linkage between environmental taxation, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and environmental sustainability in European countries from 1994 to 2018. Unlike earlier empirical studies, the present work is the first to assess the impact of environmental taxation and IFRS adoption on consumption-based carbon emissions. In order to yield valid and reliable outcomes, the modern econometric method that is vigorous to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity was employed. Likewise, the study uses the novel method of moment quantile regressions (MMQR). The MMQR outcomes illustrated that environmental taxation significantly negatively affects consumption-based emissions in European countries, indicating that environmental taxation has a positive effect on the ecological sustainability. Besides, the findings show that IFRS negatively affects consumption-based emissions, while economic growth positively affects the level of consumption-based emissions. Therefore, European governments must use fiscal and financial policies to mitigate ecological pollution. Moreover, more environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure in European industries could also help promote environmental sustainability in European countries.

Sustainable development goals disclosure and analyst forecast quality

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between corporate sustainable development goals (SDGs) disclosure and analyst forecast quality.Design/methodology/approachThe study focuses on a sample of 95 Italian-listed companies preparing the mandatory non-financial declaration (NFD) according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards over a five-year period (2017–2021), corresponding to an unbalanced sample of 438 observations. Analyst forecast quality was proxied by earnings forecast accuracy (FA) and earnings forecast dispersion (FD), built on data retrieved from the Refinitiv database. A manual content analysis was performed on NFDs to derive an SDG disclosure score (SDGD) for each sampled company.FindingsThis study provides empirical evidence suggesting that voluntary SDG disclosure matters to the capital market in that it helps enhance the information environment of companies, evidenced by improved analyst forecast quality. In particular, this study highlighted that SDG disclosure positively influences analyst FA while negatively affecting analyst FD.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focuses on the Italian context, which has idiosyncratic characteristics regarding the structure of the financial market, the composition of corporate ownership and experience in non-financial reporting practices.Practical implicationsThis study indicates to corporate managers that following GRI standards may represent the right way to better integrate SDG disclosure in corporate non-financial reports and increase the relevance of such information for investors and other capital market participants.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that empirically examines the association between SDG disclosure and analyst forecast quality.

Financial Performance Analysis of Investor Reactions with Sustainability Reports as a Moderating Variable in Mining Companies Listed on The IDX

Abstract Purpose - This study aims to analyze financial performance on investor reaction with sustainability report as a moderator. Sustainability report is proxied by sustainability report disclosure index (SRDI), financial performance is proxied by 4 measures namely ROA, CR, TAT and DER, then investor reaction is proxied by stock returns. Design/methodology/approach - The population of research used is mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. The study used purposive sampling technique in determining the research sample. From a population of 60 mining companies, 15 companies were obtained that met the predetermined sample criteria with the observation period 2019-2021. The analysis method used is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Findings - The results showed that financial performance based on ROA proxies has a positive effect on investor reactions and TAT has a negative effect on investor reactions. Financial performance based on CR and DER proxies has no effect on investor reactions. The results also show that the sustainability report is able to moderate the effect of financial performance based on ROA proxies on investor reactions, but the sustainability report is not able to moderate the effect of financial performance based on CR, TAT and DER proxies on investor reactions. This shows that investors still value ROA as a reference in assessing the financial performance of mining companies. Sustainability reports are proven to be a factor that moderates ROA on investor reactions. Mining companies may start to consider sustainability reports to attract investor reaction.Research limitations/implications – The results of this study cannot be generalized because the scope of this research is limited to the mining industry. Keywords: Financial Performance, Sustainability, and Investor Reaction

Unveiling the Significance: Sustainability and Environmental Disclosure in Saudi Arabia through Stakeholders’ Theory

Our study investigates sustainability and environmental disclosure in Saudi Arabian accounting, focusing on stakeholder accountability. Employing content analysis and close reading, we examine disclosures in the annual reports of 18 companies from 2008 to 2018. Findings reveal limited disclosures, influenced by interpretations of Islam and government emphasis. Despite sector-specific attention to environmental issues, disclosures lack depth. The study offers insights into managerial motivations, highlighting divergent stakeholder priorities and moral obligations. Policy implications suggest mandatory regulations could enhance accountability and encourage comprehensive disclosures. The research underscores the significance of contextual understanding in shaping accounting practices, particularly in regions like Saudi Arabia. Regulatory changes could improve corporate reporting on environmental and sustainability matters, addressing societal needs more effectively.

Content Analysis of Green Banking Reports as an Effort to Fulfill Sustainability

Research Aims: This research aims to explore green banking disclosure among banks listed on IDX-IC shares in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: The method used involves conducting content analysis using indicators from research by Bose et al. (2018) and Handajani (2019). The total number of indicators is 21 items, covering the reporting period of 2019-2022. Research Findings: The research results help explain the development of the quality of disclosure in bank sustainability reports (green banking) in Indonesia, as well as the effectiveness of mandatory sustainability reports in the banking sector. Previously, some people believed that banks' contribution to environmental damage was relatively low. However, research results show that banks are beginning to concentrate on sustainability programs. In 2019, the percentage of disclosure was 50.71%; in 2020, it was 56.19%; in 2021, it was 57.76%; and in 2022, it was 62.74%. Although still relatively low, there has been a notable improvement in the quality of sustainability report information from 2021 to 2022. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This research contributes to the literature related to bank disclosures in their activities supporting the SDGs and discusses the extent to which banks prioritize environmentally friendly banking activities. Keywords: sustainable bank, green banking, content analysis

The cost of pollution in the digital era: Impediments of air pollution on enterprise digital transformation

The negative externalities of air pollution constrain the transformation of the real economy. Identifying the intrinsic association between air pollution and enterprise digital transformation (EDT) under the wave of the digital economy can help realize the synergistic promotion of green development and the digitalization process. The paper examines the impact of air pollution on EDT by matching the data of listed enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China, from 2010 to 2019 with city-level air pollution data. This paper uncovers the following findings: First, air pollution significantly hinders EDT. This finding remains robust after accounting for endogeneity, strategic disclosure in enterprise annual reports, and sample self-selection. Second, the effect of air pollution on EDT is asymmetric at the enterprise, industry, and regional levels. Specifically, air pollution exerts a more pronounced dampening effect on EDT in state-owned enterprises, heavily polluting industries, and low-marketization regions. Third, air pollution dampens EDT by increasing economic policy uncertainty external to the enterprise, reducing its internal talent reserve, and crowding out its digital investments. Fourth, augmenting the size of government subsidies, promoting digital infrastructure construction, and strengthening digital financial development are effective ways to mitigate air pollution's impediments to EDT. Fifth, in the face of severe air pollution, aggressive digital transformation strategies adopted by enterprises can alleviate financing constraints and enhance enterprise value. This paper effectively identifies the cost of pollution in the digital era from an EDT perspective, providing important policy insights for advancing EDT under air pollution.

THE EFFECT OF SUSTAINABILITY REPORT DISCLOSURE ON COMPANY FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

This research aims to examine the Influence of Sustainability Report Disclosure on Company Financial Performance for companies across various sectors that have successfully entered the List of Rating Asia Sustainability Reporting (ASRRAT) and are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the period 2018-2020. By adhering to the criteria of purposive sampling, data was obtained from 13 companies, which served as the sample, comprising 39 observational data points that met the criteria. The data analysis method employed in this study is Partial Least Square (PLS) regression analysis using Warp PLS software. The hypothesis testing results indicate that Sustainability Report disclosure economic dimension has a positive and significant impact, environmental dimension has a negative and significant impact, social dimension does not have a significant impact on a company's financial performance. Companies must consider the trade-off between social and environmental responsibilities and their financial impact on financial performance

Pengaruh Good Corporate Governence dan Firm Size terhadap Pengungkapan Sustainability Report pada Perusahaan Sektor Energi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2020-2022

Companies or profit entities have the main goal of maximizing profits, but now this goal has shifted from how companies only want to get profits to how companies manage their social and environmental impacts. In Indonesia itself, not many companies disclose their sustainability reports. This research was conducted on energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for a 3-year period, namely 2020-2022. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression. Sustainability report disclosure in this study uses GRI Standards 2021. The independent board of commissioners and institutional ownership have no effect on the disclosure of the Sustainability report, then, the audit committee and firm size affect the disclosure of the Sustainability report. then simultaneously the independent board of commissioners, institutional ownership, audit committee, and Firm Size have a significant effect on the disclosure of the Sustainability report.

The Effect of Sustainability Report Disclosure and Company Size on Company Value with Profitability as a Moderation Variable

The Effect of Sustainability Report Disclosure and Company Size on Company Value with Profitability as a Moderation Variable

Decarbonization and the obstacles to carbon credit accounting disclosure in financial statement reports: the case of UAE

PurposeThis study investigated the visibility of carbon emissions allowances accounting in the financial reports of 32 clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in the UAE to uncover the obstacles to setting consistent standards for carbon emission accounting. As carbon emissions are monetized as credits, consistent accounting standards can aid decision-makers in the development of carbon emission mitigation strategies.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a grounded theoretical framework for exploring the terms used in the policy documents of international accounting bodies regarding accounting standards and guidelines for carbon emission credits. Raw qualitative data were gathered, and an inductive approach was used by analyzing documents from various sources using the qualitative data text analysis software QDA Miner 6.FindingsThe findings showed that the financial statement reports of the corporations did not include disclosure of the carbon credit account. This omission was due to the lack of global standardization of carbon credit accounts and emission allowance recognition. This may hinder the production of a comprehensive report containing accurate and valuable financial information relevant to all stakeholders.Originality/valueThe study is among the first to use a grounded theoretical framework to investigate whether corporations are applying common standards and guidelines for carbon emissions accounting.

Internet financial reporting disclosure index of e‐commerce businesses on social media

SummaryThe study measured the Internet Financial Reporting (IFR) disclosure index and compared the results across three continents of the global e‐commerce business. In addition, it documents various social media platforms used by e‐commerce. We use content analysis with a scoring matrix based on content, timeliness, technology, and support used in websites and a one‐way ANOVA. The findings identified an average IFR e‐commerce disclosure index of 0.735, which is of good quality as it approaches the value of 1. There is no difference in index IFR between the three continental zones overall, but slightly different from non‐e‐commerce companies. The results also prove that websites and blog media still dominate the use of social media, while other social media platforms have not provided financial information. Researchers in accounting have not conducted research topics on social media, so there are still limited references and narrow analytical content. This research will interest the e‐commerce business industry and compile their financial reporting through the website to improve the quality of their IFR and financial access. Since the e‐commerce business is an internet‐based company growing significantly, it can use other social media to reveal its reporting as decent work and economic growth. This subject is relatively innovative because none of the IFR disclosure index studies focuses on e‐commerce businesses on social media. It fills the research gap related to the characteristics of e‐commerce businesses, where almost all activities are internet‐based.